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MRS Meeting Scene
Day 3 - Tuesday, November 28, 2006
Daily dispatch from Boston. Bringing you the very best of MRS.
The 2006 MRS Fall Meeting entered the third day of the meeting and the second full day of technical sessions. This was also the first day of the exhibit and the second day of poster sessions. Other special events of the day included the David Turnbull lecture, an MRS Medal talk, the Giant Carbon Nanotube Construction, a special session on engaging the scientific community in science and technology policy and a funding seminar by the National Science Foundation.
The deepest and most important unsolved problem in condensed matter physics is the nature of glass and the glass transition.
- Phil Anderson (Nobel prize in Physics 1985) (as quoted in Science)
If you should understand the nature of a substance, but are allowed only one type of measurement to understand it, choose the heat capacity.
- Albert Einstein
David Turnbull Lecture
Glassformers, and viscous liquid slowdown, since David Turnbull: enduring puzzles and new twists
The 2006 MRS David Turnbull Lectureship has been awarded to Austen Angell of Arizona State University. He presented his Turnbull lecture on Tuesday evening. Prof. Turnbull himself was present at the lecture. Angell began his lecture by mentioning that Turnbull was one of his heroes of science.
Angell addressed the two major classes of question confronting anyone interested in the phenomenology of glassformers. The first is the question of why some substances, the glassformers, can be supercooled into glasses rather than crystallizing to the thermodynamically more stable state. The second is the question of how liquids behave when their cooling is not cut short by crystallization. David Turnbull has made major contributions in both these areas.
On the question of how liquids behave when crystals don’t form, Turnbull pioneered  the study of glass transitions in metallic alloys, measuring the heat capacity change at the glass transition Tg for the first time, and developing with Cohen, the free volume model for the temperature dependence of liquid transport properties approaching Tg. Angell's group has extended the phenomenological picture to include networks where free volume does not play a role, and reveal a pattern of behavior that provides for a classification of glassformers (from "strong" to "fragile"). He discussed the puzzling divergences observed, that are now seen as part of a cooperative transition that leads to very untypical glass transition behavior at lower temperatures (when crystallization is bypassed by hyperquenching). Angell indicated that their interpretation of water behavior can be seen as a bridge between the behavior of the "strong" (network) liquids of classical glass science (e.g. SiO2), and the "fragile" behavior of typical molecular glassformers.
In summary, glasses form in systems where the molecules cannot form good three dimensional packing. Systems can be "tuned" to conditions where possible crystals have equal low lattice energies and thus crystallization is frustrated, and glasses can consequently form. However, when crystals don’t form, the low temperature liquid can be studied and the low temperature liquid state shows very interesting behavior.
Angell concluded by stating that the theoretical description of the low temperature
liquid behavior remains a big challenge and is an excellent problem to be tackled by anyone entering the field. Angell interspersed his talk with pictures of the Arizona landscape.
MRS Medal Talk
Evolution of Organometallic Complexes in OLEDs
One of the three MRS Medalists for 2006 is Mark Thompson of the University of Southern California. He presented his MRS Medal lecture as part of symposium symposium S on Tuesday morning. His talk focused on the use of organometallic complexes in developing organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). He gave an overview presentation of the evolution of the field and included some recent results as well. Thompson's group has prepared a range of intensely luminescent Ir(III), Pt(III) and other complexes, with applications in both monochromatic and white OLEDs. The goal is the design of new materials for high efficiency OLEDs. These devices all emit from phosphorescence complexes, however the device architecture and the materials requirements vary significantly for monochromatic devices of different color (e.g. blue versus red emission) and white light emitting OLEDs. Thompson described the design and measurements of transport, blocking and emitting materials specifically for these different devices. He summarized the results by indicating that heavy metal complexes can form highly efficient OLEDs. In particular, he stressed that "Metals are good, expensive ones are better". Strong spin-orbit-coupling leads to efficient phosphorescence. The results indicate that both carrier and exciton trapping at the phosphor are critical for high efficiency. The phosphorescent OLEDs were observed to cover the entire color gamut including UV and near-IR. "Tuning" of the phosphorescence was also possible by carefully controlling the ligand and MLCT states.
Poster Awards
O7.3
Size and Composition Dependent Magnetic Properties of Co/Pt Nanodot Arrays
S. C. Park1, J. Bang1, C. H. Bae2, S. M. Park2 and J. S. Ha1
1Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; 2Department of Chemistry, Kyunghee University, Seoul, South Korea.
