Symposium Organizers
Zakaria Al Balushi, University of California, Berkeley
Deep Jariwala, University of Pennsylvania
Olga Kazakova, National Physical Laboratory
Amber McCreary, National Institute of Standards and Technology
Symposium Support
Gold
AIXTRON SE
Silver
2D Crystal Consortium - Materials Innovation Platform (2DCC-MIP)
Bronze
Accurion Inc.
IOP Publishing Ltd - 2D Materials
Scienta Omicron, Inc.
FF01.01: Scalable Synthesis Approaches for 2D Integration
Session Chairs
Zakaria Al Balushi
Amber McCreary
Sunday PM, December 01, 2019
Hynes, Level 2, Room 208
8:00 AM - FF01.01.01
Parametric Study on Solution Crystal Growth of Hexagonal Boron Nitride
Eli Janzen1,Jiahan Li1,James Edgar1
Kansas State University1
Show AbstractHexagonal boron nitride (hBN) has many unique properties such as a strong interaction with thermal neutrons, a wide energy bandgap (>6.0 eV), and surface phonon polaritons. These properties make it a good candidate for compact, efficient, and low-cost neutron detectors, deep UV light emitters and detectors, and infrared nanophotonic devices. Thus, high quality hBN single crystals are needed for national defense (detection and monitoring of nuclear weapons by neutron detectors), health (sterilization of surfaces by radiation from deep UV LEDs), and microscopy (deep sub-wavelength optical imaging).
Molten metal solutions in nitrogen at atmospheric pressure have proven effective in growing large, monoisotopic, high purity, and high quality hBN single crystals. Single crystals have been grown that are up to 3mm across, hundreds of microns thick, and with etch pit densities of 107 to 108 cm-2. Monoisotopic 10B and 11B enriched hBN crystals were also grown simply by using isotopically pure boron as the source material. While epitaxial growth techniques (CVD and MBE) have also proven effective at growing hBN, these methods require more complex apparatus and processes than solution growth and require a substrate which introduces lattice constant and thermal expansion coefficient mismatches. Furthermore, they cannot produce crystals as thick as solution growth, nor readily produce monoisotopic hBN, as they require specialized chemical sources, which are rarely available and quite expensive. However, to become commercially viable, solution growth must be further refined to produce much larger crystals with lower defect densities, and lower residual impurity concentrations.
One of the primary obstacles to optimizing this process is the lack of a cohesive understanding of how the melt composition impacts hBN crystal growth. For example, several different combinations of metals (Ni, Ni/Cr, Fe, Fe/Cr), two different boron sources (pure boron powder and hot-pressed boron nitride), and other additives such as silicon have been used in varying concentrations within the melt. In each case, the crystal nucleation density, grain size area, thickness, and other characteristics have been affected by the particular composition used. However, how the melt composition affects these characteristics and what specific properties are responsible for these effects has not been thoroughly analyzed. Thus, it is difficult to explain why certain compositions of boron, metals, and nitrogen yield excellent quality crystals while others do not.
In this work, processes employing various combinations of Ni, Cr, Fe, and other additives with a boron source were systematically analyzed according to the crystal size (obtained from micrographs), defect density (determined via defect-selective etching), and quality (determined via a variety of spectrographic tools including XRD and Raman spectroscopy). Specific features of the melt were analyzed with respect to these criteria to pinpoint exactly which properties were most important in the process. For example, pure Ni and Fe both have high boron solubilities, but nitrogen solubility is negligible in pure Ni. While alloying with Cr greatly increases the nitrogen solubility, it also increases the nucleation density. Thus, relatively large hBN single crystals can be produced in pure Fe, but not pure Ni. Thick hBN layers can be produced in Ni/Cr solutions, but with small crystal grain sizes. In addition, residual impurities present in the source materials, intentionally added impurities, and the interaction of the melt with the furnace and crucible materials significantly affects the process and the crystal properties. This project gives new insights into the interplay between melt composition and hBN crystal growth and reveal new, direct pathways toward optimizing the process.
8:15 AM - FF01.01.02
Expanding the Palette of Layered Materials and Their 2D Counterparts by Materials Chemistry Approaches
Niting Zeng1,David Lewis1
University of Manchester1
Show AbstractLayered bulk materials have attracted much attention for various technological applications including tribology and catalysis [1]. One of the most recent applications is in their study in the two-dimensional limit i.e. atomically thick materials such as graphene. Inorganic graphene analogues such as few layer molybdenum disulphide, black phosphorus and main group chalcogenides have also been the subjects of much intense research as two-dimensional semiconductors that would be complementary to graphene in a future electronics industry [2]. We have devised top-down routes to 2D black phosphorus [3] and tin(II) sulphide [4] both of which have layer dependent band gaps. However, these top-down processes suffer from a major drawback: often commercially available layered bulk crystals are used as feedstock and this inherently limits the palette of two-dimensional materials available for study without resorting to expensive processing via CVD.
As a solution to this, we have devised new routes based on solventless thermolysis of metal-organic precursors that can produce layered materials in bulk at relatively low temperatures and in relatively high purity. Because the precursors used are on the molecular scale, we can control the extent of doping or alloying of materials and this then widens range of layered materials available for exfoliation. I will present the synthesis of layered transition metal oxides and chalcogenides [5] and main group chalcogenide alloys [6], the latter also studied as post-processed 2D materials as an example of a new route to 2D materials with wide applicability.
[1] Tedstone et al. Chem. Mater. 2016, 28, 1965.
[2] Tedstone et al. Nanoscience Vol 4 (RSC Specialist Periodical Reports), 2017, 4, 108.
[3] Brent et al. Chem Commun. 2014, 50, 13338.
[4] Brent et al. J. Am Chem. Soc. 2015, 126, 9413.
[5] Zeng et al. Chem. Commun. 2019 ,55, 99.
[6] Norton et al. Chem. Sci. 2019, 10, 1035.
8:30 AM - FF01.01.03
Liquid-Phase Exfoliated Semiconducting Transition Metal Dichalcogenide 2D Nanoflakes for Large-Area Optoelectronic Applications
Kevin Sivula1
Ecole Polytechnique Federale Lausanne1
Show AbstractGiven their established robustness and favorable optoelectronic properties, the semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs, e.g. MoS2 and WSe2) are attractive for optoelectronic applications including solar energy conversion (photovoltaic and photoelectrochemical solar fuel production).[1] Recent advances in the liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) of semiconducting TMDs into mono- or few-layered 2D nanoflake dispersions suggests that inexpensive roll-to-roll processing can be used to prepare TMD-based devices inexpensively over large area.[2] However, the high concentration of defects in these materials act as recombination sites for photogenerated carriers and limit the performance. In this presentation the challenges with charge transport, separation, recombination, and interfacial transfer in LPE TMD nanoflake thin film devices will be discussed with respect to the 2D flake size and defect passivation/charge extraction treatments.[3] Our results give insight into the roles of both edge and internal defects and suggest routes for improvement. Overall it is shown that LPE semiconducting TMDs with suitable defect mitigation can achieve internal quantum efficiency for photon harvesting similar to bulk single crystal samples. Specifically, we show that WSe2 nanoflake thin films achieve absorbed-photon-to-current efficiency over 50% and photocurrent densities for solar water reduction at 4 mA cm–2 under standard testing conditions.[4]
[1] X. Yu, K. Sivula, ACS Energy Lett. 2016, 1, 315.
[2] X. Yu, M. S. Prevot, N. Guijarro, K. Sivula, Nat. Commun. 2015, 6, 7596.
[3] X. Yu, K. Sivula, Chem. Mater. 2017, 29, 6863.
[4] X. Yu, N. Guijarro, M. Johnson, K. Sivula, Nano Lett. 2018, 18, 215.
8:45 AM - FF01.01.04
Large-Area Chemically Synthesized Molybdenum Disulfide with Aqueous Thermolysis Method
Akira Fujimoto1,Shoji Maeda1,Ryota Isu1,Kei-ichi Sakamoto1,Kentaro Matano1,Masatoshi Koyama1,Yoshiyuki Harada1,Kazuto Koike1,Shigehiko Sasa1,Mitsuaki Yano1
Osaka Institute of Technology1
Show AbstractGraphene and 2-dimensional (2D) materials such as molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) have attracted much attention in a wide range of unique electrical and optical properties. These high-quality 2D materials are obtained by means of mechanical or chemical exfoliation from natural crystals. But they are basically very small flakes and difficult to control thickness. In comparison with the exfoliation method, chemical vapor deposition has a better potential for fabricating large area 2D materials, but the synthesis is still a challenge. Furthermore, MoS2 films have been prepared by dip-coating ammonium tetrathiomolybdates ((NH4)2MoS4) followed by the annealing process in the atmosphere of Ar and S in order to make up for S deficiencies [1]. The purpose of our study is to synthesize large-area high-quality MoS2 on SiO2/Si substrate by thermolysis of (NH4)2MoS4. By means of employing thioacetamide (CH3CSNH2), we are trying to compensate for deficiency of S in MoS2 thin films and to improve the crystallinity. Moreover, we are performing Raman scattering measurements in order to explore the molar concentration dependence of the chemical precursors used for the growth of MoS2.
Aiming for chemically synthesizing MoS2 we employed the aqueous thermolysis method. (NH4)2MoS4 and CH3CSNH2 with the same molar concentration were mixed in deionized water and the mixture was heated at 95 degree C for 5 hours. The solution containing the synthesized MoS2 was spin-coated onto the 90-nm SiO2/Si substrates. We confirmed that for the thin films synthesized with the molar concentration less than or equal to 10 mM, Raman double peaks E12g and A1g appeared at about 383 cm-1 and 407 cm-1, respectively. The E12g and A1g peak positions shift to a lower wavenumber with increasing the molar concentration. The Raman peak energy difference can be used to identify the number of MoS2 layers. We found the thickness of our MoS2 is as thick as that of MoS2 natural crystal. On the other hand, for the films synthesized with the larger molar concentration E12g and A1g peaks did not appear and another two Raman peaks strongly appeared at around 810 and 1000 cm-1 originating in MoO3 [2]. We found a synthesis of MoS2 using aqueous thermolysis method should be performed under the condition of a lower molar concentration of the chemical precursors.
Furthermore, as for the sample synthesized with the lower molar concentration of (NH4)2MoS4 and CH3CSNH2 we performed Raman scattering measurement again after a week. As the result, Raman peak strongly appeared at around 810 cm-1 originating in MoO3. It is conceivable that oxidation of Mo is caused by a reaction with the residue of water after the synthesis, therefore we consider the residue of water should be evaporated completely to prevent the oxidation of MoS2. For this purpose, we coated the solution directly on a SiO2/Si substrate and heated at 200 degree C for 3 hours. Even in a week after the synthesis by means of this improved process, we confirmed E12g and A1g double peaks appeared and Raman peaks derived from MoO3 did not. Now we are evaluating the electrical properties of these MoS2 thin films. Moreover, we will stack the MoS2 thin films and graphene for the application of gas sensors, which transduces gas-molecules adsorption on the surface of these 2D materials and at the MoS2/graphene interface into a change of the resistance.
[1] K-K. Liu et al., Nano Lett. 12 1538-1544 (2012).
[2] K. Koike, et al., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 53, 05FJ02 (2014).
9:00 AM - FF01.01.05
Synthesis of Molecular 2D Materials via Low-Energy Electron Irradiation Induced Chemical Reactions
Andrey Turchanin1,2
Friedrich Schiller University Jena1,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena)2
Show AbstractAfter the demonstration of a variety of inorganic two-dimensional (2D) materials (graphene, hBN, MoS2, etc.), molecular 2D materials have attracted a significant research interest as well. However, the direct synthesis of these materials is an exceptionally challenging task for material scientists. In this contribution, a simple and robust physical method for the synthesis of molecular 2D materials is presented based on low-energy electron irradiation induced chemical reactions in aromatic molecular layers. In this way, ultrathin (~1 nm) molecular nanosheets with adjustable chemical and physical properties called Carbon Nanomembranes (CNM) can be prepared. Moreover, the method enables the synthesis of various other 2D organic-inorganic hybrids (e.g., MoS2-CNM, graphene-CNM lateral heterostructures, etc.) [2] or ~20 nm thick nanosheets of organic semiconductors [3]. Functional properties of these molecular 2D materials including their chemical functionalization and engineering of hybrid hierarchical structures for application in electronic and energy conversion devices will be discussed [4-5].
[1] A. Turchanin, A. Gölzhäuser, Adv. Mater. 28 (2016) 6075.
[2] A. Winter, A. Turchanin et al., Carbon 128 (2018) 106.
[3] S. J. Noever, B. Nickel, A. Turchanin et al., Adv. Mater. 29 (2017) 1606283.
[4] C. Neumann, A. Turchanin et al., ACS Nano (2019) doi: 10.1021/acsnano.9b03475.
[5] A. Winter, A. Turchanin et al., 2D Materials 6 (2019) 021002
9:15 AM - FF01.01.06
Atomically Thin Three-Dimensional Membranes of van der Waals Semiconductors by Wafer-Scale Growth
Gangtae Jin1,2,Chang-Soo Lee1,2,Xing Liao3,Juho Kim1,2,Zhen Wang4,Odongo Francis Ngome Okello1,Bumsu Park4,Jaehyun Park1,2,Cheolhee Han1,2,Hoseok Heo3,Jonghwan Kim1,Sang Ho Oh4,Si-Young Choi1,Hongkun Park3,Moon-Ho Jo1,2
Pohang University of Science and Technology1,Institute for Basic Science (IBS)2,Harvard University3,Sungkyunkwan University4
Show AbstractWe report wafer-scale growth of atomically thin, three-dimensional (3D) van der Waals (vdW) semiconductor membranes. By controlling the growth kinetics in the near-equilibrium limit during metalorganic chemical vapor depositions of MoS2 and WS2 monolayer (ML) crystals, we have achieved conformal ML coverage on diverse 3D texture substrates, such as periodic arrays of nanoscale needles and trenches on quartz and SiO2/Si substrates. The ML semiconductor properties, such as channel resistivity and photoluminescence, are verified to be seamlessly uniform over the 3D textures, and are scalable to wafer-scale. Additionally, we demonstrated that these 3D films can be easily delaminated from the growth substrates to form suspended 3D semiconductor membranes. Our work suggests that vdW ML semiconductor films can be useful platforms for patchable membrane electronics with atomic precision, yet in large-areas, on arbitrary substrates.
9:30 AM - FF01.01.07
Wafer-Scale Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Superlattices from Monolayer 2D Polymers and Atomic Crystals
Yu Zhong1,Baorui Cheng1,Chibeom Park1,Ariana Ray2,Sarah Brown1,Fauzia Mujid1,Jae-Ung Lee1,Hua Zhou3,Joonki Suh1,Kan-Heng Lee1,Andrew Mannix1,Kibum Kang4,Steven Sibener1,David Muller2,Jiwoong Park1
University of Chicago1,Cornell University2,Argonne National Laboratory3,Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology4
Show AbstractTwo-dimensional (2D) materials own many interesting properties due to their atom-thick characteristics and versatile heterostructures built layer-by-layer. The capability of assembling both organic and inorganic 2D materials into heterostructures will lead to the formation of artificial van der Waals solids that takes advantage of molecular functionalities brought by the organic 2D materials. Towards this end, the biggest hurdle has been the lack of a general method to synthesize organic monolayers at macroscopic dimensions and integrate them with monolayer precision. Herein, we report the general synthesis of monolayer 2D polymers, the molecular analogs of 2D atomic crystals, with wafer-scale homogeneity and the fabrication of the hybrid superlattices. For this, we develop a new interfacial synthesis technique compatible with various molecular building blocks and polymerization chemistries. This approach incorporates key features necessary for scalable and facile processing, including large-area synthesis, ambient growth conditions, and compatibility with established patterning and integration methods. Enabled by those characteristics, hybrid organic-inorganic superlattices of monolayer 2D polymers and 2D atomic crystals were fabricated with molecular precision. The employment of versatile 2D polymers allows the incorporation of functional molecular moieties into two-dimensional electronic circuits. These materials show promising applications in multifunctional 2D electronic devices.
FF01.02: Chemical Vapor Deposition of 2D Materials
Session Chairs
Amber McCreary
Joan Redwing
Sunday PM, December 01, 2019
Hynes, Level 2, Room 208
10:15 AM - FF01.02.01
Controlled Growth, Transfer and Device Integration of Large Crystal Monolayer Hexagonal Boron Nitride
Vitaly Babenko1,Ruizhi Wang1,Ye Fan1,Vlad-Petru Veigang-Radulescu1,Oliver Burton1,Jack Alexander-Webber1,Robert Weatherup2,Stephan Hofmann1
Cambridge University1,The University of Manchester2
Show AbstractUtilisation of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) in applications requires further advancements in the production, processing, integration methods and also their cost reduction. We focus here on catalytic chemical vapour deposition (CVD) and discuss two very different catalysts for monolayer h-BN growth, iron and platinum, examples of a high and low precursor solubility transition metals. For Fe, we systematically explore the role of bulk dissolved species, and find that a simple pre-growth step enables us to tailor a scalable CVD process to give mm-sized h-BN domains,[1] among the largest reported to date. For Pt, we developed sequential step growth to enable independent control of h-BN nucleation and domain expansion to also give large (> 0.5 mm) h-BN domains and continuous films.[2] We show that targeted h-BN transfer methods are required for the different catalysts or even tweaked to the processing of the catalyst, whereby we develop a moisture oxidation and acid release method for the iron and a dry peeling approach for platinum. The utilisation of h-BN with graphene is demonstrated as an encapsulating layer for integration with common ALD dielectrics and in FET devices.[1] Additionally, we demonstrate the use of monolayer CVD h-BN as an active material for room temperature single photon emission.[3], [4]
References
[1] Babenko et al, submitted (2019).
[2] Wang et al. ACS Nano 13, 2114 (2019).
[3] Comtet, J. et al., Nano Lett. 19, 4, 2516 (2019)
[4] Stern, H. L. et al. ACS Nano 13, 4538 (2019).
10:30 AM - FF01.02.02
Epitaxial Growth of Layered β-In2Se3 Thin Films via Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition
Xiaotian Zhang1,Sora Lee1,Anushka Bansal1,Fu Zhang1,Mauricio Terrones1,Thomas Jackson1,Joan Redwing1
The Pennsylvania State University1
Show Abstract2D materials have attracted wide interest because of their potential performance and diversity of function as electronic and optoelectronic materials. Growth of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) such as MoS2 and WSe2 typically requires high temperatures (>700 oC) for large domain size and epitaxy. This restricts the applications of these materials, especially considering the growing interest in 2D materials integration with silicon in back-end-of-line (BEOL) applications that require processing temperature < 450 oC. In contrast, group III metal chalcogenides (indium selenide and gallium selenide) possess lower melting temperatures than TMDs and thus high crystal quality films are anticipated at lower growth temperature. In addition, depending on their stoichiometry and phase, they also have a layered structure that offers interesting physical, electronic, and piezoelectric properties down to the monolayer limit. In the case of indium selenide, there is interest in γ-InSe due to its high carrier mobility (>1000 cm2/Vs) and β-In2Se3 and a-In2Se3 which are ferroelectric phases. Despite the intriguing properties, there have been few studies thus far aimed at investigating the epitaxial growth and properties of indium selenide films.
In this study, we demonstrate the growth of β-In2Se3 thin films on various substrates in a vertical cold-wall metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) system at 400 oC using trimethylindium (TMIn) and hydrogen selenide (H2Se) in a H2 carrier gas. The In2Se3 films were grown epitaxially on c-plane sapphire and Si (111) surfaces. The films were identified as β-In2Se3 by both Raman and XRD. A low reactor pressure (100 Torr) and high total gas flow rate were required to suppress gas-phase reactions between TMIn and H2Se based on their Lewis acid and base properties. β-In2Se3 films were formed on both c-plane sapphire and Si (111) surfaces in this work, however, γ-In2Se3 films were synthesized on amorphous SiO2/Si substrates indicating the importance of substrate type determining the crystal structure of the films. Top-gated thin film transistors (TFTs) fabricated on β-In2Se3 thin films reasonable mobility and on/off ratio and therefore offer potential applications in electronic devices.
10:45 AM - FF01.02.03
Epitaxial Growth of Monolayer MoS2 on SrTiO3 Single Crystal Substrates for Applications in Nanoelectronics
Wenshuo Xu1,Jamie Warner1
University of Oxford1
Show AbstractMonolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) crystals grown on amorphous substrates such as SiO2 are randomly oriented. However, when MoS2 is grown on crystalline substrates, the crystal shapes and orientations are also influenced by their epitaxial interaction with the substrate. In this work, we present the results from chemical vapor deposition growth of MoS2 on three different terminations of single crystal strontium titanate (SrTiO3) substrates. On SrTiO3(111), the monolayer MoS2 crystals form equilateral triangles with two main orientations, in which they align their 〈2-1-10〉-type directions (i.e., the sulfur-terminated edge directions) with the 〈1-10〉-type directions on SrTiO3. This arrangement allows near-perfect coincidence epitaxy between seven MoS2 unit cells and four SrTiO3 unit cells. On SrTiO3(110), the MoS2 crystals tend to align their edges with both the 〈1-10〉 and 〈1-1-2〉 directions on SrTiO3 because these both provide favorable coincidence lattice registry. This distorts the crystal shapes and introduces an additional strain detectable by photoluminescence. When triangular MoS2 crystals are grown on SrTiO3(001), they again show a preference to align their edges with the 〈1-10〉 directions on SrTiO3. Our observations can be explained if the interfacial van der Waals (vdW) bonding between MoS2 monolayers and SrTiO3 is greatest when maximum commensuration between the lattices is achieved. Therefore, a key finding of this work is that the vdW interaction between MoS2 and SrTiO3 substrates determines the supported crystal shapes and orientations by epitaxial relations. Controlled crystal orientations make the growth of large sheets of MoS2 possible when there are multiple nucleation sites. This minimizes the number of grain boundaries and optimizes the electronic properties of the material, e.g., charge mobility, which is crucial for the application of monolayer MoS2 in next-generation nanoelectronics devices.
11:00 AM - FF01.02.04
Accessing High Optical and Structural Quality of CVD Grown MoS2 Monolayers
Shivangi Shree1,Antony George2,Tibor Lehnert3,Cedric Robert1,Xavier Marie1,Kenji Watanabe4,Takashi Taniguchi4,Ute Kaiser3,Bernhard Urbaszek1,Andrey Turchanin2
CNRS LPCNO INSA-CNRS-UPS1,Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute for Physical Chemistry2,University of Ulm3,National Institute for Materials Science4
Show AbstractTransition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are ideal for exploring fundamental physics and applied optics as they are semiconductors with a direct bandgap in the monolayer (ML) limit. Therefore, it is very important to have access to high quality and also large surface area films. Here we show that chemical vapour deposition (CVD) growth can yield high quality MoS2 monolayers on SiO2/Si substrates.
We show high structural quality of CVD grown MoS2 MLs on SiO2 [1] in 4k x 4k high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images using the chromatic and spherical aberration-corrected low-voltage TEM instrument operated at 60 kV. We determine a defect concentration of 1013/cm2 in as grown MoS2 MLs. But we observe broad optical transitions in as-grown samples (50 meV FWHM at T = 4K) on SiO2 that are not expected for high structural quality, therefore indicating detrimental ML-substrate interactions. Therefore, we lift off the CVD grown layers from the growth substrate and encapsulate them in hBN flakes, which give us access to the intrinsic optical quality of the MoS2 MLs.
We compare the optical quality of MoS2 MLs in three different structures: CVD grown MoS2 films on SiO2, exfoliated MoS2 ML from bulk MoS2 in exfoliated hBN and most importantly MoS2 ML grown by CVD encapsulated in hBN crystals prepared by mechanical exfoliation. For the latter structure, we show (i) in photoluminescence the neutral A-exciton emission linewidth reduced to 5 meV at T = 4 K, as compare to 50 meV linewidth in the as grown CVD sample and (ii) in absorption well separated optical transitions A:2s stemming from excited states of the A-exciton Rydberg series, indicating comparable quality of our CVD MLs to exfoliated MoS2 material. We optically generate valley coherence and valley polarization in our CVD grown MoS2 layers, showing the possibility for studying spin and valley physics in CVD samples of large surface area.
[1] A. George, C. Neumann, D. Kaiser, R. Mupparapu, T. Lehnert, U. Hübner, Z. Tang, A. Winter, U. Kaiser, I. Staude, A. Turchanin, J. Phys.: Mater. 2 (2019) 016001
11:15 AM - FF01.02.05
High Temperature CVD of Hexagonal Boron Nitride on Sapphire Using Carbon Free Precursors
Anushka Bansal1,Tanushree Choudhury1,Mikhail Chubarov1,Joan Redwing1
The Pennsylvania State University1
Show AbstractHexagonal Boron Nitride (hBN) is a 2D, III-nitride wide bandgap semiconductor that has a structure very similar to graphene. Due to its extraordinary physical properties, such as high resistivity, high thermal conductivity, stability in air up to 1000°C, large bandgap (Eg ∼ 5.9 eV), hBN appears to be a promising material for emerging applications, including deep UV (DUV) optoelectronics, electron emitters and neutron detectors. There is also significant interest in monolayer and few-layer hBN as an encapsulating layer for 2D devices based on graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides.
While high quality hBN bulk crystals are available for exfoliation, the size of the crystals is limited, consequently there is continued interest in the epitaxial growth of large area hBN films using chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The low temperature (500-1000°C) CVD growth of hBN on metallic substrates such as Cu, Ni, Pt, Ru etc. has been widely studied using ammonia borane (H3N-BH3) and borazine (B3N3H6) as single-source precursors. However, NH3 has been used in some cases to control the N/B ratio. In addition, borazine is thermally unstable and readily reacts forming low volatility polymers. While growth on metal substrates is a viable approach, there is significant interest in the growth of hBN on non-metallic surfaces for device applications. The growth of hBN on a sapphire substrate was initially reported by Nakamura et. al. in 1986 followed by Kobayashi et. al in 2008 and others at a growth temperature greater than 1200°C. The precursors used for these growths includes triethyl boron (B(C2H5)3, TEB), trimethyl boron (B(CH3)3, TMB) and NH3 as the source of N. It is well known, however, that organic sources such as TEB result in carbon incorporation which is the biggest concern for the growth of epitaxial high purity BN films.
In this work, we are studying the growth of crystalline sp2 BN in a vertical cold wall MOCVD reactor using a mixture of diborane (5% B2H6 in H2) and NH3 as precursors for B and N, respectively using H2 as a carrier gas. The growths are performed on nitrided c-plane sapphire substrates at temperatures ranging from 1100-1500°C. Diborane reacts with NH3 at temperatures as low as room temperature to form H3N-BH3 and other volatile B-N species, consequently, gas phase chemistry plays an important role in this deposition process. The influence of temperature, N/B inlet gas ratio and precursor flow method (pulsed versus continuous) on the material quality, characteristics and deposition rate were studied. In the lower temperature range (<1200°C), stoichiometric sp2 BN films were obtained on sapphire using a N/B ratio of ~600 under continuous precursor flow giving a growth rate of ~10 nm/hr. Sequential pulsing of the B2H6 and NH3 precursors resulted in a significant increase in the growth rate (~18nm/hr) due to a reduction in the extent of gas phase reaction. Additional studies are underway to investigate growth at higher temperatures and over a wider parameter space to ascertain the growth mechanism as a function of conditions to provide additional insights into the role of gas phase chemistry on the properties of highly crystalline sp2 BN films on sapphire.
11:30 AM - FF01.02.06
Catalytically Enhanced Metal Organic Chemical Vapour Deposition of WS2 Monolayer Films
Stephan Hofmann1,Ye Fan1,Kenichi Nakanishi1,Vlad-Petru Veigang-Radulescu1,Jack Alexander-Webber1,Ryo Mizuta1,James Stewart1
University of Cambridge1
Show AbstractDespite an abundance of reported growth methods, a key challenge for both current research and future technologies is the efficient and scalable growth and device integration of “electronic-grade” 2D layers. Metal organic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) has emerged as highly suitable particularly for transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) layer growth [1]. However, the understanding of the MOCVD process and control over detailed TMDC micro-structure remains currently limited, and carbon contamination and long growth times are of concerns. Our motivation is to advance the understanding of the growth mechanism of TMDCs with the focus on developing improved, scalable process technology. We employ here a “deconstructed” MOCVD process for WS2, based on a simple sequential exposure pattern using precursors with low toxicity, namely tungsten hexacarbonyl and dimethylsulfide [2]. Combined with the use of a cold-walled reactor set-up, this minimises precursor pre-reactions and warrants a substrate surface bound reaction path. We use this as model system to systematically explore each growth aspect, including different substrates and their pre-treatment. For Au support, we find a significant catalytic effect that not only allows a significant reduction of the carbon contamination but also a self-limiting behaviour to mono-layer WS2 with reasonable crystallinity, and full coverage within 10min exposure times. We discuss in this context of overlap between MOCVD and ALD processes, and, in parallel to other 2D materials, of suitable device integration strategies [3].
References
[1] Briggs et al. 2D Mater. 6, 022001 (2019)
[2] Fan et al. submitted (2019)
[3] Wang et al. ACS Nano 13, 2114 (2019).
11:45 AM - FF01.02.07
Van der Waals Epitaxial Growth of Transition Metal Dichalcogenides on Sapphire—Surface Chemistry Effect and Lessons for Other 2D Materials
Ariel Ismach1,Assael Cohen1,Kamal Ranganathan1,Avinash Patsha1
Tel Aviv University1
Show AbstractThe ability to synthesize large-area and high quality atomic films is a prerequisite for their successful integration into a wide variety of novel and existing technologies. Here we show the growth of transition metal dichalcogenides (MoS2, WS2 and WSe2) via modified chemical vapor deposition (CVD) methods using volatile precursors [1,2]. The use of high vapor pressure precursors allows for the controlled delivery to the growth sample [3], and therefore, suitable for homogeneous and large-scale synthesis, as required for many applications. However, one of the problems with these precursors is the small domain size usually obtained [3]. In this scheme, a modified approach in which the metal and chalcogen precursors are delivered in a pulsed fashion is demonstrated. This approach allows to achieve a ten-fold increase in the domain size, from ~500 nm (or below) to ~10s of microns. Moreover, we demonstrate that the growth kinetics is highly dependent on the surface chemistry and by controlling it, the growth of ad-layers is inhibited and thus, more than 95% monolayer films are obtained. Another advantage of using volatile precursors is the ability to control the lateral and vertical heterostructures formation, and will be described as well. Following this work and in order to expand our growth capabilities, the growth of monochalcogenides using lessons learned while growing TMDs will be briefly described. Systematic structural, chemical, spectroscopic and electrical characterization will be shown for both systems as well. This work presents a big step towards the controlled growth of 2D materials.
[1] Hod O., Urbakh M., Naveh D., Bar-Sadan M. and Ismach A. Adv. Mat., 2018, 30.
[2] Radovsky G, Shalev T and Ismach A., J. Mater. Sci., 2019, 54, 7768-79.
[3] Cohen A., Ranganathan K., Patsha A. and Ismach A. In Preparation.
Symposium Organizers
Zakaria Al Balushi, University of California, Berkeley
Deep Jariwala, University of Pennsylvania
Olga Kazakova, National Physical Laboratory
Amber McCreary, National Institute of Standards and Technology
Symposium Support
Gold
AIXTRON SE
Silver
2D Crystal Consortium - Materials Innovation Platform (2DCC-MIP)
Bronze
Accurion Inc.
IOP Publishing Ltd - 2D Materials
Scienta Omicron, Inc.
FF01.03: Novel Stabilized 2D Materials and Heterostructures
Session Chairs
Zakaria Al Balushi
Deep Jariwala
Monday AM, December 02, 2019
Hynes, Level 3, Room 312
8:00 AM - FF01.03.01
In Situ Growth of Group V 2D Materials
Matthieu Fortin-Deschenes1,Robert Jacobberger2,Charles-Antoine Deslauriers1,Michael Arnold2,Oussama Moutanabbir1
Polytechnique Montreal1,University of Wisconsin–Madison2
Show AbstractAlthough the existence of thousands of new 2D materials are being theoretically predicted [1], only a handful can be experimentally synthesized with the level of control required for their large-scale integration in future innovative devices and technologies. This is mainly due to the insufficient control over the nucleation at vdW interfaces, to the difficulty of implementing self-limiting monolayer growth in many systems and to the lack of experimental data regarding the van der Waals growth dynamics. In this talk, we will present in situ Low-Energy Electron Microscopy (LEEM) studies of the van der Waals growth dynamics of novel group V 2D materials. By combining LEEM and LEED measurements of the growth dynamics of antimonene on germanium and graphene substrates [2, 3] with semi-empirical modelling of the growth kinetics, we are able to determine the mechanisms governing the lateral and vertical growth modes of this new 2D material and to achieve a better control over the growth morphology. Moreover, we will present experimental evidence of the synthesis of a new 2D AsxSb1-x alloy with tunable As content. These results lay the groundwork for the implementation of novel group V 2D materials and heterostructures in electronic, optoelectronic and quantum devices.
[1] N. Mounet, M. Gibertini, P. Schwaller, D. Campi, A. Merkys, A. Marrazzo, ... & N. Marzari., Nat. Nanotechnol. 2018, 13(3), 246.
[2] M. Fortin-Deschênes, O. Waller, T. O. Mentes, A. Locatelli, S. Mukherjee, F. Genuzio, P. L. Levesque, A. Hebert, R. Martel, O. Moutanabbir., Nano Lett. 2017, 17(8), 4970–4975.
[3] M. Fortin-Deschênes, R. M. Jacobberger, C. A. Deslauriers, O. Waller, É. Bouthillier, M. S. Arnold, O. Moutanabbir., Advanced Materials. 2019, 31(21), 1900569.
8:15 AM - FF01.03.02
Electron Beam Evaporated 2D Bismuth for Innovative Nanoelectronics
Li Tao1,Xinghao Sun1,Wen Zhong1,Zhaoying Dang1,Seth Bank2,Deji Akinwande2,Beibei Zhu1
Southeast University1,The University of Texas at Austin2
Show AbstractTwo-dimensional elemental materials (X-enes) have attracted increasing research attention due to tunable bandgap in between graphene and TMDs. As an emerging 2D X-ene, bismuthene, is expected to yield descent carrier mobility, large spin-orbit coupling, and topological states. Currently, bismuthene or bismuth thin films can be grown via chemical vapor deposition (CVD), pulsed laser deposition (PLD) and molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). MBE can provide high quality bismuthene with sophisticated facilities, whereas PLD or CVD method struggles for precise thickness control and uniformity. It is of great importance to develop a cost-effective method to produce high quality bismuthene. Herein, we report our pioneer work on 2D bismuthene growth via e-beam evaporation and its device study showing comparable properties to MBE counterpart for potential innovative nanoelectronics.
2D bismuth thin film is grown on Si (111) or SiO2/Si substrates in an e-beam evaporator. Before the deposition, Si (111) and SiO2/Si substrates were cleaned by ultrasonic in acetone for 5 min and rinsed by isopropyl alcohol and deionized water. Deposition of bismuth was initiated from a 99.999% pure Bi source at a rate of 0.1Å/s under 5.0×10-4 Pa pressure. The thickness of our Bi thin films can vary from 1-50 nm. Annealing effect is also studied via a tube furnace at 50-260oC in Ar atmosphere. Raman spectroscopy confirmed the successful growth of 2D bismuth with signatures at 70.4 cm−1 (Eg) and 96.1 cm−1 (A1g) ,which have a blue shift as thickness increases. X-ray diffraction on evaporated 20-nm thick Bi films observed expected hexagonal (001) orientation - a good crystallinity. A typical surface roughness is ~1nm indicated by atomic force microscope imaging over a 10×10μm2 area, indicating a smooth surface for following device fabrication. The evaporated 2D bismuth, as the channel material, on SiO2/Si or Si (111) substrates, was then subjected to a field effect transistor fabrication process via lithography and Ti/Au electrodes evaporation. Electrical characterization, such as Id-Vd curve for different thickness 2D bismuthene has been characterized on a Cascade® EPS150 probe station. A linear Id-Vd curve reveals a good ohmic contact with conductivity ~ 3.65×104 S/m for 20-nm 2D Bi and ~6.27×104 S/m for 30-nm. Experimental research on photoelectric and thermoelectric behavior of e-beam evaporated 2D bismuthene has been carried out, which exhibited similar properties comparable to MBE bismuthene samples we prepared under the same material and device configuration in this study. Photoelectricity is observed under a wide range (visible to IR) laser exposure with photo responsibility ~10 A/W at unit power exposing to 800-nm laser. The Seebeck coefficient of our 2D bismuth was measured as -17.8μV/k (N type) at room temperature, which is greater than graphene.
This study explored e-beam evaporation of 2D bismuth film and its material/device characterization comparable to MBE counterpart. This cost-effective method to prepare good quality bismuthene and its device holds great promise for innovative photoelectric and thermoelectric applications.
8:30 AM - FF01.03.03
Chemically Tunable 2D Layered Materials via Intercalation and Deintercalation
Mengjing Wang1,Kristie Koski2
University of Central Florida1,UC Davis2
Show Abstract2D layered materials reside in a class of crystals consisting of weakly bonded atomic layers by van der Waals attraction. In particular, this distinct structure feature renders 2D layered materials exceptional physical and chemical properties inaccessible in bulk crystals, e.g., quantum confinement and surface effects, which offer 2D materials a wide range of applications in electronics, optoelectronics, energy storage, catalyst, and chemical sensing fields. One of the remaining challenges in the 2D material arena is to explore novel layered materials with breaking new properties. Rather than searching for new materials, we pursued developing reliable chemical routes, intercalation/deintercalation of metals, to tailor the original 2D materials with tunable chemical and physical properties. This talk will cover a series of innovative chemical intercalation/deintercalation of metals in layered crystals (chalcogenides and oxides), followed by examples of unusual phenomena introduced by intercalation, including polytypic phase transitions in metal intercalated Bi2Se3, and the chemo-chromism/thermochromism of MoO3 intercalated with metal.
8:45 AM - FF01.03.04
Creating Atomically-Thin Metals for Next Generation Quantum Architectures
Joshua Robinson1
The Pennsylvania State University1
Show AbstractQuantum materials are prime candidates for next-generation energy-efficient technologies, such as topological quantum computing, quantum sensing, and neuromorphic computing. While van der Waals 2D materials exhibit a compellingly wide range of exotic and potentially useful properties such as charge density waves, topological insulator edges, and superconductivity, one can also realize these properties by stabilizing new 2D allotropes of traditionally 3D superconductors and magnets. In this talk I will discuss our pioneering work in confinement heteroepitaxy (CHet) that enables the creation of 2D forms of 3D materials (e.g. 2D-Ga, In, Sn, Ag, Au, etc.) and decouples the growth of the metals from other 2D layers, thereby enabling a new platform for creating artificial quantum lattices with atomically sharp interfaces and designed properties. As a specfic example, we synthesize plasmonic layers that exhibit >2000x improvement in nonlinear optical properties, and 2D-superconductors combined with topological insulators as the building block of next generation “2D” topological superconductors. Confinement heteroepitaxy opens up avenues for enabling a virtual “legoland” of hybrid quantum materials.
9:15 AM - FF01.03.05
Stable Silicene in Graphene/Silicene van der Waals Heterostructures
Yuyang Zhang1,Geng Li1,Lihong Bao1,Shixuan Du1,Sokrates Pantelides2,Hong-Jun Gao1
Chinese Academy of Sciences1,Vanderbilt University2
Show AbstractAs a two-dimensional analog of graphene, silicene has recently been the subject of extensive research interest. The easy oxidation of silicene in air limits its applications in device design and fabrication. In this talk we report the experimental fabrication of silicene protected by a graphene overlayer. The graphene layer is grown first on a Ru(0001) substrate and silicene is grown under it by Si intercalation. By controlling the amount of silicon, ordered arrays of pseudomorphic silicene nano flakes as well as single layers and multilayers of silicene can be successfully fabricated under graphene that is epitaxially grown on Ru(0001). Density-functional-theory calculations show weak interactions between graphene and silicene layers, indicating that the fabricated structures are silicene/graphene van der Waals heterostructures. The as-prepared silicene-based structures show no observable damage after air exposure for two weeks. The vertical graphene/silicene/Ru heterostructure shows rectification behavior with an ideality factor of ~1.5 [1].
References:
[1] G. Li et al., Adv. Mater., 30, 1804650 (2018)
10:00 AM - FF01.03.06
CVD Synthesis and Properties of Bilayer Graphene and TMDs
A T Charlie Johnson1
University of Pennsylvania1
Show AbstractTwo-dimensional (2D) van der Waals (vdW) materials fabricated by stacking of homogeneous or heterogeneous monolayer “building blocks” are attracting increased attention, since their unique physical and chemical properties offer great promise for use in atomically thin electronic and optoelectronic devices. For stacks of homogeneous 2D vdW materials, the number of layers plays a crucial role in the ultimate optoelectronic properties. Since the change in properties from monolayer to bilayer to trilateral is typically more significant than that resulting from additional layers, there is great interest in achieving precise control over bilayer/trilayer formation, including the stacking geometry. In this talk I will discuss how we have made progress in this area through new methods of controlling the catalytic growth substrate, in the case of graphene, and growth promoting compounds in the case of TMD materials.
10:30 AM - FF01.03.07
Tuning the Dimensionality and Optical Properties of TMDs with Substrate Directed Synthesis
Thomas Kempa1,Tomojit Chowdhury1,Jungkil Kim1
Johns Hopkins University1
Show AbstractTwo-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) exhibit an intriguing array of layer-, topology-, and morphology-dependent properties, which have demonstrated enormous potential in optoelectronics, energy conversion, and quantum information science. Although “top-down” approaches can be used to define crystal morphologies and dimensions, explicit synthetic control of the physical properties of TMD crystals is desirable, but also a major challenge. We demonstrate a gas-phase synthesis method that significantly transforms the structure and dimensionality of MoS2 and other TMD crystals without lithography. Synthesis of MoS2 on Si (001) surfaces pre-treated with phosphine (PH3) furnishes high aspect ratio nanoribbons of crystalline 2H phase MoS2. The widths of these nominally 1D crystals are exceptionally uniform and their edges are sharper than those of TMD crystals prepared by most other means. Notably, the widths of the MoS2 nanoribbons can be systematically controlled between 70 nm and 500 nm by varying the concentration of PH3 gas introduced during the Si surface treatment step. Detailed kinetic studies supported by cluster expansion and DFT calculations indicate that the structure and concentration of the underlying Si–phosphide moieties is instrumental in transforming growth of MoS2 from a conventional 2D triangular to nominally 1D morphology. Notably, far-field and near-field photoluminescence (PL) studies of 1D MoS2 crystals show that they exhibit an emission peak which is blue-shifted by 50 meV relative to that of 2D MoS2 nanocrystals. Our efforts highlight future opportunities for development of designer substrates that could mediate the synthesis of new low-dimensional crystals with prescribed structures and properties.