Q10.4
General Synthesis and Properties of Novel Transition Metal Silicide Nanowires
Andrew L Schmitt, Lei Zhu and Song Jin; Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.
MM7.11
Portable, Low-cost, Ex-situ NMR with Laser-Lathe Microcoils
Vasiliki Demas 1,2,3 , Julie Herberg 2 , Vince Malba 2 , Tony Bernhardt 2 , John Franck 1,3 , Jeff Reimer 1,3 , Alex Pines 1,3 and Robert Maxwell 2 ; 1 Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California; 2 CBNS, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Livermore, California; 3 MSD & EETD, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California.
Symposium X - Frontiers of Materials Research
Advanced Materials-Fueling Innovation
"Dow knows how to do three reactions, and knows how to do them very, very well" said Gregg A. Zank, Vice President and Chief Technology Officer for Dow Corning Corporation, in his Symposium X talk entitled "Advanced Materials-Fueling Innovation." This "core chemistry set" predictably involves the conversion of SiO2 and methyl groups to form silicone polymers, the product that Dow Corning uses in many different applications. Zank described many of these products and applications as a way of outlining the trends in industry and society that Dow sees and responds to.
In the paper industry, silicone acts as the release layer for reversible paper  adhesives, like those used in name tags. A new version of this technology allows Dow Corning’s partner Herma GmbH in Stuttgart, Germany, to coat and cure silicone on pressure sensitive labels at a production rate of about 60 miles of labels per hour. For the insulation industry, the company’s silica precursors are used by Aspen Aerogels to produce insulating materials composed of 95 to 97% air. These aerogels are mesoporous fractal materials that slow down the passage of heated air by creating a tortuous gas flow path, which leads to lower thermal conductivity. Holographic recording of data in photopolymers is being used for storage of archival data; here, the refraction index gradient stores the digital ones and zeros. A novel silicone dilatant compound that is flexible in its relaxed state, becomes rigid under a high stress impact, and returns to its flexible state once the stress is removed is being used in a new, comfortable body armor system called the Active Protection System (APS). It is intended to protect children active in sports, the elderly, motorcycle enthusiasts, and others by providing comfortable, easy-to-wear garments that will prevent injuries.
Zank provided other examples of Dow Corning’s ubiquitous presence in the materials market, including lip gloss, solar energy panels, and industrial microlithography processes with ultrathin resist layers. He concluded with a message that bodes well for materials scientists in the coming years: "Advances in materials are fueling all this innovation that we see."
Engineering Hydrogel Niches for Tissue Regeneration
In an intriguing Symposium X presentation, Kristi S. Anseth of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute demonstrated how hydrogels, which she described as  "water-swollen polymeric network systems," might be used to deliver living cells to a target area in the body to help the healing process or mitigate the effects of a disease. These gels are 95 to 99% water, with a crosslinked network of macromolecules providing the structure. The presentation covered both permissive and promoting gels, and looked at their applications to collagen restoration, Parkinson’s disease, and mesenchymal stem cell viability.
A permissive gel is one that simply allows cells to function in a controlled 3D environment in the body; it does not induce the cells to action. Promoting gels are active, prompting the cells to secrete more of a particular protein, for instance. Permissive gels are being examined for cartilage regeneration. Cartilage, which is composed of water, chondrocytes, collagen, and proteoglycans, has a limited ability to heal itself. The mesh size of hydrogels made of poly(ethylene glycol) and water can be tuned by modifiying the crosslinking density of the polymer. By adjusting the mesh to the proper size to allow collagen cells to move and interact, researchers have been able to produce cartilage in vivo with properties similar to that of natural cartilage. "Cartilage is closest on the horizon," Anseth said, to a practical application of hydrogels for tissue regeneration.
Parkinson’s disease is a much greater challenge. By the time it is diagnosed, patients have lost most of their dopaminergic neurons that control motion. Previous attempts at inserting new dopaminergic neurons into a patient’s brain have shown that only 10% of the cells survive one week, while only 1% of the neurons survive one year. "New neurons must integrate with existing neurons to get functional synapses," Anseth said. Toward that end, she and her colleagues are studying proliferation of dopaminergic cells in degradable PEG hydrogels. Tuning the hydrogels to degrade at the right rate might be a key to success. Studies have shown that stimulation of the cells with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) induces neuronal activity in the hydrogel.