10:45 AM - FF01.03.08
Large Scale Synthesis of MoS2 One-Dimensional Nanostructures and the Precision Manipulation
Yun Huang1,Kang Yu1,2,Zexi Liang1,Paulo Ferreira2,1,Donglei Fan1
The University of Texas at Austin1,International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory2
Show AbstractIn the family of two dimensional (2D) materials, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has received immerse attention owing to its unique electrical, catalytic, biological and mechanical properties. Herein, we report a robust and scalable approach to synthesize MoS2 nanoribbons with controlled dimensions. Advanced characterizations confirm the chemistry, morphology, and crystalline structures of materials obtained at different reaction stages when synthesizing MoS2, including MoO3, MoS2/MoO2 hybrid, and MoS2 nanoribbons. With the electric tweezers based on combined AC and DC electric fields, the MoS2 nanoribbons can be readily manipulated with desired orientations along arbitrary trajectories, e.g. a cat drawing. Moreover, it is found that the electromechanical behaviors of the particles obtained at different stages strongly correlate with their electric properties, the demonstration of which could be utilized to monitor and understand the synthesis of targeted nanomaterials. This work could lead to a new paradigm in the large-scale fabrication of 2D materials with designed dimensions and inspire their innovative applications in nanorobotics, micro/nanoelectromechanical system devices (MEMS/NEMS), as well as molecule delivery and release.
11:00 AM - FF01.03.09
Helical van der Waals Crystals with Discretized Eshelby Twist
Yin Liu1,Jie Wang2,Sujung Kim1,Haoye Sun1,Fuyi Yang1,Zixuan Fang1,Nobumichi Tamura3,Ruopeng Zhang1,3,Xiaohui Song3,Jianguo Wen2,Qin Yu3,Michael Wang1,Emory Chan3,Dafei Jin2,Robert Ritchie1,Andrew Minor1,3,Daryl Chrzan1,Mary Scott1,3,Jie Yao1
University of California, Berkeley1,Argonne national laboratory2,Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory3
Show AbstractThe ability to manipulate the twisting topology of van der Waals (vdW) structures enables a new degree of freedom to tailor their electrical and optical properties. In particular, the twist angle has been shown to strongly affect the electronic states, excitons and phonons of the twisted structures via interlayer coupling, giving rise to exotic optical, electric and spintronic behaviors.In twisted bilayer graphene, at certain twist angles, long-range periodicity associated with Moiré pattern introduces flat bands and highly localized electronic states, resulting in Mott insulating behavior and superconductivity.Beyond bilayer graphene, recent theoretical studies suggest these twist-induced localization and the formation of flat bands are phenomena common to various layered materials such as transition metal dichalcogenides and black phosphorus.Twisted vdW structures are usually created using transfer-stacking method, where atomic layers are mechanically exfoliated and transferred to stack with controlled twist angles in a layer-by-layer configuration. This approach, however, is not suitable to create twisted structures of a variety of layered materials with relatively strong interlayer binding. In contrast, facile bottom-up growth methods could provide an alternative means to create twisted vdW structures. Herein, we demonstrate that the Eshelby twist, associated with a screw dislocation, a chiral topological defect can drive the formation of twisted vdW structures on multiple scales ranging from nanoscale to mesoscale. In our synthesis method, axial screw dislocation was first introduced into vdW nanowires with growth direction along the vdW stacking direction (cross-plane direction), yielding vdW nanostructures with continuous twisting. Further growth on the dislocated nanowires adhered to the substrate results in the discretization of the Eshelby twist in the mesoscale structures, yielding unique twisting structures consisting of a helical assembly of nanoplates. In these mesoscale helical crystals, atomically sharp interfaces with various twist angles are created, providing an intriguing tunable platform to explore various interlayer coupling effects. Our theoretical modeling suggests that the formation of the discretized twisting results from the interplay between the interfacial energies associated with the twist interfaces and the elastic strain energy defined by the Eshelby twist. We further show that the twisting topology can be tailored by controlling the radial size of the structure.
11:15 AM - FF01.03.10
Stabilization of Tellurene—A New Group VI 2D Material
Moon Kim1,Wenzhuo Wu2,Peide Ye2,Robert Klie3,Maria Chan4
The University of Texas at Dallas1,Purdue University2,University of Illinois at Chicago3,Argonne National Laboratory4
Show AbstractSince the discovery of graphene [1], other 2D materials such as silicene, germanene, borophene, phospherene, and various transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have been explored in a great deal due to their novel structure and tunable properties. In contrast, group VI elements such as tellurium or selenium have yet to be stabilized in purely 2D forms, which may be due to its stable covalently bonded Te atomic chains that spiral along its c-axes. In this case, a typical exfoliation technique to produce 2D monolayers would not work. However, the density functional theory calculations by Zhu et al. predict that 2D atomic layers of tellurium might exist in stable 1T-like structure (a-Te), and the metastable tetragonal (b-Te) and 2H-like (g-Te) structures [2].
Here, we report the first experimental realization of a 2D group VI tellurium chalcogen, namely tellurene. Ultra-thin flakes of tellurium with controlled thickness were produced by substrate-free solution process. Each 2D tellurene flakes have thicknesses ranging from 15 to 100 nm. Tellurene flakes with a thickness smaller than 10 nm were also produced through a solvent-assisted post-growth thinning process [3]. A single atomic layer 2D tellurium was also synthesized by a wafer-bonding assisted self-assembly process, a new approach to synthesize and stabilize the low-dimensional structure. Each monolayer Te atom has four nearest neighbors within the plane with inter-atomic distances of 0.31 – 0.32 nm. Atomic-resolution chemical mapping and structural characterization via scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) leading to the definitive identification of single atomic layer tellurene. First-principles calculations found tellurene to be metallic, with electronic band structures containing Dirac-cone-like features and exhibiting significant asymmetric spin-orbit band splitting. These findings enable further research into the suitability of tellurene for device applications, such as spintronics and quantum computing.
[1] K.S. Novoselov et al., Science 306, 666 (2004).
[2] Z. Zhu et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 106101 (2017).
[3] Y. Wang et al., Nature Electronics 1, 228 (2018).
*This research was supported in part by the U.S. Department of Energy through the EERE-Sunshot BRIDGE (DE-EE0005956) and PVRD (DE-EE 0007545) programs, Global Research and Development Center Program (2018K1A4A3A01064272) and Brain Pool Program (2019H1D3A2A01061938) through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT.
11:30 AM - FF01.03.11
Organic-Inorganic 2D Halide Perovskites
Mercouri Kanatzidis1
Northwestern University1
Show AbstractTwo-dimensional (2D) layered halide perovskites are highly promising semiconductors for optoelectronic applications ranging from solar cells, light emitting diodes and detectors. This class of 2D materials gaining significance as they offer high synthetic versatility and allow for more specialized device implementation due to the directional nature of the crystal structure. A remarkable advantage of the 2D perovskites is the readily tunable functionality by incorporating a wide array of organic cations into the 2D framework and by controlling the slab thickness, in contrast to the 3D analogues which have limited scope for structural engineering. We present the new homologous series, (C(NH2)3)(CH3NH3)nPbnI3n+1 (n = 1, 2, 3), of layered 2D perovskites which is different from Ruddlesden-Popper type. These compounds adopt an unprecedented structure type which is stabilized by the alternating ordering of the guanidinium and methylammonium cations in the interlayer space (ACI). The these 2D perovskites combine structural characteristics from both Dion-Jacobson (DJ) and Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) structure archetypes. We also report the first examples of hybrid DJ hybrid 2D lead iodide perovskites which consist of thick perovskite slabs (n>1) with layer number (n) ranging from 1 to 5. We describe two new DJ perovskite series based on bivalent (+2) spacer cations deriving from a piperidinium (C5NH12) organic backbone. The new DJ perovskites are built from 3AMP (3AMP = 3-(aminomethyl)piperidinium) and 4AMP (4AMP = 4-(aminomethyl)piperidinium) spacers and methylammonium (MA) perovskitizers cations to form A’(MA)n-1PbnI3n+1 (A’ = 3AMP or 4AMP, n = 1-4) homologous series acting as spacers. Surprisingly, a slight difference in the position of the-CH2NH3+ group on the piperidine chair (3- and 4- position with respect to the piperidine nitrogen) exerts a strong influence on the crystal structure, which is reflected on the distortion of the inorganic layers.
FF01.04: 2D Non-Volatile Devices for Neuromorphic Computing
Session Chairs
Thomas Kempa
Joshua Robinson
Monday PM, December 02, 2019
Hynes, Level 3, Room 312
1:30 PM - FF01.04.01
Emerging Neuromorphic Devices Based on Two-Dimensional Materials
Mark Hersam1
Northwestern University1
Show AbstractThe exponentially improving performance of conventional digital computers has slowed in recent years due to the speed and power consumption issues that are largely attributable to the von Neumann bottleneck (i.e., the need to transfer data between spatially separate processor and memory blocks). In contrast, neuromorphic (i.e., brain-like) computing aims to circumvent the limitations of von Neumann architectures by spatially co-locating processor and memory blocks or even combining logic and data storage functions within the same device. In addition to reducing power consumption in conventional computing, neuromorphic devices also provide efficient architectures for emerging applications such as image recognition, machine learning, and artificial intelligence. With this motivation in mind, this talk will explore the opportunities for two-dimensional materials in neuromorphic devices. For example, by combining p-type black phosphorus with n-type transition metal dichalcogenides, gate-tunable diodes have been realized, which show anti-ambipolar transfer characteristics that are suitable for artificial neurons, competitive learning, and spiking circuits [1]. In addition, by exploiting field-driven defect motion mediated by grain boundaries in monolayer MoS2, gate-tunable memristive phenomena have been achieved, which enable hybrid memristor/transistor devices (i.e., “memtransistors”) that concurrently provide logic and data storage functions [2]. The planar geometry of memtransistors further allows multiple contacts to the channel region that mimic the behavior of biological neurons such as heterosynaptic responses [3]. Overall, this work introduces new foundational circuit elements for neuromorphic computing in addition to providing alternative pathways for studying and utilizing the unique charge transport characteristics of two-dimensional materials [4].
[1] V. K. Sangwan, et al., Nano Letters, 18, 1421 (2018).
[2] V. K. Sangwan, et al., Nature Nanotechnology, 10, 403 (2015).
[3] V. K. Sangwan, et al., Nature, 554, 500 (2018).
[4] D. Jariwala, et al., Nature Materials, 16, 170 (2017).
2:00 PM - FF01.04.02
2D Heterostructure-Based Neuromorphic Computing
Sanghoon Bae1,Beomseok Kang1,Chansoo Kim1,Jeehwan Kim1
Massachusetts Institute of Technology1
Show AbstractA current artificial intelligence (AI) system consumes massive computing resources from supercomputers to handle computing traffic inside deep neural networks (DNN). Although interesting application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC) solutions in CMOS have been introduced, we are still suffering limitations on memory footprint, in-memory computing, and on-/off-chip communication. In this regard, a novel computing architecture based on non-volatile resistive switching devices called RRAM has shown a great potential as the RRAM device can continuously tune its analog conductance under moderate voltage stimulation, and thus each device can efficiently execute the “synaptic weight” in the neural network. In addition, the RRAM based computing can accomplish considerably higher integration density compared with the current CMOS technologies and highly efficient parallel computing. Therefore, people have put intensive effort in development of the RRAM array-based system beyond the current supercomputing system [1].
Here, we propose a novel approach to demonstrate stable RRAM array based on 2D heterostructure, which enables real neuromorphic computing for the first time. 2D materials have been known to have atomically thin feature for high integration density and anisotropic ionic transport characteristic in the in-plane and the out-of-plane direction for stable swtiching filament formation. It makes them promising as a switching medium for neuromorphic computing. Despite of this great potential, there was no study for real neuromorphic computing demonstration using 2D materials based memristors because limited approaches exist for large scale, uniform 2D materials demonstration. Last year, we reported an interesting method for large-scale, uniform 2D materials which ensures pristine interface at interface of heterostructures [2]. With the method, we, for the first time, have realized a 2D heterostructure memristor array having large memory window over 104 and stable filament formation even after 100 times set-reset cycling test, which successfully functions to implement image recognition simulation. We strongly believe that this innovative approach can open a new opportunity for the neuromorphic computing.
[1] M. Jaidan et al, Nature Electronics, 1, 22-29 (2018)
[2] J Shim, S. Bae et al, Science, 09, 362, 6415, 665-670 (2018)
2:15 PM - FF01.04.03
All-Solid-State Non-Volatile Memory Gated by a Monolayer Electrolyte
Susan Fullerton1,Jierui Liang1,Ke Xu1,Maokun Wu2,Benjamin Hunt3,Wei-Hua Wang2,Kyeongjae Cho4
University of Pittsburgh1,Nankai University2,Carnegie Mellon University3,The University of Texas at Dallas4
Show AbstractA non-volatile, solid-state, one-transistor (1T) memory is demonstrated based on electric double layer (EDL) gating of a WSe2 field-effect transistor (FET) using an electrolyte that is a single molecular layer thick. The “monolayer electrolyte” consists of cobalt crown ether phthalocyanine and lithium ions, which are positioned by field-effect at either the surface of the WSe2 channel or a h-BN capping layer to achieve ‘1’ or ‘0’, respectively. Bistability in the monolayer electrolyte memory is significantly improved by the h-BN cap, with density functional theory (DFT) calculations showing an enhanced trapping of Li+ near h-BN due to a ~1.34 eV increase in the absolute value of the adsorption energy compared to vacuum. The threshold voltage shift between the two states corresponds to a change in charge density of ~ 2.5 × 1012 cm-2, and an on-off ratio exceeding 104 at a back gate voltage of 0 V. The on-off ratio remains stable after 1000 cycles and the retention time for each state exceeds 6 hours (max measured). When the write time approaches 1 ms, the on-off ratio remains > 102, showing that monolayer electrolyte-gated, 2D non-volatile FET can respond on timescales similar to existing flash memory. The data suggest that faster switching times and lower switching voltages could be feasible by top gating.
The research is supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF, U.S.) under Grant No. ECCS-GOALI-1408425 and DMR-CAREER-1847808. M. Wu and W. Wang acknowledge support from the National Key Research and Development Program of China with No. 2016YFB0901600 and National Natural Science Foundation of China with No. 11874223 and 51871121.
2:45 PM - FF01.04.04
Nonvolatile Resistive Memory Realized by the Morphological Control of Two-Dimensional Layered Double Hydroxide
Haein Cho1,Chan Woo Jeon2,Jingon Jang1,Il Kyu Park2,Gunuk Wang1
Korea University1,Seoul National University of Science & Technology2
Show AbstractDiverse forms of two-dimensional (2D) materials have been attracting a lot of attention as emerging materials for low-power and high-performance electronic or optoelectronic devices1. Layered double hydroxide(LDH) is a kind of 2D layers consisting of a positively charged metal hydroxide layer and intercalated charge-balancing anions, expressed by [M2 + 1-xM3 + x (OH) 2]x + (An-) x / n . mH2O2. In this study, we synthesized three LDH layers using three divalent cations such as Zn2+, Ni2+, and Co2+ and controlled each packing density, which all were confirmed by XRD and SEM analysis. Then, we analyzed and performed the electrical properties for each LDH in a form of two-terminal vertical junction structures using Pt and FTO electrode. Interestingly, only densely-packed ZnAl-LDH based device exhibited unipolar switching behavior with 103 ON-OFF ratio and acceptable stability, while all others did not show any switching feature. The potential reason for the switching success or failure might be attributed to the morphology difference in LDH layers induced by different ion components and concentrations during LDH synthesis. A potential switching mechanism can be suggested by space-charge-limited conduction (SCLC) transport and directional motion of ionic vacancy by the electric field. Our result indicates the importance of 2D LDH stacking morphology for the implementation of the nonvolatile resistive switching device.
[1] Cho, J. H. et al. Probing Out-of-Plane Charge Transport in Black Phosphorus with Graphene-Contacted Vertical Field-Effect Transistors. Nano Lett., 2016, 16 (4), 2580-2585
[2] Zhao, Y. et al. Tunable Electronic Transport Properties of 2D Layered Double Hydroxide Crystalline Microsheets with Varied Chemical Compositions. Small, 2016, 12 (33), 4471-4476
FF01.05: Advances in 2D Memory and Transistor Architecture
Session Chairs
Susan Fullerton
Amber McCreary
Monday PM, December 02, 2019
Hynes, Level 3, Room 312
3:30 PM - FF01.05.01
Memristive Behavior and Switching Mechanism in Transfer-Free 2D WS2/MoS2 Heterojunction
Wenguang Zhang1,Chunsan Deng1,Sanlue Hu1,Hao Wu1,Jingwei Liu1,Wei Xiong1
Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics1
Show AbstractThe recent progress in memristor technology has made it an appealing competitor for future computing architectures and neuromorphic computing systems. However, the scale-down ability and uncertain switching mechanism are still the stumbling blocks to the development of memristor. The emerging transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) has been recognized as a promising candidate for the nanoscale memristive devices owing to their flexibility, transparency and especially scale-down ability. In this work, we demonstrate a type of metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) memristor architecture based on transfer-free WS2/MoS2 heterojunction, completely different from the conventional metal-insulator-metal (MIM) architectures using insulating metal oxides as the function layer. This MSM device is forming-free and shows a reproducible bipolar memristive behavior with RON/ROFF ratio up to 104. Moreover, the programming voltages of this device is around 1.4 V with currents lower than 10 µA and the thickness of the function layer down to 10 nm. Finally, we discuss the switching mechanism in the WS2/MoS2 heterojunction. Different from the filament-based mechanism, the resistance switching of the WS2/MoS2 2D heterojunction memristor is mainly ascribed to the electric-field modulation of the band structure of the WS2/MoS2 heterojunction, which is promising for the development of high-speed and low-power memristors.
3:45 PM - FF01.05.02
Potential Electronic Applications of Graphene and 2D Layered Materials
Hyeon Jin Shin1
Samsung Electronics1
Show AbstractTwo dimensional (2D) layered materials are crystalline materials with layered structures, including Graphene, h-BN, and Transition Metal Di-chalcogenides (TMD’s). We have studied 2D layered materials in two directions.
For the near future application, we have been investigated 2D layered materials for Si technology to enhance their performance. To overcome performance limit for the long term downscaling of Si technology, we have focused 2D layered materials as interface materials due to the chemical inertness and their atomically thin nature. We investigated Graphene/metal hybrid interconnect. Although high quality graphene can be produced on catalyst metals, Si technologies are limited by the high temperature growth and the post transfer process. W/nanocrystalline graphene (ncG)/TiN is realized by direct growth on noncatalytic TiN, up to 12" wafer, at a low temperature of 560 °C which is below the semiconductor integration temperature. ncG acts in the interconnect not only a diffusion barrier to metal silicide formation but also a promoter of the preferential grain growth of the W layer. Overall, a significant reduction (27%) in the resistance of the interconnect is achieved by the insertion of ncG between W and TiN. This work points to the possibility of practical graphene applications via direct ncG growth that is compatible with current Si technology.[1] Also, We demonstrated that 2D layered materials are good candidates for interface materials between metal and Si to reduce the Schottky barrier heights and contact resistance in source and drain, which is one of the most critical issues for scaling down.[2,3,4] We found that 2D materials may change the pinning point of Schottky barrier and end up reducing contact resistance. We realized the lowest specific contact resistivity of 3.30 nΩcm2 (n-type Si, 1015/cm3) and 1.47 nΩcm2 (n-type Si, 1021/cm3) via Graphene and h-BN insertion in 6” wafer are approaching the theoretical limit of 1.3 nΩcm2.[3]
As one of the long term applications, we are developing transistors beyond the 5 nm node for high integration / high performance / low power, and beyond Si devices for optoelectronic applications in the IR domain. In pursuit of these research directions, we are studying a large area growth and doped structure growth. Recently, we grew MoS2 monolayer on 6 inch wafer within 10min by sequential growth method. [5] To explore 2D application, we examined triboelectric nanogenerator, which has been explored as one of the possible candidates for the auxiliary power source of portable and wearable devices. [6] We investigated the triboelectric charging behaviors of various 2D layered materials, including MoS2, MoSe2, WS2, WSe2, graphene, and graphene oxide and confirms the position of 2D layered materials in the triboelectric series. It is also demonstrated that the results are related to the effective work functions. This study provides new insights to utilize 2D layered materials in triboelectric devices, allowing thin and flexible device fabrication. [7]
[1] C.-S. Lee, et al., “Fabrication of Metal/Graphene Hybrid Interconnects by Direct Graphene Growth and Their Integration Properties”, Advanced Electronic Materials 4, 1700624 (2018)
[2] K.-E. Byun, et al., “Graphene for True Ohmic Contact at Metal-Semiconductor Junctions”, Nano Letters 13, 4001 (2013)
[3] M.-H. Lee, et al., “Two-Dimensional Materials Inserted at the Metal/Semiconductor Interface: Attractive Candidates for Semiconductor Device Contacts”, Nano Letters 18, 4878 (2018)
[4] S.-G. Nam, et al., “Barrier height control in metal/silicon contacts with atomically thin MoS2 and WS2 interfacial layers”, 2D Materials 5, 041004 (2018)
[5] In preparation.
[6] K.-E. Byun, et al., “Potential role of motion for enhancing maximum output energy of triboelectric nanogenerator”, APL Materials 5, 074107 (2017)
[7] M. Seol, et al., “Triboelectric Series of 2D Layered Materials”, Advanced Materials 30, 1801210 (2018)
4:15 PM - FF01.05.03
Gate-Tunable Diodes and Switches Based on van der Waals Heterostructures of 2D and 3D Semiconductors
Jinshui Miao1,Ravindra Saxena1,Kiyoung Jo1,Huiqin Zhang1,Myung-Geun Han2,Deep Jariwala1
University of Pennsylvania1,Brookhaven National Laboratory2
Show AbstractSemiconductor p-n junction diodes and field-effect transistors are essential building blocks of electronic and optoelectronic devices. Over the past several decades, in the quest for higher performance, the dimensions of functional devices comprising 3D bulk semiconductors continue to decrease. However, the inherent scaling limitations of 3D devices such as short-channel effects, have fueled the exploration of alternative semiconductors. 2D layered materials have been a central focus of materials research for More Moore and More-than-Moore device applications because each layer of 2D materials consists of a covalently bonded and dangling-bond-free lattice and is weakly bound to neighboring layers by van der Waals interactions.1,2 Consequently, 2D layered materials can be integrated with an array of materials of different dimensionalities to form mixed-dimensional van der Waals heterostructures without the constraints of lattice matching and processing compatibility.3 Very recently, the integration of 2D materials with 3D bulk semiconductors offers promising platforms for heterojunction device applications, which allows the combination of novel properties of 2D materials with the proven merits of well-developed 3D semiconductors.4
Here we have demonstrated highly gate-tunable heterojunction diodes using van der Waals assembly of 2D layered semiconductors (MoS2, WSe2 and InSe) and 3D bulk semiconductors (silicon and gallium nitride). The vertical stacking of these semiconductors forms a heterojunction with charge transport behavior that can be fully modulated by an applied gate electrostatic field. We observe gate-tunable current rectification with forward-to-reverse bias current ratios of up to 107. More importantly, when operated as three-terminal devices, the 2D/3D heterojunction diodes exhibit a unipolar n-type transistor behavior with current on/off ratios exceeding 107 sufficient for digital logic circuitry applications. These devices also deliver a large current density exceeding ~ 130A/cm2 which is attributed to ohmic metal contacts as well as a conductive 2D/3D junction. Our devices present new avenues for future nanoscale electronic and optoelectronic devices for both digital logic and radio frequency applications.
References
1. Liu, Y. et al. Nature Reviews Materials 2016, 1, 16042.
2. Chhowalla, M. et al. Nature Reviews Materials 2016, 1, 16052.
3. Jariwala, D. et al. Nature Materials 2016, 16, 170-181.
4. Yang, H. et al. Science 2012, 336, 1140-1143.
4:30 PM - FF01.05.04
Electric Double Layer Gating of Two-Dimensional Field-Effect Transistors Using a Single-Ion Conductor
Ke Xu1,Jierui Liang1,Eli Bostian1,Aaron Woeppel1,Hangjun Ding1,Eric Beckman1,Susan Fullerton1
University of Pittsburgh1
Show AbstractThe electrical and optical properties of two-dimensional (2D) crystals can be strongly influenced by strain and therefore potentially useful for electronic and optoelectronic applications. Another advantage of strain engineering in 2D crystals is the unique capacity of 2D crystals to withstand extreme strain (e.g. >10%). For application such as flexible electronics with functionality controlled by strain, a gate dielectric that can be deposited at low temperature, achieve large gate capacitance (e.g., 1~4 µF/cm2), and induce strain in the 2D materials would be desirable. In this work, we propose a new approach to induce strain via field effect modulation of a single-ion conductor (i.e., ionomer). Different from many other approaches to induce strain via global bending of the entire substrate, in our approach the strain is induced locally in each device using a voltage applied to the side gate of an electric double layer (EDL) gated, field effect transistor (FET). The anions in the single ion conductor are covalently bound to the backbone of the polymer, leaving only the cations free to move in response to an applied field. A electric double layer (EDL) is created at the negative electrode, but not at the positive electrode – instead a cation depletion layer exist. In response to this electrostatic imbalance, the single-ion conductor deform which could induce strain in the 2D material that’s in adjacent to it. The mechanism to induce strain is the same mechanism responsible for actuation in ionic polymer metal composites (IPMCs), which mimic the behavior of muscle. Modeling indicates cation densities up to 1.5 x 1014 ions/cm2 at the single-ion conductor/electrode interface under 1V applied bias, which is theoretically predicted to induce several percent strain on the 2D crystal – enough to induce the phase transition in 2D transition metal dichalcogenides such as Mo- and W-dichalcogenide compounds. Experimentally, a custom synthesized ionomer is used to electrostatically gate both graphene and MoTe2 FETs. Compared with backgating through SiO2, transfer characteristics on both EDL gated graphene and MoTe2 FETs reveal a similar enhancement of the n branch using both the single and a dual -ion conductor (i.e., one with mobile cations and anions). The single-ion conductor decreases the subthreshold swing in the n branch of the MoTe2 FET from 5000 to 250 mV/dec and increases the current density and on/off ratio by two orders of magnitude. However, as expected, the ionomer quenches the p branches in both the graphene and the MoTe2 FETs, which the modeling reveals is a unique behavior of single-ion conductor gating with an asymmetrical gate to channel geometry. This is the first demonstration of an single-ion conductor gated 2D FET and it lays the groundwork for demonstrating the phase transition to create a steep subthreshold swing device as well as for flexible electronics applications. EDL response speed will also be discussed, with modeling and experimental data supporting nanosecond response times by aggressive scaling of the device geometry.
This work is supported by the NSF DMR under grant #1607935.
4:45 PM - FF01.05.05
Electrical Characterization of Ambipolar 2D Arsenic Field Effect Transistors
Prafful Golani1,Steven Koester1
University of Minnesota1
Show AbstractTwo dimensional (2D) van der Waals (vdW) semiconductors have recently emerged as next-generation channel materials for field effect transistors (FETs) owing to their atomically flat surface, improved electrostatic gate control and enhanced scalability [1]. Theoretical calculations have shown that elemental vdW crystals such as 2D black phosphorous (BP) and 2D arsenic can show high mobilities, layer dependent tunable bandgap along with extremely light anisotropic carrier effective masses [2]. This makes them better candidates for FETs than transition metal dichalcogenides, which are marked with stochiometric defects and much lowered mobilities [3]. BP has already been effectively utilized to fabricate high performance MOSFETs and tunneling FETs with steep subthreshold swings, high on/off ratios and low off current [4,5]. However, for practical use, deterioration under the ambient environmental conditions is still a major bottleneck that needs to be overcome before BP based electronic devices can be realized. 2D arsenic - isostructural to BP, is much more stable in ambient conditions [6]. Moreover, recent experiments have shown that 2D arsenic has superior or comparable electronic and thermal properties than other 2D materials due to the presence of highly anisotropic effective masses along the two crystal directions [6,7]. Due to its low bandgap, 2D arsenic should show ambipolar electrical conduction, however, in the literature only p-type conduction has been reported [6]. In this work, we present the first ever demonstration of ambipolar 2D arsenic FETs and analyze the device performance and transport for both electrons and holes in this material.
Flakes (exfoliated from crystals obtained from a commercial vendor) with varying thicknesses were used to fabricate a series of devices on a 300-nm-thick SiO2 dielectric grown on an n+ Si wafer. Electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) mapping was used to verify the composition of the material and the results showed that the obtained material was > 99% pure arsenic. Angle resolved polarized Raman spectroscopy revealed a two-fold symmetry for A1g (220.1 cm-1) and A2g (253.62 cm-1) modes (with maximum and minimum intensities along armchair and zigzag direction respectively) further establishing the presence of the anisotropic puckered crystal structure [8]. In FET devices, it was found that the subthreshold slope and off-state leakage current improved with decrease in thickness or decrease in source/drain voltage bias which is indicative of the layer dependent bandgap of 2D arsenic. At room temperature, on/off ratios as high as 2.5 x 105 and 3 x 102 were obtained for hole and electron conduction, respectively, with respective mobility values (for thickest to thinnest samples) ranging from 150 to 40 cm2/Vs for holes and 175 to 10 cm2/Vs for electrons. For thick flakes, hole and electron drive currents obtained were 30 μA/μm and 10 μA/μm respectively at |VDS| = 1 V. Low temperature transfer and output characteristics were taken, and a thermionic transport model was used to extract the Schottky barrier height at the metal/semiconductor contact. The tunability of the barrier height for both electron and hole transport was further explored by changing the applied backgate bias.
This work was supported by the NSF (Award # ECCS-1708769). Portions of this work also used shared facilities at the University of Minnesota, supported through the NSF NNCI (Award # ECCS-1542202) and MRSEC (Award # DMR-1420013) programs.
[1] M. Chhowalla, et al., Nat. Rev. Mater., 2016, 1, 16052; [2] F. Xia, et al, Nat. Commun., 2014, 5, 4458; [3] Z. Yu, et al., Adv. Func. Mater., 2017, 27, 1604093; [4] N. Haratipour, et al., IEEE Elect. Dev. Lett., 2016, 37, 103-106; [5] M. C. Robbins, et al., IEDM Tech. Dig., 2017, 15.7.1-15.7.4; [6] Y. B. Chen, et al., Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1800754; [7] M. Zhong, et al., Adv. Funct. Mater., 2018, 28, 1802581; [8] A. Kandemir, et al., J. Mater. Chem. C, 2019, 7, 1228-1236.
FF01.06: Poster Session I: Beyond Graphene 2D Materials—Synthesis, Properties and Device Applications I
Session Chairs
Zakaria Al Balushi
Deep Jariwala
Olga Kazakova
Amber McCreary
Tuesday AM, December 03, 2019
Hynes, Level 1, Hall B
8:00 PM - FF01.06.03
Substitutional Doping and Heterostructuring of Monolayer Transition Metal Dichalcogenides Inspired by Sol-Gel Technique
Tianyi Zhang1,Kazunori Fujisawa1,Fu Zhang1,Mingzu Liu1,Yu Lei1,Kevin Crust1,Rafael Gontijo1,He Liu1,Ana Laura Elias1,Mauricio Terrones1
The Pennsylvania State University1
Show AbstractDoping and heterostructuring lie at the heart of modern semiconductor technologies, which allow for the control over the functionalities of semiconductors, and the formation of junctions that make semiconductor devices operational. Recent studies have indicated that, by substitutional doping of semiconducting 2D TMDs materials with judicious selection of dopants, a series of their physicochemical properties can be effectively modified. Furthermore, laterally stitching TMDs with dissimilar compositions enables the formation of atomically thin in-plane heterojunctions, endowing them with great potential for electronic and optoelectronic applications. In light of this, it is desired to develop a reliable doping method for TMDs that can be potentially suitable for a wide range of dopant selections, as well as an efficient route for creating in-plane heterostructures between two dissimilar TMDs. Herein, to solve this challenge, a reliable in situ substitution doping method for monolayer TMDs is reported. Specifically, a solution precursor-based chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique is developed. By varying the composition of precursor solutions, it is demonstrated that iron (Fe)-doped WS2 and rhenium (Re)-doped MoS2 can be achieved by the developed technique. In addition, monolayer in-plane WxMo1-xS2-MoxW1-xS2 heterostructures with molybdenum (Mo)-rich inner regions and tungsten (W)-rich outer regions is also successfully synthesized. This doping and heterostructuring method may also be extended for the incorporation of a variety of other elements into 2D TMDs. This work shed light on the design and control of the functionalities of 2D TMDs, enabling novel applications based on these 2D materials and heterojunctions.
8:00 PM - FF01.06.05
Materials Solubility Engineered Wafer Scale Growth of High Quality Black Ti2O3 Layers
Il-Suk Kang1,Kwonjae Yoo1,Gyungtae Kim1,Yun Chang Park1
National Nanofab Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology1
Show AbstractBlack Ti2O3 is one of titanium oxide compounds with very stable properties in air, bio, and space environments. It also shows superconductivity in the high quality thin films which can be used for the quantum technology. High quality black Ti2O3 layers were successfully grown using Cu-Ti very low solubility phase and fast cooling approach from near the Cu meting temperature. Here we present the properties of ultrathin black Ti2O3 layers on SiO2 substrate in large scale for solid state device applications.
Strikingly black Ti2O3 nanoparticles are known to exhibit narrow-band gap property compared to wide-band gap TiO2 materials, which is suitable for photothermal applications as reported by T. Wu’s group. It was one of long seeking materials for a complement and alternative material of TiO2, which can absorb sun light beyond UV range. Mao’s group also found that disordered black TiO2 covered around TiO2 nanopaticles, which later turned out to be as black Ti2O3, effectively increase solar absorption ability. However it is a difficult task to apply Ti2O3 nanoparticles to solid state device applications. Wafer level Ti2O3 thin films are required in the standard fab processing for cost effective and mass production of sensor and bio detection devices as well as photothermal conversion applications.
Wafer size Ti2O3 layers of about 10 nm thickness were grown using conventional thermal furnace by employing the concept of very low soluble property of Ti-Cu layers. Raman spectra with very narrow width at 274 cm-1 in the samples grown above the growth temperatures of 1000-1090 Celsius degree indicate that the Ti2O3 layers are highly ordered and PL spectra show broad weak peaks near 500 nm in addition to the strong signals at near 574 nm at room temperature which is commonly observed in different forms of TiO2.
We started from the Ti(20nm)/Cu(600nm) template deposited on SiO2/Si wafer using sputtering evaporation method at room temperature. It is known that the Ti-Cu system has very low solubility which is difficult to make of alloy. The maximum Ti solubility in Cu is about 8% at 885 Celsius degree that can be found in the phase diagram literature. It is well known that Cu layers with less than about 1000 nm thickness dominantly form (111) crystal phase due to low surface free energy. The deposited ultrathin Ti layers are randomly arranged in a few Ti atomic layers on Cu(111). Then a few Ti atomic layers were exposed with very small amount of O2 at high temperature and subsequently quenching under H2 environments. This lead to the formation of Ti2O3 layers because of more oxidation affinity between oxygen and Ti. The Ti-Cu system under fast cooling with a little O2 make the most stable Ti2O3 surface layers removing any other TiO2 phase structures. Actually more O2 with slow cooling lead to anatase TiO2 layers.
The grown Ti2O3 layers showed the diffraction patterns of (012), (104), (110), and (113) planes from grazing incidence of X-ray diffraction measurements, which are well agreed with Ref. [1] and [2]. Detailed atomic crystal structure was also confirmed in TEM measurements. Raman spectra with very narrow width at 274 cm-1 in the samples indicate high quality of the crystals. Raman peaks of any other TiO2 structure phases are completely suppressed. XPS and AFM results will be presented.
References:
[1] X. Chen, L. Liu, P. Y. Yu, S.S. Mao, Science. 331, 746 (2011).
[2] J. Wang, et al., Advanced Materials. 29, 1603736 (2017).
8:00 PM - FF01.06.06
Scalable One Pot Exfoliation, Functionalization and Radical Polymerization of Polystyrene-MoS2 Nanocomposites
Rodrigo Fiel1,Ricardo H. Gonçalves2,Mario Soares1,Edson Leite3
Federal University of Sao Carlos1,Maringa State University2,National Center for Research in Energy and Materials3
Show AbstractTwo-dimensional transition metal dicalchogenides (2D-TMDs) are an outstanding class of compounds which have several fields of applications, such as: catalysis, photonics, electronic devices, sensing and energy storage. 2D-molybdenum disulfide (2D-MoS2) is one of the most studied TMD due to its electronic, magnetic, optical and mechanical properties. For instance, 2D-MoS2 has a high Young’s modulus (>270GPa) and low pre-tension values that makes it a great candidate for application as a nanofiller with polymeric composites. Besides the investigations on the properties of 2D-MoS2, a major focus in recent research lies in the development of experimental methods to produce high yield nanocomposites associated with high quality nanosheets. There are several methodologies to obtain 2D-MoS2, such as: CVD, mechanical exfoliation and ionic intercalation. One interesting approach is use liquid exfoliation and ultrasonication to obtain, in a single-step, 2D-MoS2 nanosheets functionalized with a polymer (e.g. polybutadiene)[1]. The C-S bond on the edges of the sheets of the composite provides chemical stabilization of the 2D structure during exfoliation increasing the yield of the reaction.
In this study, we propose a novel and scalable single step synthetic method to exfoliate functionalize and polymerize MoS2-polystyrene (MoS2-PS) nanocomposites starting from bulk MoS2 and the monomer (styrene). In this case, the vial containing styrene, bulk MoS2, NMP and AIBN was introduced in the ultrasonic bath and kept for 6 days at 70°C. For a comparative study, the same experiment was carried out, but toluene was added in the mixture above. After this time, the colloidal dispersion was centrifuged at 5000rpm for 1hr and the greenish supernatant was collected for further analysis. Moreover, pure PS was synthesized with AIBN in the ultrasonic bath at 70°C.
Thin film of the MoS2-PS was made by casting in a wafer of monocrystalline silicon. Raman spectroscopy showed the characteristics peaks of polystyrene-, C-H bands at 3000cm-1, C-C bands at 800cm-1, C=C bands of the aromatic ring at 1600cm-1- indicating polymerization. The A1g and E12g bands of MoS2 can be located at 383,9cm-1 and 409,1, respectively, with a frequency distance of 25,2cm-1, whilst 26,5cm-1 value is expected for a bulk MoS2, indicating high degree of exfoliation and the peak in 630cm-1 represents the C-S bond confirming the functionalization of the nanocomposite. XRD of the MoS2-PS composites showed a broad basal plane (002) peak confirming the reduction of the initial size of bulk MoS2. Also, it is possible to notice the absence of other peaks that indicates exfoliated material except for the (103) and (105) planes due to restacking.TGA allowed quantifying the amount of 2D-MoS2 in the film of the nanocomposite as well as to verify the thermal stability compared to the pure PS film. In this case, TGA showed a 2,33% concentration of bounded 2D-MoS2 in the PS film and the initial degradation temperature was 185°C for the MoS2-PS whilst 162°C was reported for pure PS. DSC showed a shift in the glass transition temperature (Tg) from 148°C of the pure PS film to 162°C in MoS2-PS.The MoS2 exfoliated with toluene/NMP/styrene/AIBN was not able to form thin films indicating a low degree of polymerization which can be confirmed by a 0,52% weight loss of organic matrix in TGA and showed all characteristics of crystallographic peaks of bulk MoS2 as well as the Raman modes, confirming the low degree of exfoliation of the MoS2. The yield of the MoS2-PS reaction was 50% for polymerization reaction and 11% for exfoliation. Therefore, this approach opens opportunities of new scalable single step synthetic routes with high degree of exfoliation. We thank FAPESP (CDMF proc. 2013/07296-2) for the financial support (2016/20493-0) CNPq and CAPES.
[1] GONÇALVES, R. H.; FIEL, R.; SOARES, M. R. S.; SCHREINER, W. H.; SILVA, C. M. P.; LEITE, E. R.–Chem. Eur.J., v. 21, p. 15583-15588, 2015.
8:00 PM - FF01.06.07
Effects of the Electrochemical Li-Ion Intercalation on the Electronic Transport Properties Few-Layered MoS2
Sajad Yazdani1,2,Joshua Pondick1,2,David Hynek1,2,Milad Yarali1,2,Lei Wang2,John Woods1,2,Judy Cha1,2
Yale University1,Yale West Campus2
Show AbstractWeak van der Waals (vdW) interactions between the stacking layers of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) accommodate intercalation of various species from monovalent alkali, divalent alkaline earth and multivalent metal ions to organic molecules. The research over the past decades have revealed that intercalation of foreign species in the gap can drastically alter the physical properties of layered materials. Especially, controlled electrochemical intercalation can be used as a means to tune the electronic and optoelectronic properties. Among various TMDCs, MoS2 is an important semiconductor with promising field-effect transistor (FET) applications. 2H to 1T' phase transition via chemical and electrochemical intercalations has previously been reported. However, many aspects of intercalation effects are still unclear and require further research. Here, the effects of alkali metal electrochemical intercalation on the transport properties of few-layered MoS2 are presented. The intercalation was performed in top-contact and h-BN encapsulated edge-contact devices, which exhibit distinct behaviors. Additionally, careful magneto-transport studies were carried out on those intercalated MoS2 flakes at various Li ion concentrations to investigate the effects of intercalants on the scattering mechanism and electron doping of MoS2 flakes.
8:00 PM - FF01.06.08
Quasi-2D Group-IV Monochalcogenides—A Density Functional Theory (DFT) Search
NFN Sri Ranga Jai Likith1,Cristian Ciobanu1
Colorado School of Mines1
Show AbstractQuasi-2D materials have recently gathered significant interest since the discovery and application of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs). Subsequently, the hunt for new families of quasi-2D materials has led us to group-IV monochalcogenides. In addition to having structures very similar to black phosphorus, they have the added advantage of showing much higher carrier mobilities. In this study, we use density functional theory (DFT) to perform structural relaxation on group-IV monochalcogenides of the form AX (where A: C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb; X: S, Se, Te) each in 6 different prototype van der Waals-layered quasi-2D structures in an attempt to find new quasi-2D group-IV monochalcogenides. We then scan the structures that remain quasi-2D after relaxation for dynamic stability. For the dynamically stable structures, we compute the piezoelectric tensor values (eij). We find a total of 20 quasi-2D, dynamically stable, and piezoelectrically active structures amongst the 90 structures that are studied here. In addition to helping similar future computational searches, our study also provides guidance to experimental efforts to synthesize new quasi-2D piezoelectric materials.
8:00 PM - FF01.06.09
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy of Wet Chemically Synthesized Porous and Nitrogen-Sulfur-Nitrogen Functionalized Graphene Nanoribbons
Kaitlyn Parsons1,Abigail Berg1,Steven Kolaczkowski1,Adrian Radocea1,Mohammad Pour2,Amir Taqieddin1,Tao Sun1,Narayana Aluru1,Alexander Sinitskii2,Joseph Lyding1
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign1,University of Nebraska–Lincoln2
Show AbstractGraphene nanoribbons (GNRs) are promising candidates for semiconductor logic device applications. Lithographic edge roughness limits the utility of top-down fabricated GNRs due to carrier scattering effects. Bottom-up fabricated atomically precise GNRs can circumvent this issue. We are studying atomically precise GNRs that can be fabricated on the gram scale through wet-chemical synthesis methodology [1]. A fascinating aspect of the bottom-up GNR synthesis is the ability to tailor the atomic structure of the GNR through the choice of the starting molecules. GNR edge structure and width can be controlled with atomic precision. An unexplored class of GNRs contain atomically precise built-in pores. These GNRs contain multiple pores in a single ribbon and the electronic details of the ribbon have not been reported. In this work, we use dry contact transfer (DCT) to deposit porous GNRs onto hydrogen passivated Si(100) surfaces in UHV. These GNRs have been characterized by UHV scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and spectroscopy (STS). STM imaging confirms the expected porous structure and indicates a unique electronic feature at the graphene nanopores. Intuition would suggest nanopores appearing as valleys due to the missing carbon atoms. However, STM indicates an electronically tall peak at the pore sites. STS measurements indicate a 1.62 ± 0.11 eV bandgap in the bulk GNR and a 2.50 ±0.02 eV bandgap at the pores. These results are compared to first-principles density functional theory (DFT) simulations in which an increased local density of states at the pores is predicted. GW correction shows a 2.89 eV bandgap. Results will also be reported for GNRs with nitrogen-sulfur-nitrogen (NSN) functionalizations. These GNRs are new chemically synthesized variations for which the fabrication procedure and electronic details have not yet been reported.