One type of promoting PEG hydrogel adds an RGD (defined as "the DNA sequence necessary and sufficient to express the complete complement of functional products derived from a unit of transcription") unit to promote the survival of mesenchymal stem cells in the body. Incorporation of a phosphate group in the gel resulted in 97% of the stem cells remaining viable in vivo after 21 days.
Technical Presentations - A sampling
Symposium I
Growth and Characterization of Nanowires in III-Nitrides and Related Materials
Norman Sanford of NIST, Boulder, Colorado, talked about the growth of nanowires of various materials. III-nitride nanowires are of particular interest because GaN/AlGaN UV lasers must be made using materials with low defect densities and there is a lack of a suitable lattice-matched substrate on which to grow them. The nanowires start off with defects as they are growing but become defect free. The low surface recombination velocity of GaN overcomes the large surface to volume ratio of the wires and allows potential devices to function.
The wires grown by MBE show faceted hexagons at the ends of the wires which strongly suggests that no catalytic action of droplets is involved. Indium nitride wires show similar results. ZnO using gold catalyst particles and SiC nanowires have also been grown. Field effect devices with a back gate can be made by placing these nanowires on oxidized p-type silicon. NIST is trying to make p-n junctions in the wires to make LEDs, UV detectors, solar-blind detectors, and quantum wells. These wires also make excellent nano-mechanical devices. The assembly, sorting and engineering challenges are formidable.
Symposium J
Thinking about Diamond
Marshall Stoneham of the London Centre for Nanotechnology gave an interesting lecture on the role of diamond in three major 21st century needs: biomedical, energy, and information technologies. Diamond’s good electrochemical properties give it a niche in life sciences but the truth is that biomolecules may help diamond more than diamond helps biomedicine. For example, nature manages transport of energy along protein α helices in a lossless manner, it self organizes on surfaces, and uses photons to chemically manipulate and modify materials. Stoneham does not see a major opportunity at this point.
Diamond has many energy applications, from protecting the walls of a fusion reactor to the fabrication of high current, high voltage transistors. In the field of Information Technologies, diamond is not likely to supplant silicon but can be used in niche applications. It may be very important in quantum computing where it can control the "quantum dance" by providing fast switches that will minimize decoherence. During questions, Stoneham stated that in the next ten years, device sizes will have fallen to the point that only one electron will be needed to switch a transistor.
Assembling the Building Blocks for Diamond Electronics
Bill Yost of Element Six, United Kingdom, talked about the formation of a company in England to develop diamond devices. He outlined the difficulties with diamond including threading dislocations and point defects in the single crystal material, the difficulties of doping the material, and the difficulties of processing thin layers and structures. He stated that it was now possible to get consistent single crystal wafers. There is no suitable n-type dopant at present but boron provides a p-type dopant at 0.37eV with densities of 10E21 cm-3. WSi forms a reasonably good ohmic contact (10E-4 ohms cm2). Schottky diodes have been fabricated with good contact stability and currents of 50 A/cm2 demonstrated and MISFET's have been made with fmax values up to 4GHz. It will take three years to get to commercialization.
Symposium M
Development of Photoluminescent Colloidal Semiconductor Nanocrystals
Kui Yu, of the National Research Council of Ottowa, discussed the fabrication of photoluminescent cadmium sulfide and cadmium zinc sulfide nanocrystals for use in in-vivo molecular imaging in medicine. The future of medicine is the development of delivery systems. Quantum dots have been injected through the tail of mice and photoluminescence was detected in deep tissue of the mouse but nothing in the brain, heart, kidney, or lungs. The question is whether quantum dots go into the different organs. The liver seems to have picked up the majority of the quantum dots but no acute toxicity was detected. Molecular imaging is important because it can detect disease at the pre-disease stage, long before conventional imaging. Colors were varied by changing the size of the quantum dots from red to blue.
Symposium DD
Nanoscale Deformation and Toughening Mechanisms of Nacre
Seashells are composed of nacre, a lightweight, ultrahigh-toughness material. It consists of 95% inorganic aragonite (CaCO3) with the remainder being a biopolymer. Because of its reputation as “nature’s armor,” scientists have been trying to understand the properties of nacre and to synthesize an artificial version. Xiaodong Li described some of the attempts he and his colleagues at the University of South Carolina have made toward this end. These include laminated structures of epoxy and single-walled carbon nanotubes to form nanocomposites. Unfortunately, additions of up to 5 wt% of carbon nanotubes have resulted in only a doubling of the elastic modulus of the system. “Carbon nanotubes have disappointed us—a lot—in their composites,” Li said. Other attempts to form laminated structures using Si3N4/BN and AlTi3/Ti have been somewhat more successful in increasing the elastic modulus, but none approach that of nacre. Al3Ti /Ti foil layers stacked together and sintered at 700°C proved to be tough due to crack blunting in the metallic Ti layer; still, this material is at least a factor of ten less tough than nacre.