References:
[1] Vo, T. H., Shekhirev, M, Kunkel, D. A., Morton, M. D., Berglund, E., Kong, L., Wilson, P. M., Dowben, P. A., Enders, A., and Sinitskii, A., Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 3189.
8:00 PM - FF01.06.10
Origins of Zero Phonon Line Emission Broadening for Hexagonal Boron Nitride Quantum Emitters in Films Grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition
Hamidreza Akbari1,Wei-Hsiang Lin1,Benjamin Vest1,Pankaj Jha1,Harry Atwater1
California Institute of Technology1
Show AbstractSingle photon emitters in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) have shown promising electrical and optical properties for utilization in quantum light source applications, owing to the ability of emitters to show Fourier transform-limited zero phonon line emission, which is crucial in applications in which sources of indistinguishable photons are required. Here we investigate the zero phonon line broadening mechanisms of emitters located in 5-10nm thick CVD-grown hBN, films of which can be grown scalable over large areas as needed for monolithic integration of quantum emitters in future chip-based quantum photonic systems. By comparing the lifetime-limited homogeneously broadened linewidth obtained from luminescence decay lifetime measured by time-resolved photoluminescence and low temperature spectroscopy of photoluminescence we observe that even at 4K, the linewidth of the zero phonon line is broader than the Fourier limited value by 2 orders of magnitude. Furthermore, we investigate sources of ZPL broadening, such as spectral diffusion (inhomogeneous) and thermal broadening (homogeneous) by performing spectroscopy and analyzing the Voigt profile at various temperatures (4K-300K). Our studies show at 4K the main broadening source is inhomogeneous but at higher temperatures homogenous broadening mechanisms (such as thermal broadening) are more dominant. By comparing the emitter luminescence linewidth for hBN films on several different substrates and excited at varying pump intensities, we can conclude that the main broadening mechanism is spectral diffusion at low temperature. Origins of this phenomenon and possible mitigation strategies will be discussed.
8:00 PM - FF01.06.11
Spontaneous Relaxation through Graphene Suggests an Alternative Strain Relaxation Mechanism in Heteroepitaxy
Sanghoon Bae1,Kuangye Lu1,Sungkyu Kim1,Jeehwan Kim1
Massachusetts Institute of Technology1
Show AbstractWhile conventional epitaxy produces high-quality epitaxial layers, the limited set of commercially available wafers restricts the number of material choice that can be grown through epitaxy. To extend the set of epi-materials, heteroepitaxy has been widely used although the epi-materials have severe lattice mismatch from wafers. The problem of heteroepitaxy of the lattice mismatched systems is that introducing dislocations is unavoidable because of the strain energy built up in epitaxial layers exceeds the threshold energy value to create dislocation. As the dislocations significantly reduce the materials’ properties, people have put intensive effort into finding a new way to resolve this issue.
Here, we introduce a new strain relaxation approach which can efficiently engineer the lattice with minimizing dislocation formation. Remote epitaxy allows single-crystalline growths on graphene-coated substrates as atomic potential field guides atomic registry through graphene while weakening binding energy of epilayer to the substrate. We discovered that this weakened interface offers a new pathway for strain relaxation during epitaxy in the lattice mismatched systems. While conventional heteroepitaxy relaxes accumulated strain energy through involving misfit dislocations, heteroepitaxy on graphene-coated substrates spontaneously relaxes its strain minimizing dislocation density. Thus, at the same thickness and misfit strain, the epilayer grown on graphene-coated substrates shows full relaxation with substantially reduced dislocations while that by conventional heteroepitaxy exhibits slight relaxation with full of dislocations. It means that full of strain relaxation at much lower thickness is available through this approach. We strongly believe that our strategy allows broadening range of available semiconductors through epitaxy, which could lead high performance electronic and photonics.
8:00 PM - FF01.06.12
Spectral Responsivity in Black Phosphorus Photodetectors
Junjia Wang1,Adrien Rousseau1,Elad Eizner1,Anne-Laurence Phaneuf-L'Heureux1,Léonard Schue1,Sebastien Francoeur1,Stéphane Kéna-Cohen1
Polytechnique Montreal1
Show AbstractBlack phosphorus (BP) has shown significant promise for use in infrared photodetectors due to its high carrier mobility, tunable bandgap and anisotropic properties. To date, characterization of BP detectors has been limited to the visible and NIR, or single IR wavelengths. We will present results on the optical characterization of black phosphorus photodetectors across the entire spectral range where photoresponse occurs. These devices show broadband photodetection from <400 nm to the nearly 4 um bandgap. This full spectral characterization allows us to establish a sharp contrast between the visible and infrared behavior. In the visible, a responsivity of >6 A/W can be obtained due to a large photoconductive gain, while the infrared responsivity is nearly independent of gate voltage and incident light intensity under most conditions. We attribute this to a photogating contribution from the surface oxide. Furthermore, we observe that the polarization anisotropy in responsivity along armchair and zigzag directions can be as large as 103 and extends from the band edge to 500 nm. This anisotropy is much larger than that in previous reports and the result of measuring in an intensity regime where photoconductive gain is absent. This opens up significant opportunity for a number of applications including IR polarimetry. The devices were fabricated in an inert atmosphere and encapsulated by Al2O3 providing stable operation for more than 6 months.
8:00 PM - FF01.06.13
Optical Devices from Covalent Functionalized, Redox-Exfoliated, Layered Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (Group IV – VII)
Ali Jawaid1,Anderson Gomes2,Isabel Carvalho3,Christiano de Matos4,Ruth Pachter1,Richard Vaia1
Air Force Research Laboratory1,Universidade Federal of Pernambuco2,Pontifical Catholic University3,Mackenzie Presbyterian University4
Show AbstractExfoliated Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs, MX2) have attracted considerable attention for infrared optical elements due to their high refractive index and extreme nonlinearities (e.g. MoS2, TiS2). Multiphoton absorption, nonlinear scattering, and nonlinear refraction are useful in technologies from reverse saturable absorption to optical limiting and gradient index coatings. Optimizing performance necessitates fabrication of dispersions, composites, and nanolaminates with high monolayer content, robust chemical stability, and high optical transmission. Energy intensive sonication methods to exfoliated TMDs limit scalable strategies to high quality films and coatings, due to poor oxidative stability, low concentration of TMDs, and a small choice of stabilizing solvents. The recently developed sonication-free, redox exfoliation approach address these challenges by drastically reducing reaction times for gram scale exfoliation of the entire TMD material space (Group IV – VII). This process provides TMDs dispersions in polar organic solvents (acetonitrile, acetone, alcohols) at high concentration (10% w/w) and with high monolayer content. The expansion of solvents and lack of additional stabilizers enables direct hybridization of Group VI 2H-MX2 TMDs (e.g. MoX2) via alkyl organometallic chemistry, as well as reduction of Group V 2H-MX2 (e.g. VS2, TaS2, NbX2) via amines and phosphines. This hybridization increases oxidative stability and tunes optoelectronic properties, including absorption and nonlinear response. The resulting access to surfactant free, monolayer populations enable design and fabrication of optical filters, GRIN optics, and non-linear absorbers.
8:00 PM - FF01.06.14
The Halogen Etch for Scalable Production of Layered MXene’s
Ali Jawaid1,Asra Hassan2,Dhriti Nepal1,William Kennedy1,Subramanian Ramakrishnan2,Ruth Pachter1,Richard Vaia1
Air Force Research Laboratory1,Florida State University2
Show AbstractLayered metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) have generated substantial research interest since their discovery in 2011. Their production requires selective etching of the A layer (A = Si, Al) from bulk MAX phases, yielding a new class of layered ceramics with excellent conductivity. HF is commonly used to selectively remove the A layer; however, its acute toxicity prevents safe, scalable MXene production. The complex, environmentally-sensitive reaction mechanism, as well as degradation processes in water and oxygen, challenges MXene yield optimization and compositional control of surface termination. On top of batch-to-batch heterogeneity, this leads to mixed surface termination (-F and -OH) that limits modification of the surface and layer properties. Here, we present an alternative method to fabricate MXenes that utilizes halogens in oxygen-free non-polar solvents for selective removal of the A layer. The etch products are stabilized and dispersed in non-polar solvents (THF, CHCl3, DCM), leaving oxidatively robust, homogeneously halogenated surfaces (Cl, Br, I). Combined, this enables access to new chemistries for surface derivatization (organometallics), which result in uniform and tunable optical, electrical and chemical properties. The process is safe, scalable, and easily transferred across the MAX material space, giving access to previously un-explored MXene’s. The development of such alternative routes for etching and delamination are crucial for large-scale manufacturing for paints, coatings, and EMI shielding applications.
8:00 PM - FF01.06.15
A Dielectric-Defined Lateral Heterojunction in a Monolayer Semiconductor
M. Iqbal Utama1,2,Hans Kleemann1,3,Feng Wang1,2
University of California, Berkeley1,Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory2,Technische Universität Dresden3
Show AbstractOwing to their low dimensionality, two-dimensional semiconductors, such as monolayer molybdenum disulfide, have a range of properties that make them valuable in the development of nanoelectronics. For example, the electronic bandgap of these semiconductors is not an intrinsic physical parameter and can be engineered by manipulating the dielectric environment around the monolayer. Here we show that this dielectric-dependent electronic bandgap can be used to engineer a lateral heterojunction within a homogeneous MoS2 monolayer. We visualize the heterostructure with Kelvin probe force microscopy and examine its influence on electrical transport experimentally and theoretically. We observe a lateral heterojunction with an approximately 90 meV band offset due to the differing degrees of bandgap renormalization of monolayer MoS2 when it is placed on a substrate in which one segment is made from an amorphous fluoropolymer (Cytop) and another segment is made of hexagonal boron nitride. This heterostructure leads to a diode-like electrical transport with a strong asymmetric behaviour.
8:00 PM - FF01.06.18
Joule Heating and Its Impact on Thermal Management in Few-Layer WSe2
Arnab Majee1,Cameron Foss1,Zlatan Aksamija1
University of Massachusetts Amherst1
Show AbstractThe persistent down-scaling of nanostructures, such as electronic devices, sensors, NEMS, and nanocomposites, increases the surface-to-volume ratio and introduces atomic-scale disorder at boundaries and interfaces. To avoid these issues, the nanoelectronics community has turned to intrinsically 2D materials platforms such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), where atomic flatness and the absence of dangling bonds prevent scattering due to surface roughness (SR), which severely limits mobility in ultra-thin body 3D silicon-on-insulator field-effect transistors (FETs). Despite immunity to SR scattering, the mobility of single layer TMDs are largely deteriorated by charge impurity scattering from the substrate [1]. Researchers have demonstrated that encapsulation of TMDs with hexagonal boron nitride significantly improves mobility [2]; however, encapsulation is expensive and time-intensive. Another route to improving mobility and boosting drive current is to replace the monolayer with few-layered (FL) TMDCs. Despite recent advances on demonstrating improved electrical performance of FL TMDC FETs [3], there has been less attention towards their thermal management, which is crucial for modern nanoelectronic devices.
In this work, we develop a coupled electro-thermal model for FL-WSe2 stacks where we simultaneously solve for the current and Joule heating by treating the stack a resistor network. The resulting rise in temperature is obtained from a FL-TBC model [4] to shed light on self-heating and heat dissipation in such devices. We found that the distribution of current and Joule heating across layers in a FL-stack is highly non-uniform and strongly dependent on the back-gate voltage (Vg), in agreement with previous studies on FL graphene [5] and MoS2 [6]. Interestingly, we found a similar behavior with respect to the drain-source voltage (VDS) as well. For a given Vg, the current mostly flows through the top layers for small VDS. But when VDS is increased, the current penetrates deeper into the stack and flows mostly through the bottom layers. We attribute the change to self-heating of these devices at large VDS. We find that the temperature rise in the top layers is significantly larger than the bottom layers because the bottom layers have higher TBC and conduct heat more efficiently to the substrate [4,7]. The higher temperature of top layers, in turn, significantly reduces their mobility, which is strongly temperature-dependent as they are shielded by the bottom layers from substrate impurity scattering. Consequently, both the current and the dissipation hotspot move towards the bottom layers with increasing VDS. We also uncover that, unlike monolayer FETs, a significant amount of heat is dissipated laterally through the contacts in FL devices at high VDS due to relatively large thermal healing lengths of the top layers.
In conclusion, we have developed a robust and detailed coupled electro-thermal model to solve for the non-uniform and layer-dependent temperature rise in response to Joule heating. Our findings help develop a deeper understanding of dissipation and thermal management in FL 2D materials and vertical heterostructures.
REFERENCES: [1] Ma and Jena, Phys. Rev. X 4, 011043 (2014) [2] Lee et al., ACS Nano 9, 7019-7026 (2015) [3] Pradhan et al., Sci. Rep. 5, 8979 (2015) [4] Behranginia et al., Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10, 24892-24898 (2018) [5] Sui and Appenzeller, Nano Lett. 9, 2973-2977 (2009) [6] Das and Appenzeller, Nano Lett. 13, 3396-3402 (2013) [7] Yasaei et al., Adv. Mater. 30, 1801629, 2018
8:00 PM - FF01.06.19
Transcending Graphene—The Unique Properties Atomically-Thin Graphene-Templated Metal Films
Faisal Alamgir1,Ali Abdelhafiz1,Matthew Drexler1,Dong Chan Lee1,Crystal Bell1
Georgia Institute of Technology1
Show AbstractWe will present our results large-area, atomically-thin metal films (Pt, Pd and Cu) can be grown epitaxially on graphene (GR) using electrodeposition. We will focus particularly on Pt films that are one to several multilayers thick (Pt_ML) epitaxially grown on graphene (Pt_ML/GR). These Pt_ML/GR 2D systems have covalent bonds at the Pt_ML/GR interface and this intimacy between the layers serves to make the GR a ‘chemically transparent’ barrier that allows catalytic chemistry to take place above it, while protecting the Pt below it from loss. We will specifically show that graphene does not restrict access of the reactants for the canonical oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) but does block Pt from dissolution or agglomeration. These architectures simultaneously achieve enhanced catalytic activity and unprecedented stability, retaining full activity for ORR beyond 1000 cycles. Using x-ray photoemission/absorption spectroscopy (XPS/XAS), high resolution TEM, AFM, Raman, and electrochemical methods, we show that Pt/GR hybrid architectures induce a compressive strain on the Pt films, thereby increasing their ORR activity. Our room-temperature, fully-wetted synthesis approach, should allow for efficient charge, strain, phonon and photon transfer, between the films and their support, impacting not just the performance of catalysts, but also those of electronic, thermoelectric and optical materials.
8:00 PM - FF01.06.20
Substitutional Re Doping of Monolayer Epitaxial WSe2
Azimkhan Kozhakhmetov1,Alex Vera1,Michael LaBella III2,3,Vince Bojan2,Chengye Dong1,Joshua Robinson1,4,5
The Pennsylvania State University1,Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University2,The Penn State Nanofabrication Laboratory, Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University3,Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University4,2D Crystal Consortium, Materials Research Institute5
Show AbstractDoping is one of the main cornerstones of modern semiconductor technology. Recent re-discovery of 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) attracted great interest in semiconductor doping in such low dimensional systems. Numerous efforts have been devoted to extrinsic doping of TMDs to tune optical, electronic and magnetic properties with various synthesis methods such as chemical vapor transport, powder vaporization, and plasma treatment. Establishing controlled and reliable doping techniques are indispensable for the realization of TMD based CMOS-type devices for next-generation electronic devices. However, all previously reported studies still lack a fundamental understanding of doping mechanisms and have not been extensively examined.
In this work, we present finely controlled, scalable Re doping of monolayer epitaxial WSe2 films on c-plane sapphire and epitaxial graphene (EG) substrates via gas source metal organic chemical vapor deposition method. The MOCVD synthesis is carried out in a vertical cold-wall CVD reactor at 800 °C using hydrogen selenide (H2Se), tungsten hexacarbonyl (W(CO)6) and dirhenium decacarbonyl (Re2(CO)10) in a hydrogen gas atmosphere. By controlling the partial pressure of the (Re2(CO)10) in the growth chamber we demonstrate that Re dopant concentration in the epitaxial WSe2 lattice can be tuned from 5% down to <1%. High-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is used to quantify Re concentration at high doping levels. Time of flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (Tof-SIMS) is further performed to confirm a presence of Re atoms in WSe2 at low doping concentrations. The high concentration (5%) of Re dopant atoms leads to a formation of ReSe2 and phase segregation from WSe2; however, the undesired phase segregation is eliminated by reducing the Re flux during the growth which is further confirmed by Raman and photoelectron spectroscopies. Back-gated field effect transistors are constructed and demonstrate a clear trend as a function of Re concentration in WSe2 from ambipolar conduction to degenerately n-type doping. Currently, high-resolution transmission electron spectroscopy, selective area electron diffraction, electron energy loss spectroscopy, and scanning tunneling microscopy studies are under investigation to further elucidate the effect of in-situ Re doping on atomic scale structural and electronic properties of epitaxial WSe2.
8:00 PM - FF01.06.21
Highly Stretchable MXene/RGO Composite Supercapacitors
Yihao Zhou1,Changyong Cao2,Kathleen Maleski3,James Thostenson1,Babak Anasori3,Charles Parker1,Yury Gogotsi3,Jeffrey Glass1
Duke University1,Michigan State University2,Drexel University3
Show AbstractMXene (Ti3C2TX) is a newly discovered family of 2D carbide material with superior electrical and electrochemical properties. Benefiting from its metal-like conductivity (6500 S/m), high volumetric capacitance (900 F/cm3) and stable dispersion in various solutions, MXene has been successfully adopted in various electronic and energy applications such as supercapacitors, batteries and electromagnetic shielding. However, the incorporation of MXene materials into emerging stretchable electronics and energy storage devices remained unexplored possibly due to their large mechanical modulus, low ultimate strain, and weak sheet interactions. The current study investigates the design, fabrication, and characterization of robust and highly stretchable MXene/RGO composite supercapacitors through wavy-shape design. The effect of RGO concentration is systematically studied.
In the fabrication of stretchable MXene electrodes, it was found that cracks formed during the prestrain-relax process leading to significant degradation of electrochemical performance of stretchable MXene electrode in the fully stretched state. To overcome this issue, Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGO) was added into the system to tune the mechanical properties of the MXene/RGO composite paper because of its lower mechanical modulus and stronger sheet interaction. It was found that MXene/RGO composite paper could maintain its mechanical integrity when the weight ratio of RGO increased to 50%. Mechanical strain tests revealed that elongation of MXene/RGO increased with RGO concentration and remained at a similar level when the RGO concentration was larger than 50%. The as-fabricated stretchable MXene/RGO composite paper (50% weight ratio) can maintain consistent resistance for more than 1000 stretch-relax cycles with uniaxial strains up to 250% which to our knowledge is the highest stretchability reported for a MXene composite. When tested as supercapacitor electrodes, the stretchable MXene/RGO (50% weight ratio) composite paper demonstrated high and identical specific capacitance in different strain states (e.g., 0%, 100%, 200% and 300%) for various charge/discharge rates. Symmetric supercapacitors made of MXene electrodes and PVA-H2SO4 gel electrolyte exhibit robust electrochemical performance in agreement with the electrode measurements.
The present study demonstrates a facile strategy to fabricate highly stretchable MXene/RGO composite supercapacitors. These results demonstrate the prospects of a robust, high performance and highly stretchable MXene composite in emerging applications such as wearable electronics, bioimplants, and stretchable electronics.
8:00 PM - FF01.06.22
Evidence of Spontaneous Time Reversal Symmetry Breaking in Graphene Grain Boundaries
Kimberly Hsieh1,Vidya Kochat1,Tathagata Biswas1,Abhishek Mishra1,Gopalakrishnan Ramalingam1,Chandra Sekhar Tiwary1,Kamanio Chattopadhyay1,Srinivasan Raghavan1,Manish Jain1,Arindam Ghosh1
Indian Institute of Science1
Show AbstractMagnetism in graphene and other 2D materials has long been a holy grail for modern spintronics. The conventional routes towards inducing magnetism in graphene involve either functionalization of graphene with ferromagnetic adatoms or irradiation to generate vacancies and correlated defects. In this work, we provide direct experimental evidence for the existence of localized magnetic moments at the grain boundaries (GBs) of graphene, formed as a natural consequence of the chemical vapour deposition growth. The spontaneous breaking of time reversal symmetry at the graphene GBs is observed using low frequency 1/f noise arising from universal conductance fluctuations (UCF) via the ergodic hypothesis. The gate-tunable magnetism is attributed to the formation of localized magnetic moments at the octagon-pentagon defects of the disordered GB region, further enhanced by the inbuilt lattice strain leading to the dephasing of spins.
8:00 PM - FF01.06.23
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Induced Polymerization of Bromoaromatic Graphene Nanoribbon Precursors
Steven Kolaczkowski1,2,3,Adrian Radocea2,1,Abigail Berg1,2,3,Kaitlyn Parsons1,2,Joseph Lyding1,2,3
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign1,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology2,Nick Holonyak Jr. Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory3
Show AbstractBoth thermal and wet bottom-up chemical synthesis of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) have been shown to create ribbons with atomic precision in widths and edges. This precision is essential in maintaining band-structure uniformity across the structure. However, both these recipes for GNR synthesis result in a stochastic distribution of ribbon length, location, and orientation, when studied on a substrate. This random distribution on the surface makes it impractical for devices to be made from these GNRs as there is no feasible scheme to attach metal contacts to the ribbons. To address this challenge, we utilize dry-contact-transfer of bromoaromatic precursors to a Au(111) surface and, through the use of electron tunneling currents induced by ultra-high vacuum scanning tunneling microscopy (UHV-STM), spatially control the precursor polymerization. Here we demonstrate that at sufficiently high scanning biases, 10,10′-dibromo-9,9′-bianthracene (DBBA) polymerizes into polyanthrylene only along the path that the STM tip traverses. These results introduce the feasibility of electron-tunneling controlled bromoaromatic monomer polymerization and, in the future, high degrees of spatial control over atomically precise GNR synthesis.
8:00 PM - FF01.06.25
Langmuir-Blodgett of Black Phosphorus Nanosheets and Devices
Jian Mao1,Junjia Wang1,Orlando Ortiz1,Stéphane Kéna-Cohen1
Polytechnique Montréal1
Show AbstractBlack phosphorus (BP), the most stable allotrope of phosphorus, has attracted considerable attention in recent years due to its extraordinary electrical and optical properties, which makes it an excellent candidate for applications in transistors, photodetectors, and lithium-ion batteries.1 BP, like graphite, has a layered structure and can be fabricated into monolayers and nanosheets from its bulk form through micromechanical and liquid exfoliation.2 Mechanical exfoliation (the scotch-tape method) has been predominantly used for proof-of-concept devices,3 but it is inherently unscalable and typically limited to sheets with lateral dimensions below ten micrometers.
For practical applications, scalable approaches for fabricating BP large-area films are essential. We will present our results on the development of a Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) protocol which is developed for assembling BP nanosheets into thin films. Through functionalization, we increase the electrostatic force between BP nanosheets to avoid the overlapping of BP nanosheets during compression, which allows us to achieve large-area (centimeters), smooth, and compact BP thin films. In addition, this protocol is well-adapted to assembly thin and thick BP nanosheets as well as arsenic-BP alloy nanosheets.
The optoelectronic properties of transistors and photodiodes fabricated from the BP LB film are investigated. With suitable carrier transporting materials, The BP photodiodes exhibit a good optical response from visible to infrared region. Our work highlights the great potential of BP in applications of near- and middle- infrared detection and imaging.
1. Ling, X.; Wang, H.; Huang, S.; Xia, F.; Dresselhaus, M. S., The Renaissance of Black Phosphorus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2015, 112 (15), 4523-30.
2. Lei, W.; Liu, G.; Zhang, J.; Liu, M., Black Phosphorus Nanostructures: Recent Advances in Hybridization, Doping and Functionalization. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2017, 46 (12), 3492-3509.
3. Li, L.; Yu, Y.; Ye, G. J.; Ge, Q.; Ou, X.; Wu, H.; Feng, D.; Chen, X. H.; Zhang, Y., Black Phosphorus Field-effect Transistors. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2014, 9 (5), 372-7.
8:00 PM - FF01.06.26
Polyaniline against Black Phosphorus Degradation—Thin Films with High Chemical and Electrochemical Stability
Jessica Fonsaca1,Sergio Domingues2,Elisa Orth1,Aldo Zarbin1
Federal University of Parana1,Mackenzie Presbyterian University2
Show AbstractBlack phosphorus (BP) has begun to gain attention in 2014, when its stripping has led to 2D layers of phosphorene. The promising properties of this material have, however, been severely limited by its high instability under environmental conditions which rapidly leads to its degradation. Thus, the interest in exploring BP has been growing as well as the concern in protecting it. In this sense, we have synthesized a BP-polymeric nanocomposite, aiming to overcome BP deterioration in a novel material with synergic and enhanced properties. For this purpose, different samples have been prepared through the following steps: 1. a liquid exfoliation of BP resulting in a stable dispersion (0.025 mg mL-1 in deaerated acetonitrile); 2. aniline polymerization in the dispersion of BP, resulting in BP/polyaniline (BP/PANI) nanocomposites; 3. thin film deposition of the BP/PANI nanocomposites through the liquid/liquid interfacial route developed in our research group. Raman spectroscopy showed the coexistence of the two components modes in the BP-PANI spectra, confirming the successful synthesis of the nanocomposite, with the polymer in its conducting form (emeraldine salt). Infrared spectra attested the unstable nature of BP, exhibiting bands related to modes resulting from the phosphorus oxidation, and suggested the protective role of PANI with the absence of these bands for BP-PANI. Thus, the stability of both bare and capped material was evaluated through their exposure to the same ambient conditions and evaluated through different techniques. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images evidenced the beginning of degradation of the uncapped material with only 3 days of exposure, showing the characteristic bubbles on BP surface. The same was observed through Raman, indicated by the gradual decrease in the intensity of BP bands that completely disappear with its total degradation (at about 15 days). BP-PANI nanocomposites, however, have taken up to 60 days for the same process to begin, indicating a material 2000% more stable than the bare one.
After stablishing BP chemical stability, we evaluate the electrochemical properties of the nanocomposites targeting energy storage devices. Electrochemical response and stability of BP-PANI nanocomposites were evaluated through cyclic voltammetry (CV) and charge-discharge (CD) studies (NaCl 0.5 mol L-1 pH 3), in order to evaluate energy storage properties. Films of BP-PANI were evaluated and compared to pure PANI and BP, under air and inert atm (N2(g)). Bare BP is degraded right after the first cycle, evidencing the expected low stability. For the nanocomposites, BP has shown a high stability even after 200 CVs in the presence of O2(g). BP integrity was confirmed through post-characterizations (Raman spectroscopy and SEM images). Finally, aiming to evaluate the performance of the materials as electrodes for sodium ions batteries, CD studies were performed. Current densities of 0.2 A g-1 to 3 A g-1 were applied and the capacities reached up to 120 mAh g-1 at 0.5 A g-1 rate. Overall, this work not only provides the synthesis of a novel nanocomposite, but also prints to an innovative route towards the development of transferable and stable thin films, suitable to build new BP-based devices operating in water and under ambient atmosphere. Authors acknowledge UFPR, CNPq, CAPES, INCT-Nanocarbon, PhosAgro/UNESCO/IUPAC, L’Oréal-UNESCO-ABC and FAPESP (SPEC project 2012/50259-8).
8:00 PM - FF01.06.27
Low-Temperature Growth of Monolayer MoS2 by Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition
Ji-Hoon Park1,Pin-Chun Shen1,Ang-Yu Lu1,Jing Kong1
Massachusetts Institute of Technology1
Show AbstractMolybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is a representative material among transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs). it has a direct bandgap of ~1.8 eV and advantages of high stability, fast electrical mobility, and high current on/off ratio compared to other TMDCs. The growth of MoS2 is relatively simple and easy by using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) which is a conventional method to ensure large-area and high-quality. Metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) is one of the branches among various CVD methods. One of the advantages of MOCVD use the metal-organic precursors which can be easily decomposed at low temperature. Another advantage is precise control of flow rate between two or three precursors by using the mass flow controller (MFC) system. Here, we report that monolayer MoS2 flake and film were grown on a various substrate (SiO2, sapphire, soda-lime-glass, and gold film/SiO2) by using MOCVD with the modified solid bubbler system to ensure a stable supply of Mo source without the heating process of solid Mo(CO)6. The minimum growth temperature of MoS2 is below 400 oC which allowed its growth on the gold film. Also, the shapes of MoS2 flake can be modified through the control of the ratio of flow rate between Mo and S source. Finally, the maximum electron mobility of MoS2 field-effect transistor showed about 45.4 cm2V-1s-1 due to reducing strain or interaction between MoS2 and the substrate.
8:00 PM - FF01.06.28
Lithium Intercalation in Twisted Bilayer Graphene
Daniel Larson1,Efthimios Kaxiras1
Harvard University1
Show AbstractLithium atoms intercalating between layers of graphene show an energetic preferece for regions of AA stacking. Thus the triangular array of AA regions in the moiré pattern of twisted bilayer graphene allows for control over the location of intercalants in layered materials and devices. We use density functional theory to directly calculate the energetics of lithium atoms between layers of graphene in commensurate supercells with twist angles of 7.3° and 2.5°. The two cells show universal behavior in the energy profile for single Li intercalants when the location of the intercalant is measured as a fraction of the distance between AA and AB regions. This behavior can be expected to persist down to angles of about 2.0°. For the 2.5° cell we demonstrate clustering of the Li atoms in the AA regions when the average Li concentration is relatively low. The Li intercalants cause a local increase in the interlayer separation as well as charge transfer to the nearest carbon atoms. These regions of localized charge hold the potential for interesting catalytic properties. The charge donated by the Li atoms also raises the Fermi level above the Dirac point and causes qualitative changes to the band structure, especially near the Γ-point. The combination of twisting with intercalation gives the added power of spatial control over the material properties that can be tuned by intercalation.
8:00 PM - FF01.06.29
3D Graphene Foams—Synthesis and Properties
Carolina Rojas Michea1,Neida Santacruz1,Frank Mendoza1,Loida Rosado1,Stephanie Colón1,Laura Méndez1,Gerardo Morell1,Brad Weiner1,Ana Guadalupe1
University of Puerto Rico1
Show AbstractGraphene is a 2D material with diverse applications. However, there are important applications in gas and liquid media that can benefit from the unique properties of graphene but require a 3D structure able to interact thoroughly with the medium. Thereby, the systematic and reproducible fabrication 3D Graphene would enable further applications useful both for research and industrial processes, such as catalysis, energy storage, and environmental remediation. Thereby, we developed a method to fabricate 3D Graphene Foams using the Chemical Vapor Deposition technique, acetone as carbon source, and Ni foams as scaffolds. We studied how the structural properties of the 3D Graphene Foams depend on the growth parameters, such as temperature, precursor concentration, and Ni foam thickness. Through this study, we optimized the pore size and mechanical stability of the foams produced. We are also reporting on the interaction of these 3D Graphene Foams with representative gases and liquids to understand the effective surface area and surface terminations of these foams.
8:00 PM - FF01.06.30
Synthesis, Characterization and Fabrication of Graphene/Boron Nitride Nanosheets Heterostructure Tunneling Devices
Muhammad Sajjad1,Muhammad Shehzad Sultan2,Vladimir I. Makarov2,Brad Weiner2,Gerardo Morell2
Austin Peay State University1,University of Puerto Rico - Rio Piedras2
Show AbstractThe various types of 2D heterostructure prototype devices based on graphene (G) and boron nitride nanosheets (BNNS) were fabricated to study the charge tunneling phenomenon. Specifically, G/BNNS/Metal, G/SiO2, and G/BNNS/SiO2 heterostructures were investigated under DC-bias conditions at room temperature. Bilayer graphene and BNNS samples were grown separately on copper foil and transferred subsequently between the substrates to fabricate 2D devices architecture. The high resolution transmission electron microscopy confirmed bilayer graphene structure and few layer BNNS sheets having an interpretable hexagonal B3-N3 lattice. The I(V) characterizations for G/BNNS/Metal device have shown typical Schottky barrier behavior with very low forward voltage drop due to out-of-plane tunneling and low sheet resistance of G layer. A theoretical model based on current tunneling is proposed to qualitatively describe hetero-2D G/BNNS/Metal devices behavior.
8:00 PM - FF01.06.31
Refraction Index of Janus MoSSe Monolayer
Jing Zhang1,Tianshu Zhai1,Jun Lou1
Rice University1
Show AbstractJanus type of two-dimensional chalcogenide monolayers are predicted to permanently polarize in the out-of-plane direction, due to the structural asymmetry therein. The aligned dipoles, which cause the spontaneous polarization, are experimentally difficult to identify as they are confined in a Van der Waals layer, unless through the detection of electromagnetic wave-dipole interaction. We measured the refraction index of Janus monolayer MoSSe in the range of visible light. Comparison of the pattern of Janus MoSSe with MoS2 and MoSe2 reveals the existence of the built-in dipoles in the Janus monolayer. The discovery indicates the great potential of Janus type of 2D chalcogenide monolayers in optical applications.
8:00 PM - FF01.06.32
Effect of Boundaries on the Microscopic Conductivity and Photoexcited Carrier Dynamics in Vertical SnS2 Nanoflakes
Kateryna Kushnir1,Binod Giri1,Maryam Masroor Shalmani1,Tao Yan1,Alexander Carl1,Curtis Doiron1,Ronald Grimm1,Pratap Rao1,Lyubov Titova1
Worcester Polytechnic Institute1
Show AbstractTin disulfide (SnS2) is a two dimensional (2D) van der Waals material with a moderate band gap of ~ 2.1 eV, strong optical absorption and high carrier mobility that make it attractive for solar energy conversion applications. We have recently demonstrated that nanostructuring SnS2 in the form of vertically-aligned nanoflakes is beneficial to SnS2 photoanode performance [1]. It balances ~ 1 micron film thickness necessary for absorbing incident light with the highly exposed steps and edges suitable for photoelectrochemical applications. However, nanostructuring comes at a cost of increased carrier trapping at surface and edge states. Here we use time-resolved THz spectroscopy (TRTS) to elucidate the effect of nanostructuring on photoexcited carrier lifetime and mobility in vertically-aligned SnS2 nanoflake array synthesized using close space sublimation method.
SnS2 vertical nanoflakes were excited with 400 nm, 100 fs laser pulses, and transient photoconductivity was measured using a terahertz probe in the 0.25 – 1.70 THz frequency (or, equivalently, 1-7 meV) range. To delineate the effect of edges and surfaces, we have compared transient THz conductivity of nanoflakes to that of SnS2 single crystals grown using chemical vapor transport method. Photoconductivity in both single crystal SnS2 and vertical SnS2 nanoflakes exhibits a multi-exponential decay. The fastest components, ~2-3 ps and 10-15 ps, are much more pronounced in the nanoflakes, and are ascribed to the carrier-carrier scattering (former) and the carrier trapping at defect and edge states (latter). Finally, a much slower component, ~ 0.25-1.30 ns, corresponds to free carrier recombination, as confirmed by the time-resolved photoluminescence measurements. We find that the photoexcited carrier mobility in single crystal SnS2 as high as ~ 800 cm2V-1s-1. In vertical nanoflakes, intrinsic (intra-flake) mobility is comparable to the single crystal value at 330 cm2V-1s-1, while the long-range (inter-flake) mobility is reduces to 90 cm2V-1s-1 by the confining effect of nanoflake surfaces and edges. Based on experimental free carrier mobility and lifetime, we estimate the inter-flake photoexcited carrier diffusion length to be ~1 μm, in agreement with the nanoflake length that results in the best photoelectrochemical device performance.
K.K. and L.V.T acknowledge support from NSF DMR-1750944.
[1] B. Giri, M. Masroor, T.Yan, K. Kushnir, A. D. Carl, C. Doiron, H. Zhang, Y. Zhao, A. McClelland, G.A. Tompsett, D. Wang, R.L. Grimm, L.V. Titova, P.M. Rao, “Balancing Light Absorption and Charge Transport in Vertical SnS2 Nanoflake Photoanodes with Stepped Layers and Large Intrinsic Mobility,” submitted.
8:00 PM - FF01.06.33
Nylon-6/Ti3C2Tz MXene Nanocomposites Synthesized by In Situ Ring Opening Polymerization of ε-Caprolactam and Their Water Transport Properties
Michael Carey1,Zachary Hinton1,Maxim Sokol1,Nicolas Alvarez1,Michel Barsoum1
Drexel University1
Show AbstractTypically, MXene polymer composites have been limited to small scales and polymers that are soluble in aqueous solutions. This is largely due to the use of MXene in its colloidal form – where concentrations are relatively low (~10-20 mg mL-1) and stability is restricted to neutral aqueous solutions or polar solvents. Additionally, synthesis generally revolves around dissolving the polymer, mixing in colloidal MXene and then solvent casting samples. In order to make samples on an industrial scale, use of multilayer MXene and in-situ polymerization techniques is a must. Clay-reinforced nylon-6 nanocomposites (NCs), characterized by the full exfoliation of the nanofiller were introduced in the marketplace in the 1990s. Herein, we demonstrate, for the first time, a scalable technique to disperse multilayer Ti3C2Tz MXene into nylon-6 to synthesize melt-processable nanocomposites with excellent water barrier properties (94% reduction in water vapor permeation). To intercalate the ε-caprolactam monomer, the MXene multilayers were first treated with 12-aminolauric acid, a low-cost, nontoxic, biodegradable, and long shelf life compound. Upon heating to 250 °C, in the presence of 6- aminocaproic acid, in-situ polymerization occurred, yielding melt-processable nylon-6/MXene NCs that were in turn, studied by thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and dynamic vapor sorption analysis. Using the latter, moisture-sorption isotherms of a neat and a 1.9 vol % NC at 60 °C, were fit to the Guggenheim, Anderson, and de Boer equation. Solubility, permeation, and diffusion coefficients of water through the NCs were measured as a function of temperature and found to be the lowest ever reported for nylon-6, despite the fact that, at ∼1.9 and 5.0 vol %, the MXene loads were relatively low. This record low diffusivity is ascribed to the very large aspect ratios ~ 500 to 1000 of Ti3C2Tz flakes and their dispersion. The water permeation rate is a factor of 5 lower than the best reported in the much more mature nylon/clay field, suggesting lower values can be achieved with further optimization. Lastly infrared spectroscopy spectra of neat and NC samples suggest the surface terminations of the 12-Ti3C2Tz flakes bind with nylon-6, limiting water adsorption sites, resulting in reduced solubility in the NC films. This facile, low cost and scalable technique allows for the complete dispersion of MXene into the polymer matrix. By building upon this knowledge and tailoring the chemistry of the surfactant, we are continuing to utilize this method in order to disperse MXene into a variety of thermoplastic and thermosetting polymeric host matrices.
8:00 PM - FF01.06.35
High-Resolution, Active-Matrix Arrays of Pressure Sensors
Jiuk Jang1,2,Hyobeom Kim1,Jang-Ung Park1,2
Yonsei University1,Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Yonsei-IBS Institute2
Show AbstractThe active-matrix pressure sensors as an electronic device have become of great interests as a critical component for recently emerging electronic skin and biomedical applications for artificial intelligence and human-machine interfaces. The conventional pressure sensors still has limitations such as the narrow sensing range and low pixel density, and they confines the applicability of the device to specific area.
Here, we fabricate the active-matrix arrays of pressure-sensitive monolayer MoS2 field-effect transistor (FET) with air-dielectric layer, which is supported by elastomer spacer The air-dielectric monolayer MoS2 FET was acting as pressure sensor solely by incorporating air as the gate dielectric layer with elastomeric supporting spacer, and hysteresis of this pressure-sensitive transistor was very small because of the clean surface states between a MoS2 channel and air. The double-layered elastomer in which the two elastomeric materials had different elastic moduli allowed a wide detectable range of pressures. By utilizing the light emission of the ML composites induced under the external stress, ZnS:Cu phosphors were implemented to the elastomer layer to induce a photocurrent effect in the MoS2 FETs, resulting in the enhancement of the sensitivity at high pressure (> 0.5 MPa). Furthermore, the pressure on the 20 X 20 MoS2 FETs active-matrix pressure sensor array was mapped spatially even at 10 µm of pixel resolution. Since this resolution is fine enough to measure 2D pressure distribution of the cell, we demonstrated a 2D mapping of pressure distribution during the pulsing of single cardiomyocyte in the first time. We believe this unique FET structure and its active-matrix array will contribute to future applications of prostheses, robotics and biomedical electronics.
8:00 PM - FF01.06.36
A Plausible Method of Preparing an Ideal Interface of a p-n Junction by Surface Treatment
Imgeong Ho-Soon Yang1
Pusan National University1
Show AbstractThe study of p-n junctions has been of interest in condensed matter physics and materials sciences. Especially, the fabrication of a p-n junction out of atomically thin two-dimensional crystals has drawn attraction in the field of semiconductors as it allows a high-quality interface with very high electron conductivity in the absence of strong chemical bonds at the interface. Here we report an atomically thin p-n junction prepared using a Van der Waals material, SnSe whose bulk property is a p-type semiconductor. The electron band structure of SnSe has been investigated using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES). By depositing metallic atom on the surface, the valence band maximum shifts towards higher binding energy as much as 0.28 eV, leading to an n-type charge carriers in the surface. A comparison to a theoretical work suggests that this charge transfer appears only at the top-most layer, leaving the rest of the bulk to remain a p-type semiconductor. This result suggests that an atomically well-defined vertical p-n junction is fabricated in between n-type surface and p-type bulk of SnSe.
8:00 PM - FF01.06.37
Charge Transport Behavior and Ultrasensitive Photoresponse Performance of Exfoliated F16CuPc Nanoflakes
Hang Yan1,2,Yang Li2,Jing-Kai Qin2,PingAn Hu2,Liang Zhen1,2,Cheng-Yan Xu1,2
State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology1,Harbin Institute of Technology2
Show AbstractAir-stable, photosensitive copper hexadecafluorophthalocyanine (F16CuPc) is a promising n-type semiconductor for organic electronics and optoelectronics. However, the performance of F16CuPc-based devices is significantly limited by the poor crystallinity of thin films. In this work, the charge transport and electrical contact behavior of F16CuPc nanoflakes, mechanically exfoliated from high-quality needle-like bulk single crystals, are probed by analyzing the temperature-dependent carrier mobility and conductance, where the multi-trap/release and band-like transport mechanism govern the charge transport at different temperature ranges and carrier densities. F16CuPc nanoflakes based field effect transistors (FETs) exhibit high on-state current and ON/OFF ratio, one-order magnitude than those of reported F16CuPc nanowires, thin films and nanoribbons. Besides, F16CuPc nanoflake-based phototransistors exhibit attractive photoresponse performance in the spectral range of 300−750 nm even at quite low operating source-drain voltage (~ 1V), with maximum photoresponsivity of 19 A W-1, detectivity of 8×1012 Jones, and fast response speed of 36 ms, which is attributed to the single-crystalline characteristic of nanoflakes, and the resultant efficiently exciton diffusion and charge transport. Our results demonstrate that two-dimensional organic nanoflakes with single-crystalline feature will be promising candidates for flexible electronic and optoelectronic devices.