The researcher’s studies of nacre from the red abalone shell provide some clues to the reason for the material’s toughness. The aragonite plates consist of thousands of polygonal nanograins approximately 30 nm in diameter stuck together with a biopolymer glue. In-situ AFM tensile and bending tests showed that the spacing of the nanograins increases along with the width of the aragonite plates, indicating a negative Poisson ratio for nacre. The nanograins rotate and deform under stress, with the biopolymer facilitating the grain rotation. This rotation and deformation of the nanograins absorbs energy, leading to the high toughness of nacre. Researchers still have a long way to go to produce a synthetic version of this natural material.
Symposium FF
Processing and Properties of Mg Alloys Based on Amorphous Structures
Magnesium is the lightest of engineering metals; its density of 1.7 g/cm3 is 30% less than aluminum. This light weight has led to the use of magnesium in the automobile, computer, hand tool, and aerospace industries. However, magnesium's strength is much lower than aluminum, titanium alloys, and stainless steels, limiting its applications in many areas.
In an effort to increase the strength of Mg, Evan Ma and his colleagues at Johns Hopkins University have attempted to form amorphous alloys of the element. Amorphous materials eliminate the dislocations that cause low strength in unalloyed Mg. The researchers developed a systematic approach toward finding the best compositions in the quaternary Mg-Cu-Ag-Y system. Starting with a 2D plane close to the Mg-Cu-Y base plane, they mapped out zones surrounding the eutectic composition. Then they projected this region onto higher planes (those containing some Ag). At a Ag/Cu ratio of 0.25 they discovered the optimum phase conditions for their amorphous Mg alloys. However, test samples made in these composition regions failed catastrophically under strength testing, typically in the elastic regime, probably due to the presence of flaws.
The researchers next produced in situ composites of Mg glasses by adding a bcc-Fe phase. The Fe was distributed evenly throughout the structure in particles a few microns in diameter, while the amorphous matrix of the Mg glass was maintained. This improved the yield strength and added plastic strain to the system. Further experiments substituting refractory borides like TiB increased the yield stress of the Mg alloy to greater than 1 GPa, which was the goal of the project. This yield stress is higher than some Ti alloys and stainless steels, indicating real promise for amorphous Mg alloys in structural applications.
Symposium QQ
Mesoporous Transition Oxides for Energy Storage
Mesoporous materials have pores that are 2 to 50 nm in diameter, walls between pores that are 2 to 10 nm thick, and surfaces areas ranging from 70 to 500 m2/g. Making such materials from transition metal oxides is “notoriously difficult,” according to Peter G. Bruce of the University of St. Andrews, but worth the effort. Confining the d electrons of the transition metals in thin walls produces new magnetic, electrical, and optical properties that are valuable in such applications as catalysis, gas adsorption, magnetism, and energy storage.
Bruce used the example of the rechargeable lithium battery, which has three times the energy storage capacity of conventional batteries, for his discussion of energy storage. Li batteries have revolutionized the consumer electronics industry; more than 1 billion were sold in 2004, according to Bruce. These batteries have a negative electrode made of graphite and a positive one made of LiCoO2. The transfer of Li+ ions in one direction and electrons in the other is the mechanism responsible for electricity generation in Li batteries. Substituting mesoporous electrodes in place of the current bulk electrodes could significantly improve performance and lifetime. The high surface area of a mesoporous material enables the facile transport of Li+ ions across the interface; the thin walls make for a short diffusion distance for Li+ and electrons; and solid state reactions can occur that are impossible in the bulk. For example, using a mesoporous ß-MnO2 as the positive electrode “switches on the electrochemistry,” Bruce said, allowing the insertion of 0.9 Li per Mn. Similarly, using a mesoporous Co3O4 spinel as the negative electrode enables charge storage above the theoretical limit due to the formation of a reversible polymeric surface layer; this extra storage capability disappears when mesoporosity is lost.