8:00 PM - FF01.06.38
Efficient Mechanochemical Exfoliation Process of Highly Soluble Two-Dimensional MoS2 Nanoflakes
Seulgi Kim1,Dohoon Kim1,Jiyeon Kang1,Dongju Lee1,Sungho Song2
Chungbuk National University1,Kongju National University2
Show AbstractTransition-metal dichalcogenides(TMDs), such as molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), have attracted huge interest as two-dimensional materials because of their novel electronic and optical properties.
Several methods of fabricating few-layered TMDs have been developed, however, methods for mass production of intrinsic nanoflakes of TMDs are still challenge. Mass production of two-dimensional nanoflakes is highly desirable to their practical applications.
In the present work, we present facile method for fabricating MoS2 nanoflakes by using hydrazine-assisted ball-milling via synergetic effect of chemical intercalation and mechanical peeling.
The MoS2 nanoflakes obtained through the hydrazine-assisted ball milling process have lateral size of 600 to 800 nm and thickness of 4 nm or less with high quality. The resultant MoS2 nanoflakes form stable dispersion in various solutions that can be used for many applications.
For a potential application, flexible photodetectors are prepared by solution-based process using the MoS2 nanoflakes and the optical properties evaluated.
8:00 PM - FF01.06.39
Synthesis of Bi2Te3 Single Crystals by Vapor Transport and Its Potential forThermoelectric Applications
Jihoon Ahn1
Korea Maritime & Ocean University1
Show AbstractBismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) has recently attracted significant attention owing to its unique physical properties as a three-dimensional topological insulator and excellent properties as a thermoelectric material. Meanwhile, it is important to develop a synthesis process yielding high-quality single crystals over a large area to study the inherent physical properties and device applications of two-dimensional materials. However, the maturity of Bi2Te3 vapor-phase synthesis is not good, compared to those of other semiconductor twodimensional crystals. In this study, therefore, we report the synthesis of relatively large-area Bi2Te3 crystals by vapor transport method, and we investigated the key process parameters for a synthesis of relatively thin and large-area Bi2Te3 crystals. The most important factor determining the crystal synthesis was the temperature of the substrate. A Bi2Te3 device exhibited a considerable photocurrent when the laser was irradiated inside the electrode area. This indicated that the photo-thermoelectric effect was the main mechanism of generation of photocurrent. The estimated Seebeck coefficient of the device was ∼196 μV/K, which is comparable to the previously reported high Seebeck coefficient of Bi2Te3. This synthesis method can guide the development and applications of various types of layered crystals with the space group of R-3m.
8:00 PM - FF01.06.40
Large-Area and Plasma Doped p-Type Multilayer MoS2 Photodetectors with Gate Tunable Effect
Xiao-Mei Zhang1
Tokyo Institute of Technology1
Show AbstractTwo-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), such as MoS2, have attracted considerable attention owing to the unique optical and electronic properties related to its 2D ultrathin atomic layer structure [1]. MoS2 is becoming prevalent in post-silicon digital electronics and in highly efficient optoelectronics due to its extremely low thickness and its tunable band gap (Eg = 1–2 eV) [2]. For low-power, high-performance complementary logic applications, both p- and n-type MoS2 FETs (NFETs and PFETs) must be developed. NFETs with an electron accumulation channel can be obtained using unintentionally doped n-type MoS2. However, the fabrication of MoS2 FETs with complementary p-type characteristics is challenging due to the significant difficulty of injecting holes into its inversion channel [3]. Plasma treatments with different species (including CF4, SF6, O2, and CHF3) have also been found to achieve the desired property modifications of MoS2 [4-5].
In this work, we demonstrated a p-type multilayer MoS2 enabled by selective-area doping using CHF3 plasma treatment. Compared with single layer MoS2, multilayer MoS2 can carry a higher drive current due to its lower bandgap and multiple conduction channels. Moreover, it has three times the density of states at its minimum conduction band. Large-area growth of MoS2 films on 300 nm thick SiO2/Si substrate are carried out by thermal decomposition of ammonium tetrathiomolybdate, (NH4)2MoS4, in a tube furnace. a two-step annealing process is conducted to synthesize MoS2 films. For the first step, the temperature is set to 280 °C for 30 min in an N2 rich environment at 1.8 Torr. This is done to transform (NH4)2MoS4 into MoS3. To further reduce MoS3 into MoS2, the second step of annealing is performed. For the second step, the temperature is set to 750 °C for 30 min in a reducing atmosphere consisting of 90% Ar and 10% H2 at 1.8 Torr. The grown MoS2 films are subjected to out-of-plane doping by CHF3 plasma treatment using a Dry-etching system (ULVAC original NLD-570). The radiofrequency power of this dry-etching system is set to 100 W and the pressure is set to 7.5 mTorr. The final thickness of the treated samples is obtained by etching for 30 s.
Back-gated MoS2 PFETs were presented with an on/off current ratio in the order of 103 and a field-effect mobility of 65.2 cm2V-1s-1. The MoS2 PFETs photodetector exhibited ultraviolet (UV) photodetection capability with a rapid response time of 37 ms and exhibited modulation of the generated photocurrent by back-gate voltage. This work suggests the potential application of the mild plasma-doped p-type multilayer MoS2 in UV photodetectors for environmental monitoring, human health monitoring, and biological analysis.
References
[1] Mak, K.F.; Lee, C.; Hone, J.; Shan, J.; Heinz, T.F. Atomically thin MoS2: A new direct-gap semiconductor. Phys. Rev. Lett., 2010, 105, 136805.
[2] Jeong, S.H.; Liu, N.; Park, H.; Hong, Y.K.; Kim, S. Temperature-dependent electrical properties of Al2O3-passivated multilayer MoS2 thin-film transistors. Appl. Sci. 2018, 8(3), 424.
[3] Yin, Z.; Li, H.; Li, H.; Jiang, L.; Shi, Y.; Sun, Y.; Lu, G.; Zhang, Q.; Chen, X.; Zhang, H. Single-layer MoS2 phototransistors. ACS Nano, 2012, 6 (1), 74.
[4] Xue, F.; Chen, L.; Chen, J.; Liu, J.; Wang, L.; Chen, M.; Pang, Y.; Yang, X.; Gao, G.; Zhai, J.; Wang, Z.L. p-type MoS2 and n-type ZnO diode and its performance enhancement by the piezophototronic effect. Adv Mater., 2016, 28 (17), 3391.
[5] Wi, S.; Kim, H.; Chen, M.; Nam, H.; Guo, L.J.; Meyhofer, E.; Liang, X. Enhancement of photovoltaic response in multilayer MoS2 induced by plasma doping. ACS NANO, 2014, 8 (5), 5270.
8:00 PM - FF01.06.41
Horizontal-to-Vertical Transition of 2D Layer Orientation in Low-Temperature Chemical Vapor Deposition-Grown PtSe2 and Its Influences on Electrical Properties and Device Applications
SangSub Han1,2,Jong Hun Kim3,Chanwoo Noh2,Jung Han Kim1,Eunji Ji3,Junyoung Kwon3,Seung Min Yu4,Tae-Jun Ko1,Emmanuel Okogbue1,Kyu Hwan Oh2,Hee-Suk Chung4,YounJoon Jung2,Gwan-Hyong Lee2,Yeonwoong Jung1
University of Central Florida1,Seoul National University2,Yonsei University3,Korea Basic Science Institute4
Show AbstractTwo-dimensional (2D) transition-metal dichalcogenides (2D TMDs) in the form of MX2 (M: transition metal, X: chalcogen) exhibit intrinsically anisotropic layered crystallinity wherein their material properties are determined by constituting M and X elements. 2D platinum diselenide (2D PtSe2) is a relatively unexplored class of 2D TMDs with noble-metal Pt as M, offering distinct advantages over conventional 2D TMDs such as higher carrier mobility and lower growth temperatures. Despite the projected promise, much of its fundamental structural and electrical properties and their interrelation have not been clarified, and so its full technological potential remains mostly unexplored. In this work, we investigate the structural evolution of large-area chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-grown 2D PtSe2 layers of tailored morphology and clarify its influence on resulting electrical properties. Specifically, we unveil the coupled transition of structural−electrical properties in 2D PtSe2 layers grown at a low temperature (i.e., 400 °C). The layer orientation of 2D PtSe2 grown by the CVD selenization of seed Pt films exhibits horizontal-to-vertical transition with increasing Pt thickness. While vertically aligned 2D PtSe2 layers present metallic transports, field-effect-transistor gate responses were observed with thin horizontally aligned 2D PtSe2 layers prepared with Pt of small thickness. Density functional theory calculation identifies the electronic structures of 2D PtSe2 layers undergoing the transition of horizontal-to-vertical layer orientation, further confirming the presence of this uniquely coupled structural-electrical transition. The advantage of low-temperature growth was further demonstrated by directly growing 2D PtSe2 layers of controlled orientation on polyimide polymeric substrates and fabricating their Kirigami structures, further strengthening the application potential of this material. Discussions on the growth mechanism behind the horizontal-to-vertical 2D layer transition are also presented.
8:00 PM - FF01.06.42
2D-GaN Modified by Hydrogen and Vacancies—DFT Studio
Maria Moreno-Armenta2,Roberto Gonzalez-Araiza1,Oscar Martinez-Castro1,Alvaro Gonzalez-Garcia1,William Lopez-Perez1,Rafael Gonzalez-Hernandez1
Universidad del Norte1,Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico2
Show AbstractSimilar to graphene, III-V semiconductors offer extraordinary properties on a diversity of morphologies. In the last two decades, gallium nitride (GaN) and related group III-nitrides have become key materials in light emitting diodes (LEDs) and laser diodes [1,2]. Therefore, GaN-based device technologies have improved substantially, and are still under intense investigation for improved performance.
GaN crystallizes in the wurtzite structure (nonlayered). Therefore, the probability to be exfoliated with traditional methods is almost null. However, this phase of gallium nitride has been experimentally produced via encapsulation between two graphene sheets and theoretical results have predicted a stable 2D graphene–like phase for GaN, known as g-GaN in which gallium and nitrogen atoms are in the honeycomb-like hexagonal disposition.
We have studied the graphene phase of gallium nitride (g-GaN) structural and electronic properties by using first-principle calculations within the framework of the Density Functional Theory (DFT). We tried two different approaches: in the first one we considered the hydrogen adsorption at different levels of coverage over each kind of atom and in the second we introduced vacancy charged defects [3].
We considered hydrogen adsorption in a range from the diluted limit, as a 1/64 of the monolayer, up to the full coverage of the monolayer. It was found that N–N distances around the gallium atom with adsorbed hydrogen were similar to the clean distances. Contrarily, Ga-Ga distances around the N atom with adsorbed hydrogen increased as the hydrogen percentage decreased. The 2D g-GaN-H configurations are the most stable, having lower formation energy. Nonetheless, the ferromagnetic system with a hydrogen atom in the gallium position presents a nonzero magnetic moment. As it could be observed in the band structure, a defect level induced by the H adatom is the source of this magnetic moment, a phenomenon which can be exploited for spintronic applications. This ferromagnetism is mainly localized in the first and second closest N atoms around the gallium atoms where adsorption occurred [4].
It was found from the second approach that the Ga-Ga (or N-N) bond lengths around the vacancy increased for the gallium vacancies and decreased for the nitrogen vacancies with respect to the bond distance without vacancy. Vacancy-induced defect levels are responsible for the total magnetic moment in g-GaN, generating a magnetic moment located at the nitrogen atoms for gallium vacancies or delocalized in the lattice for nitrogen vacancies. Thermodynamic transition levels close to the conduction band minimum are identified for both the Ga and N vacancy. In addition, N vacancy has formation energy lower than the Ga vacancy. N vacancy is the dominant defect in g-GaN and could be responsible of the n-type behavior of GaN observed experimentally. Similarly, the w-GaN, gallium vacancies have a higher formation energy than those of nitrogen. However, gallium vacancies could be successfully grown in order to design a two dimensional p-type semiconductor.
It is expected that the results of these studies will contribute to the analysis of hydrogen adsorption on 2D g-GaN, as well as to the design of 2D H-g-GaN and 2D g-GaN-H based devices in electronic and spintronic fields.
References
[1] S. Nakamura, Ann. Phys., vol. 527, no. 5–6 (2015) 335–349.
[2] H Amano, Rev. Mod. Phys, vol. 87, (2015) 1133.
[3] R. González, W. Lopez-Perez, A. González-Garcia, MG. Moreno-Armenta, R. Gonzalez-Hernandez, Appl Surf Sci. Vol. 433 (2018) 1049-1055.
[4] R. González, O. Martinez-Castro, MG. Moreno-Armenta, A. González-Garcia, W. Lopez-Perez, R. Gonzalez-Hernandez, Phys B: Condensed Matter Vol. 569 (2019) 57-61.
Symposium Organizers
Zakaria Al Balushi, University of California, Berkeley
Deep Jariwala, University of Pennsylvania
Olga Kazakova, National Physical Laboratory
Amber McCreary, National Institute of Standards and Technology
Symposium Support
Gold
AIXTRON SE
Silver
2D Crystal Consortium - Materials Innovation Platform (2DCC-MIP)
Bronze
Accurion Inc.
IOP Publishing Ltd - 2D Materials
Scienta Omicron, Inc.
FF01.07: Nanophotonics and Optics Enabled by 2D Materials
Session Chairs
Zakaria Al Balushi
Aleksandra Radenovic
Tuesday AM, December 03, 2019
Hynes, Level 3, Room 312
8:15 AM - FF01.07.02
Tunable Luminescence in Stacked Bulk-Like Hexagonal Boron Nitride Controlled by a Twist Angle
Haeyeon Lee1,Mohammed AlEzzi2,Nimisha Raghuvanshi2,Kenji Watanabe3,Takashi Taniguchi3,Slaven Garaj2,Shaffique Adam2,Silvija Gradecak1
Massachusetts Institute of Technology1,National University of Singapore2,National Institute for Materials Science3
Show AbstractVan der Waals (vdW) heterostructures formed by layering twisted monolayers of two-dimensional materials result in formation of Moiré superlattices, which leads to new physical phenomena, including emergence of flat energy bands or tunable conductivity. So far, Moiré superlattice physics has been explored in graphene-related system and various combinations of monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides. Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) forms a similar honeycomb lattice as graphene, but in contrast to graphene, has a large band gap with luminescence in ultraviolet region. Because of its properties, hBN has been recently extensively used as a substrate or dielectric spacer in vdW heterostructures.
Here, we show that the optical properties of stacked bulk-like (hundreds of nanometers in thickness rather than monolayers) hBN layers are dominated by the innermost interface layers and their relative twist angles as a consequence of the Moiré superlattice formation. Both the luminescence intensity and energy can be tuned using the relative twist angle between stacked layers. hBN multilayers were exfoliated from an hBN single crystal and these were used to form twisted hBN multilayers by a dry transfer method. The relative twist angles between the stacked hBN layers were measured using electron diffraction in a transmission electron microscope (TEM) and the optical properties of the resulting structure were measured simultaneously using TEM-based cathodoluminescence (CL). We show the strong functional dependence of the luminescence properties as a function of the twist angle. Our results demonstrate a new way of controlling optical properties of thin-film materials, beyond conventionally used heterostructures.
8:30 AM - FF01.07.03
Near Ultraviolet Light Electroluminescence in Hexagonal Boron Nitride Based van der Waals Heterostructures
Sanghoon Chae1,Dongjea Seo2,Qingrui Cao1,Xiang Hua1,En-Min Shih1,Sunho Park3,Seungjun Lee3,Takashi Taniguchi4,Kenji Watanabe4,Junyoung Kwon2,Gwan-Hyong Lee2,Cory Dean1,David Schiminovich1,Irving Herman1,Heon-Jin Choi2,Young-Kyun Kwon3,Ioannis Kymissis1,Young Duck Kim3,James Hone1
Columbia University1,Yonsei University2,Kyung Hee University3,National Institute for Materials Science4
Show AbstractThe ability to assemble van der Waals heterostructures from two-dimensional (2D) crystals provides a wealth of new opportunities for novel optoelectronic devices. To date, most such devices have shown functionality in the infrared to visible range, whereas ultraviolet (UV) applications are less well explored. Here we describe electrically driven light emission from vertical heterostructure devices consisting of thin hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) between graphene electrodes, with additional hBN encapsulation. Upon illumination at low electric fields, optically excited carriers tunnel and generate interlayer photocurrent through Gr/hBN/Gr heterostructures. At high electric fields, hBN shows bright light emission with a strong peak in the near ultraviolet (NUV) regime at 394 nm (3.14 eV), and stable response over a wide voltage range. Light emission is accompanied by a rapidly increasing current and appearance of new photoluminescence peaks, indicating that it is facilitated by creation of color centers, whose potential structures are explored by density functional theory calculations. Finally, we report the generation of red-green-blue (RGB) color-mixed white light by a standard down-conversion approach using phosphors. These results demonstrate the promise of hBN-based van der Waals heterostructures for light emission in the NUV to visible regime.
8:45 AM - FF01.07.04
Atomically Thin Canvas for Quantum Optoelectronics
Hongkun Park1
Harvard University1
Show AbstractAll-optical integrated circuits have long been a major pursuit for scientists and engineers because they may allow ultra-fast computing with ultra-low power consumption. The actual realization of this dream has been very difficult, however, because photons rarely interact with each other and, even with the aid of nonlinear optical materials, interact very weakly. My research group tries to leverage the advances in photonics, plasmonics, optoelectronics, and quantum optics and develop new material and technology platforms for solid-state all-optical information processing that work all the way down to single quantum level. In this presentation, I will describe our recent efforts to realize solid-state quantum optoelectronic devices by combining atomically thin semiconductors and nanoscale photonic/plasmonic structures. In particular, I will discuss how we improve the optoelectronic properties of these atomically thin materials and how we leverage them to gain detailed insight into their optoelectronic properties. I will then discuss our efforts to realize atomically thin, electrically tunable mirrors and excitonic “drums” as well as solid-state optoelectronic devices that are built upon quantum mechanical principles.
9:15 AM - FF01.07.05
Strong Light-Material Interactions in Atomically Thin Metasurfaces
Huiqin Zhang1,Bhaskar Abhiraman1,Qing Zhang2,Jinshui Miao1,Kiyoung Jo1,Stefano Roccasecca1,Mark Knight3,Artur Davoyan4,Deep Jariwala1
University of Pennsylvania1,National University of Singapore2,Northrop Grumman Corporation3,University of California Los Angeles4
Show AbstractVisible spectrum band-gaps with strong excitonic absorption make transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) of molybdenum and tungsten attractive candidates for investigating light-material interactions and applications as absorbing media in opto-electronics.1, 2 Further, the excitonic features become more prominent as the layers are thinned down and dominant in the monolayer limit where the TMDCs transition into direct band-gap semiconductors with strong photoluminescence. Their excitonic character and luminescence in monolayer regime has been heavily investigated in fundamental science as well as exploited for device applications.2 However, the excitonic character in TMDCs persists even for few-layer thick samples and bulk crystals which has led to recent demonstrations of some interesting photonic and light trapping phenomena. Further, TMDCs are known to have very large values of optical constants which allows strong light trapping even in ultrathin samples.3
Here, we explore the fundamental material properties of light trapping in multi-layer TMDCs (namely WS2) when coupled to plasmonic substrates. Our calculations and demonstrations are primarily in WS2 which can be easily extended to other excitonic TMDCs. We systematically demonstrate via calculations and matching experiments that the presence of strong excitonic resonances in multilayers (< 20 nm thickness) combined with surface plasmon excitations of the nearby metals can achieve strongly coupled modes with apparent voided crossings in reflectance spectra. Further, we explore additional light confinement by patterning 1D arrays of rectangular resonators of varying widths and periods (100 nm to 500 nm). We find that there is a critical thickness of TMDC (~15 nm) beyond which we observe photonic modes emerging in the TMDC/metal hybrids that are strongly dispersive as a function of resonator width. Newer and higher order modes appear with increasing TMDC thicknesses and widths. Simulated field profiles suggest that these modes are mainly plasmonic and hybrid in nature. For longer wavelengths and thicker TMDCs, guided modes emerge as well. Further, the plasmonic modes exhibit strong dependence on 1D array grating period.
Finally, we will show the detailed multi-dimensional phase diagram of geometric parameters that lead to voided crossings between various resonant photonic modes and excitons and demonstrate sensing applications in the strong coupling regime. Our work may pave the way to novel hybrid photon-polariton states that are of interest for all-optical information processing, quantum and classical computing.
References:
1. Jariwala, D.; Davoyan, A. R.; Wong, J.; Atwater, H. A. ACS Photonics 2017, 4, 2692-2970.
2. Brar, V. W.; Sherrott, M. C.; Jariwala, D. Chemical Society Reviews 2018, 47, (17), 6824-6844.
5. Jariwala, D.; Davoyan, A. R.; Tagliabue, G.; Sherrott, M. C.; Wong, J.; Atwater, H. A. Nano Letters 2016, 16, (9), 5482-5487.
9:30 AM - FF01.07.06
Refractive Nano-Optics with Highly Anisotropic 2D Materials
Thomas Folland1,Alireza Fali2,Samuel White1,Joseph Matson1,Song Liu3,Neda Aghamiri2,James Edgar3,Richard Haglund1,Yohannes Abate2,Josh Caldwell1
Vanderbilt University1,University of Georgia2,Kansas State University3
Show AbstractTwo-dimensional materials are inherently anisotropic – with strong bonding in-plane and weak bonding out-of-plane. Consequently, their optical properties are birefringent, particularly at frequencies close to the energies of their optically active infrared phonons. At these frequencies, certain 2D materials support hyperbolic behaviour, where along one (two) crystal axes they behave as metals (negative dielectric function), and along the other two (one) behave as dielectrics (positive dielectric function). Typically, two of these axes are in the plane of the 2D layers, and the third is out of the plane, the most well studied example being hexagonal boron nitride (hBN). Materials which exhibit hyperbolicity can support polaritonic modes, which have a wavelength much shorter than that of light in free space. Such spatially compressed modes have important implications for infrared technology, as they may be utilized to create infrared optics that are much more compact than the current state of the art. In particular, 2D materials can be used to realize metasurfaces, capable of shaping both nearfield- and far field light waves for a broad range of applications.