Giant Carbon Nanotube Construction
On Tuesday November 28, at the Fall 2006 MRS meeting, Wendy Crone and Dana Horoszewski from the University of Wisconsin-Madison MRSEC created large-scale balloon models of carbon nanotubes with balloon artists Todd Neufeld and Patty Sorell. This interactive activity was developed by UW-MRSEC for the Nanoscale Informal Science Education (NISE) Network as a way to get the public excited about nanoscience. The largest nanotube model created was 10 ft tall, 7 ft in diameter with a bond length of 30 inches; meeting attendees were encouraged to add on balloons to the smaller nanotube models which eventually grew to over 6 feet long.
The NISE Network is a collaboration between science museums, research institutions and societies and individuals who are committed to educating the public about nanoscale science and engineering. MRS is a NISE Network partner and is actively recruiting scientists and engineers to get involved in public education about nanoscience. The NISE Network has a guidebook for scientists who want to get more involved with public science education entitled "Nano and the Public: A Collaboration Opportunity for Researchers and Museums" which is available at the MRS meeting and from the NISE Network.
Engaging the Scientific Community in Science and Technology Policy
Presented by the MRS Government Affairs Committee
William B. Bonvillian, director of MIT's Washington DC office and former legislative director and chief counsel to U.S. Senator Joseph Lieberman, working on science and technnology policies and innovation issues, gave a picture of the role research universities need to play in innovation. Universities have advanced from strictly basic research to a model of discovery and innovation as is evident in start-ups and entrepreneurs stemming from the research labs. Currently, the U.S. government funds 1/3 of R&D and industry funds two-thirds. However, industry invests its portion in development, while the government in basic research. The U.S. economy is driven by innovation such as the IT revolution in the 1990s and biotechnology currently, rather than by natural resources. However, this does not automatically lead to funding of the physical sciences by the federal government. Bonvillian said that research universities need to serve as advocates for funding of basic research and to educate scientists on policy as well as discovery and innovation.
2007 Entrepreneurship Challenge
Following the success of last year’s event, the 2007 Entrepreneurship Challenge Information Session and Networking Social was held Monday evening. Bill Frezza of Adams Capital Management discussed the competition goals and introduced the attendees to the registration and entry presentation process. An informal social followed during which the interested participants further discussed the entrepreneurial process and shared their experiences. To find out more about the competition, go to www.mrs.org/entrepreneur. The registration deadline is December 15, 2006.
NSF Funding Opportunities n Materials Research
In a meeting attended by approximately 30 people, W.Lance Haworth, NSF's Acting Director of the Division of Materials Research (DMR), talked about how the division operates, some new activities it has adopted, and where it is going. “We seek a fundamental understanding of materials and condensed matter,” Haworth said by way of a vision statement. A big piece of this fundamental understanding is tied up in the NANO initiative, he said; other significant building blocks are the synthesis of novel materials by chemists, and exploring the frontier between materials science and biology.
NSF is a major supporter of the American Competitiveness Initiative, which proposes to double the country's  investment in physical sciences and engineering over the next ten years. Haworth cautioned that this is still a proposal that has not been funded as of now, but he expects the commitment to be fulfilled. As for current funding, NSF provided $252 million dollars to the DMR in fiscal year 2006 versus $160 million in 1997. This amounts to an increase of less than 40% in current dollars over ten years, which Haworth considered a modest rate of growth.
Haworth also addressed the composition of the materials science community of approximately 6,000 people supported by these funds, including faculty, post-docs, graduate students, and undergraduates. DMR is concerned about providing greater opportunities for women and minority scientists, but again the progress has been modest. In 1996, 10% of the funded projects had female principal investigators versus 18% in 2006. Minority principal investigators rose from 5% in 1996 to 9% in 2006.
Overall, DMR funded about 20% of the proposals it received in 2006, including renewals of existing projects.
New DMR activities include:
• The Biomaterials Program, starting this year, which will fund individual investigators and small groups engaged in experimental, not theoretical, research. This program covers “the study of biologically related materials and phenomena including biological pathways to new materials.”
• The Partnership for Research and Education in Materials (PREM), which will encourage and fund collaborations between minority-serving institutions and DMR-supported groups or centers. PREM will provide ten awards of approximately $500,000/year for five year project periods.
• The Materials World Network, which will encourage international collaboration in materials research, education, and technology. NSF will fund the U.S. side of a bilateral or multilateral collaboration with the expectation that other participating nations will provide funding for their scientists.
As to “what's next” in materials science, Haworth sees the advancement of the frontier to include new physics and phenomena; new chemistry that will produce transformational materials; the convergence of novel chemical and physical approaches to produce materials of unprecedented complexity and functionality; and the increasing importance of nanoscale research. In addition, the near future will see the emergence of a “cyberinfrastructure that will have an enormous impact on the way we do our science,” Haworth said.
NSF Workshop on Cyberinfrastructure
Charles Bouldin of the NSF (Project Director, Instrumentation for Materials Research) and Krishna Rajan of Iowa State University reported on the results of a workshop held in August 2006 to discuss the development of a materials science “cyberinfrastructure.” Bouldin explained to the small audience of 11 people that cyberinfrastructure encompasses the sum total of all the software, hardware, other technologies, and human expertise in the materials science community. He reported that NSF has established a new Office of Cyberinfrastructure at the directorate level of the organization, with Dan Atkins as Director. The Office has an initial budget of $182 million.
Rajan explained the rationale behind this development. Whereas other scientific disciplines such as astronomy and geology share a common laboratory—the universe, the Earth—materials scientists do not enjoy such commonality. He emphasized that a cyberinfrastructure will have the special role of building a community to bring people together geographically, scientifically, and demographically. A cyberinfrastructure will provide accessible, reusable, and maintainable software for research to replace the current situation where everyone develops their own software, often reinventing the wheel. “Software developments will lead to new science, better science, and more science,” Rajan said. The existence of a cyberinfrastructure will also provide tools for remote utilization of instruments; it will enhance materials informatics by establishing data interchange standards; and it will produce improved algorithms that bridge the disparate length and time scales often seen in materials research. The sustainability of data in databases will be improved, along with the ability to share data with other researchers in a common format. A cyberinfrastructure may even inspire the next generation of materials scientists.
A report summarizing the outcomes of the August 2006 workshop entitled “NSF’s Cyberinfrastructure Vision for 21st Century Discovery” will soon be available. In the meantime, Bouldin and Rajan are asking for further input from members of the materials science community to better define what a cyberinfrastructure should consist of and what it should be capable of doing. Visit www.dmrciw2006.org for more information and to join the discussion.
the Exhibit Experience
Preview the latest products and services from the following exhibitors and be sure to visit the Exhibit Hall before 1:30PM on Thursday ….
Nature Publishing Group, Booth 106
Nature Technology
Netzsch Instruments, Booth 1007
DIL 402 CD Dual Sample/Differential-Style Dilatometer
Ocean NanoTech, Booth 1037
Dispersible Quantum Dots and Magnetic Nanoparticles
Oxford University Press, Booth 118
Quantum Liquids
PAVE Technology, Booth 919
Electrical and Fiber Optic Hermetic Connector and Insulated Cable Seals
PerkinElmer Life & Analytical Sciences, Booth 323
Spotlight 400 FT-IR and 400N FT-NIR Imaging Systems
Photon Systems, Booth 934
Model Mini-PL-5.5 Photoluminescence and Raman Instrument
Photon Technology International, Booth 930
New NIR Product Line
Plasma Process Group, Booth 1209
Broad Beam DC Ion Sources
Rigaku Americas Corporation, Booth 420
MiniFlex II Diffractomer; ZSX 400 WDXRF System; NANOHUNTER TXRF System
SEMTech Solutions, Booth 708
ENT-2100 Nanoindenter
Simpleware, Booth 328
ScanIP V2.1 Software
Solarcoating Machinery GmbH, Booth 834
Click&Coat "Pilot" Solar Machinery Modules
Sonics & Materials, Booth 818
Ultrasonics Catalog
SOPRA, Booth 812
GES5 Evolution Spectroscopic System
SPI Supplies, Booth 1202
OPC Osmium Plasma Coater
Springer, Booth 112
Nanoscale Research Letters
Strem Chemicals, Booth 204
Catalog #21
Technologies & Devices International, Booth 804
Materials for Advanced Semiconductor Devices
Trek, Inc., Booth 719
Model 325 Electrostatic Voltmeter
Veeco, Booth 301
Wyko NT9800 and NT9300 Optical Profilers
Wyatt Technology Corp., Booth 820
TREOS Triple-angle Light Scattering Detector
- Compiled and Edited by Gopal Rao, MRS Web Science Editor, with contributions from Tim Palucka, Mike Driver, Judy Meiksin and Betsy Fleischer.
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