Conventional metasurface designs use geometrically fixed structures, or materials with excessive propagation losses, thereby limiting their potential applications. Here we show how to overcome these limitations by demonstrating a reconfigurable hyperbolic metasurface comprising a heterostructure of isotopically enriched hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) in direct contact with the phase-change material (PCM), single-crystal vanadium dioxide (VO2). Metallic and dielectric domains in VO2 provide spatially localized changes in the local dielectric environment to tune the wavelength of hyperbolic phonon polaritons (HPhPs) supported in hBN by a factor of 1.6. In contrast, propagation was only seen above a low loss dielectric phase with non-anisotropic materials supporting surface polaritons.
Using this platform, we demonstrate the first reduction to practice of in-plane HPhP refraction, and the means for launching, reflecting and transmitting of HPhPs at the PCM domain boundaries. Ultimately, this phenomenon can be used to create devices based on refractive effects, such as lensing, but on length scales far below the diffraction limit. This relies on the unique properties of the 2D materials themselves, aided by the changing dielectric function of the PCM substrate.
FF01.08: Optical Properties of 2D Materials
Session Chairs
Shawna Hollen
Hongkun Park
Tuesday PM, December 03, 2019
Hynes, Level 3, Room 312
10:45 AM - FF01.08.01
Non-Local Quantum Emission in 2D Semiconductors via Oriented Pore Enabled Network (OPEN) Films
Jose Fonseca1,Andrew Yeats1,Brandon Blue2,Maxim Zalalutdinov1,Todd Brintlinger1,Blake Simpkins1,Daniel Ratchford1,James Culbertson1,Joel Grim1,Sam Carter1,Masa Ishigami2,Rhonda Stroud1,Cory Cress1,Jeremy Robinson1
U.S. Naval Research Laboratory1,University of Central Florida2
Show AbstractThe interaction between two-dimensional crystals (2DCs) and metals is ubiquitous in 2D material research. Of particular interest here, is the fact that metals can significantly affect both the electronic and optical properties of 2D semiconductors. We report how 2DC overlayers influence the recrystallization and dewetting behavior of metallic films and the subsequent opto-electronic phenomena that arise from this new heterostructured assembly. The annealing of nanocrystalline metallic films with 2DC overlayers results in a ‘surface templated epitaxial’ process where the metal films become highly textured, with micron-sized, well-faceted grains in close crystallographic registry to the 2D crystal orientation. Dewetting of the encapsulated metal film occurs through the formation of pores that can span up to 60% of the planar surface area, creating an orientated pore enabled network (OPEN) film. This process has been demonstrated for a number of mechanically-exfoliated and chemical-vapor deposited 2DCs (e.g., graphene, h-BN, and transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs)). In the OPEN film structure, the 2DC overlayer can remain suspended above or coat the inside of the metal pores. OPEN-TMD films exhibit appreciably distinct properties, including enhancement in photoluminescence, spatially varying surface potential, and routes for coupling surface plasmon-polaritons (SPPs) to photon emission. SPPs were found to propagate throughout the OPEN film structure following generation by either free-space laser excitation or TMD-emitted photons at the metal pore sites, enabling non-local emission at room and low temperatures. We also find a high density of single photon emitters (SPEs) across an OPEN-WSe2 film and demonstrate non-local SPE excitation at distances of at least 17 mm with minimal loss of photon purity. Our results suggest the OPEN film geometry is a versatile platform that could facilitate the use of layered materials in quantum optics systems.
Work performed at NRL was supported through Base Programs funded by the Office of Naval Research. JJF acknowledges the NRC Research Associateship Programs for their support.
11:00 AM - FF01.08.03
Near-Infrared Optical Properties and Ultra-Fast, Diffusion-Less Phase-Change Functionality of Tin Selenide (SnSe)
Seong Soon Jo1,Jian Zhou1,2,Akshay Singh1,Yifei Li1,Zhongzhen Luo3,Mercouri Kanatzidis3,Ju Li1,Rafael Jaramillo1
Massachusetts Institute of Technology1,Xi’an Jiaotong University2,Northwestern University3
Show AbstractFuture integrated photonic circuits need materials to perform ultra-fast and low-power optical switching. Chalcogenide phase-change materials (PCMs) and two-dimensional (2D) materials contain many promising candidates to meet this need. Among layered 2D chalcogenides, IV-VI materials are particularly interesting for their trirefringent optical properties and low-processing temperature.
Here we propose a new mechanism for optical switching in anisotropic materials, and we report results obtained for SnSe. a-SnSe has an orthorhombic crystal structure that can be visualized as a highly-distorted rock salt lattice. We present theoretical predictions that, owing to strong dielectric anisotropy, short pulses of linearly polarized light can switch between ferroelastic variants of the a-SnSe structure.[1] Switching occurs because the light field changes the potential energy landscape and eliminates the barrier for switching. We predict a critical power density of 7.7 x W/cm2 for near-IR photons for a barrier-less transition. We report experimental results obtained on crystals and mechanically-exfoliated sheets. We use spectroscopic ellipsometry to measure the full optical property tensor of trirefringent a-SnSe, to test theoretical calculations and to optimize the design of optical switching, and we report preliminary results using short laser pulses to perform ferroelastic switching.
The study presented on trirefringent a-SnSe can be generalized to a class of optical martensitic transitions that we predict to be ultra-fast, barrier-less, and diffusion-less. These transitions happen at the speed of lattice vibrations and are inherently non-thermal, and therefore low-power. 2D materials are ideal for realizing the predicted phenomena and for application because the transformation strains are lower than in 3D crystal structures. Optical martensitic transitions may therefore offer an improvement on existing PCMs for photonics in terms of switching energy, speed, and device lifecycle.
[1] J. Zhou, H. Xu, Y. Li, R. Jaramillo, and J. Li. Nano Lett. 18, 7794 (2018).
11:15 AM - FF01.08.04
Near-Infrared Optical Properties and Phase-Change Behavior of Transition Metal Dichalcogenides
Akshay Singh1,Yifei Li1,Balint Fodor2,Laszlo Makai2,Jian Zhou3,Haowei Xu1,Austin Akey4,Sergiy Krylyuk5,Ju Li1,Albert Davydov5,Rafael Jaramillo1
Massachusetts Institute of Technology1,Semilab Semiconductor Physics Laboratory Co. Ltd2,Xi’an Jiaotong University3,Harvard University4,National Institute of Standards and Technology5
Show AbstractTransition metal dichalcogenides (TMD) exist in several polymorphs including 2H (usually semiconducting), and 1T (or 1T’, semi-metallic). These polymorphs are expected to have significantly different opto-electronic properties, and phase change between these polymorphs offers a new way for controlling light. This phase change is particularly interesting for near-infrared (NIR) integrated photonics, where materials with strong light-matter interaction are required.
We present an experimental and theoretical study of sulfides (MoS2, TiS2 and ZrS2) and tellurides (MoTe2 and Mo1-xWxTe2) in the NIR. Our density functional theory (DFT) calculations predict a large refractive index contrast in the 1-1.5 um spectral range (relevant for telecommunications and photonics) between 2H and 1T (or 1T’) phases. We measure the complex optical constants of bulk crystals via spectroscopic ellipsometry and Fourier transform IR (FTIR) spectroscopy, and find significant differences between 2H and 1T materials. By explicitly measuring native oxide thickness using transmission electron microscopy and subsequent optical modelling, we extract true optical constants of TMDs. Further, for structural polymorphs of the same material (MoTe2 and Mo1-xWxTe2 in both 2H and 1T phases), we measure a large difference in refractive index and optical loss, in agreement with our DFT calculations. Our work lays the foundation for TMDs for use as active IR materials that can be switched optically and electrically.
11:30 AM - FF01.08.05
Electronic and Optical Properties of 2D Materials and Their Heterostructures
Su Ying Quek1
National University of Singapore1
Show AbstractTwo-dimensional materials are known to exhibit an amazing range of novel electronic and optical properties, as demonstrated in many state-of-the-art experiments. First principles calculations play an important role in identifying the atomic-scale origins of these properties, as well as in predicting properties of new materials. In this talk, I will draw upon examples from recent work in my group on first principles calculations in 2D materials and their heterostructures. Comparison with experiment will be made throughout the talk. Firstly, I will show convincing evidence that oxygen-related point defects are dominant in mechanically-exfoliated and chemical-vapor-deposition (CVD)-grown WSe2 samples, in contrast to mechanically-exfoliated MoS2 samples, where sulfur vacancies are dominant. Furthermore, based on state-of-the-art, numerically converged, GW-BSE calculations, we show that oxygen interstitials in the WSe2 lattice (in conjunction with strain gradients) are most likely responsible for experimentally observed single photon emission in these materials.[1] Secondly, I will present the electronic properties of covalently functionalized organic-MoS2 heterostructures that have been experimentally synthesized. Interestingly, we find that local magnetic moments are present. Furthermore, while the organic molecules can either withdraw or donate electrons from the MoS2 layer, depending on the electron affinity of the molecules, electrons are always the predominant carrier type in the MoS2 layer. Thirdly, I will show how our recent theoretical developments have enabled the prediction of quasiparticle level alignment at organic-2D material interfaces, in good agreement with experiment.[2,3] Fourthly, I will show that experimentally observed Dirac cones in black phosphorus can be explained by quantum confinement and anisotropic interlayer interactions.[4] If time permits, other results, including predictions on novel materials from high throughput calculations, will be presented.
[1] ACS Nano 13, 6050 (2019)
[2] JCTC doi:10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00229
[3] ACS Nano 10. 2476 (2016)
[4] Scientific Reports 5, 11699 (2015)
FF01.09: Atomic Scale Characterization of 2D Materials
Session Chairs
Olga Kazakova
Humberto Terrones
Tuesday PM, December 03, 2019
Hynes, Level 3, Room 312
1:30 PM - FF01.09.01
Chemical Identification of Interlayer Contaminants within van der Waals Heterostructures with IR Nano-Spectroscopy
Andrea Centrone1,Jeffrey Schwartz1,2,Hsun Jen Chuang3,Matthew Rosenberger3,Saujan Sivaram3,Kathleen McCreary3,Berend Jonker3
National Institute of Standards and Technology1,University of Maryland2,U.S. Naval Research Laboratory3
Show AbstractVan der Waals heterostructures (vdWHs) consist of layers of dissimilar 2D materials that provide novel and unique and properties. vdWHs are commonly assembled in a myriad of combinations by stacking 2D materials using polymeric stamps. However, the properties of such heterostructures frequently are degraded by contaminants, typically of unknown composition, that are trapped between the constituent layers and impede studies of the heterostructures’ intrinsic properties, thus hindering their applications.
In this work, I will introduce the photothermal induced resonance (PTIR) technique, an atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based infrared technique that enables IR spectroscopy and imaging with nanoscale resolution. I will show that PTIR enables detection and identification of contaminants down to a few attomoles
Heterostructures comprised of WSe2, WS2, and hBN layers were found to contain significant amounts of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and polycarbonate, corresponding to the stamp materials used in their construction. Notably, polymer contamination between layers occurs even when ‘dry’ fabrication methods are used. Having identified the source of the contaminants, we develop a stamp cleaning procedure that eliminates or reduces PDMS contamination within the structures below the limit of detection. Our measurements suggest that the assessment of contaminants in vdWHs should not be conducted based on AFM topographic images alone but, rather, aided by nanoscale composition-sensitive methods, such as PTIR. We believe that knowledge of the contaminant composition obtained with the methods presented here will aid better understanding of vdWH properties and guide improvements to fabrication method for producing intrinsic, contaminant-free heterostructures with precisely tuned properties.
1:45 PM - FF01.09.02
Abnormal Interlayer Coupling in Janus MoSSe/MoS2 Heterostructures
Kunyan Zhang1,Yunfan Guo2,Hua Wang3,Alexander Puretzky4,Xiaofeng Qian3,Jing Kong2,Shengxi Huang1
The Pennsylvania State University1,Massachusetts Institute of Technology2,Texas A&M University3,Oak Ridge National Laboratory4
Show AbstractJanus transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) is a newborn of the two-dimensional (2D) materials family. Its structure is similar to TMDs such as MoS2, but one layer of the chalcogen is different from the other layer, one example being MoSSe. As the first successfully synthesized Janus TMD, MoSSe has motivated a series of theoretical investigations on the Janus TMDs. Due to the unique crystal structure of Janus TMDs, unconventional phenomena have been theoretically predicted, including out-of-plane piezoelectricity and exciton disassociation by the intrinsic out-of-plane dipole moment. However, experimental investigations are extremely insufficient in terms of the principle properties of monolayer Janus TMDs and their heterostuctures with other van der Waals materials. Such properties, for example interlayer coupling and phonon properties, are essential to electronic transport and optoelectronic applications.
In this work, we study the fundamental phonon properties and interlayer coupling of Janus monolayer MoSSe and MoSSe/MoS2 heterostructures. Interlayer breathing and shear modes of high-symmetry 2H and 3R heterostackings are probed by low frequency Raman spectroscopy. The uniform selenization from MoS2 to MoSSe is confirmed by the disappearance and the emergence of signature Raman modes of MoS2 and MoSSe, respectively. Low frequency Raman modes for different stacking patterns of MoSSe/MoS2 show noticeable variations in frequencies. This observation indicates that stacking configuration leads to different layer-to-layer interactions. Unintuitively, interlayer coupling in the heterostructures is stronger than their pure MoS2 counterparts possibly due to the compressive (tensile) strain in MoSSe (MoS2) introduced during synthesis. Difference in high frequency modes between MoSSe/MoS2 and pure MoS2 is consistent with variations in the low frequency modes. Both the low frequency and high frequency Raman responses are strong evidence for the abnormally enhanced interlayer coupling. These spectroscopic features can serve as a fingerprint of stacking configurations, interlayer coupling in heterostructures, and degree of conversion in the fabrication process from TMDs to Janus TMDs.
2:00 PM - FF01.09.03
Nanoscopy of 2D Materials
Aleksandra Radenovic1
Ecole Polytechnique Federale Lausanne1
Show AbstractThe simplicity and versatility of optical microscopy make it from the start the workhorse technique in the characterization of 2D materials (1). Optical microscopy is used to locate and determine the thickness of the 2D material by measuring its optical contrast with respect to the Si/SiO2 substrate (2). Although in terms of technology, the large-area growth of 2D materials is about to be mastered soon, as-grown 2D materials still host abundant and different types of defects such as vacancies, adatoms, grain boundaries (GBs), edges, and impurities, which strongly influence their properties (3). In most cases, the presence of defects is disadvantageous. However, not all defects in 2D materials are detrimental. Some 2D materials have been shown to host defects that can serve as single-photon emitters (SPEs) at cryogenic temperatures for TMDs (4-7) and room temperature for h-BN (8). This discovery has motivated the search for single-photon sources in other 2D materials and efforts that aim to engineer the defects in well-controlled locations either using strain- induced potential traps (9) or via quantum dot confinement (7). The advent of single quantum emitters in 2D materials offers new opportunities to construct a scalable quantum architecture. Transmission electron microscopy TEM, SPM or confocal microscopy techniques are not ideal for fast, high-throughput, in-situ imaging of defects in 2D materials with nanometer resolution. There is a clear demand for the development of advanced optical technology that images individual defects at better temporal, spectral and spatial resolutions. We have explored the single molecule localization microscopy to characterize defects in hexagonal boron nitride (10). In addition to precise location of the optically active defects we record as well their spectral properties using spectral SMLM (11).
1. K. S. Novoselov et al., Two-dimensional atomic crystals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102, 10451-10453 (2005).
2. M. Benameur et al., Visibility of dichalcogenide nanolayers. Nanotechnology 22, 125706 (2011).
3. F. Banhart, J. Kotakoski, A. V. Krasheninnikov, Structural defects in graphene. ACS Nano 5, 26-41 (2011).
4. D. Dumcenco et al., Large-Area Epitaxial Mono layer MoS2. Acs Nano 9, 4611-4620 (2015).
5. C. Chakraborty, L. Kinnischtzke, K. M. Goodfellow, R. Beams, A. N. Vamivakas, Voltage-controlled quantum light from an atomically thin semiconductor. Nat Nanotechnol 10, 507-511 (2015).
6. M. Koperski et al., Single photon emitters in exfoliated WSe2 structures. Nat Nanotechnol 10, 503-506 (2015).
7. A. Srivastava et al., Optically active quantum dots in monolayer WSe2. Nat Nanotechnol 10, 491-496 (2015).
8. T. T. Tran, K. Bray, M. J. Ford, M. Toth, I. Aharonovich, Quantum emission from hexagonal boron nitride monolayers. Nat. Nanotechnol. 11, 37-41 (2016).
9. G. Grosso et al., Tunable and high-purity room temperature single-photon emission from atomic defects in hexagonal boron nitride. Nat Commun 8, 705 (2017).
10. J. Feng et al., Imaging of optically active defects with nanometer resolution. Nano Lett, (2018).
11. J. Comtet et al., Wide-field spectral super-resolution mapping of optically active defects in hBN. arXiv preprint arXiv:1901.06989, (2019).
2:30 PM - FF01.09.04
Characterization of 2D Material Heterostructures Using Nanoscale Angle Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy (nanoARPES)
Eli Rotenberg1
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory1
Show AbstractAngle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) is a premier technique for determining the electronic structure, state symmetry, and many body interactions (MBIs) in correlated and topological materials. These MBIs involve exchange of momentum among electrons or with excitations such as phonons, and can therefore couple to nanoscale structures. By controlling the structure at the nanoscale, we can therefore hope to control or enhance the ground state properties of materials through nanoscale engineering. This dream has motivated the development of ARPES with nanoscale spatial resolution (nanoARPES), in order to probe these effects. MAESTRO, the Microscopic and Electronic Structure Observatory, is a new synchrotron based user facility for the study of in situ prepared materials, including oxides, 2D van der Waals material, semiconductors, metals, and surfaces. With a combination of three ARPES microscopes with complementary spatial/energy/momentum resolutions, and in situ sample preparation (molecular beam epitaxy, pulsed laser deposition, and micro-mechanical sample transfer) we are able to examine the relationship between electronic structure and topology with unprecedented spatial resolution, currently around 100nm, with 50 nm performance on the horizon.
As an example, I will show the spatially resolved electronic structure of two-dimensional metal dichalcogenide heterostructures of WS2, graphene, BN and TiO2 [1, 2]. Among the findings is a striking renormalization of the spin-orbit splitting of the WS2 valence band, which can be controlled by chemical doping or by choice of substrate. This is attributed to the impact of trion (charged exciton) formation on the self-energy of carriers in WS2. We have also observed modifications in the electronic structure of “twisted” layers of WS2 on graphene. Such twisted heterostructures are garnering a lot of attention due to the possibility of engineering novel electronic structures.
[1] Katoch, J. et al (2018). “Giant spin-splitting and gap renormalization driven by trions in single-layer WS2/h-BN heterostructures.” Nature Physics, 14, 355–359. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-017-0033-4
[2] S. Ulstrup et al (2019), “Imaging microscopic electronic contrasts at the interface of single-layer WS2 with oxide and boron nitride substrates.” Applied Physics Letters, 114, 151601 (2019). https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.5088968
[3] S. Ulstrup et al (2019), “Direct observation of mini-bands in twisted heterobilayers.” arxiv.org/abs/1904.06681
3:30 PM - FF01.09.05
Nanostructures, Defects and Stripes in Black Phosphorus
Shawna Hollen1
University of New Hampshire1
Show AbstractBlack phosphorus is one of the most promising 2D semiconductors because of its layer-dependent bandgap and high mobility carriers. Its corrugated crystal structure also creates a unique electronic anisotropy which may create opportunities for novel angle-dependent electronic and optoelectronic devices. Native defects and their impact on the electronic structure of 2D semiconductors are understudied, especially when compared to defects in 3D semiconductors. Additionally, the degradation of black phosphorus in air, which is likely exacerbated by defects, creates a major limitation to applications. This talk will present scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy studies of surface structures in black phosphorus, including defects, nanoscale stripes, and islands. We will use a temperature-dependent study of the native defects in black phosphorus to compare defect hopping rates at different temperatures to theoretical expectations. Additionally, we will present data on nanometer-scale black phosphorus islands, created by partially sublimating the top layers of the crystal. These islands appear to lose their crystallinity as they shrink to 10s of nanometers in diameter. Finally, we will present newly observed periodic, 5 nm stripes, whose appearance depends strongly on temperature. The voltage dependence of these stripes suggests an electronic superstructure. We will present the data and possible interpretations of this new superstructure.
4:00 PM - FF01.09.06
Control of Orientation, Location and Interfacial Defects in 3D Nanocrystals Grown on 2D Materials
Kate Reidy1,Joachim Thomsen2,1,Thang Pham1,Frances Ross1
Massachusetts Institute of Technology1,Technical University of Denmark2
Show AbstractA fundamental understanding of the coupling and interfacial phenomena between two-dimensional (2D) atomic layers and their 3D bulk material adjuncts is necessary for the continued and rapid development of 2D material design and device architectures. The structure and defects at the 2D/3D interface influence properties such as contact resistance, photoresponse and high frequency performance, and offer opportunities for tuning band alignment to enable drastic changes in function and properties beyond those of the individual materials. A detailed understanding of how interface structure develops during growth and how it may be modified by post-growth processing can help guide efforts to create interfaces with specific characteristics. Here we focus on an important class of interfaces between 2D and 3D materials, the structures formed when nanoscale metal islands are deposited on 2D layers. We image the structure of these interfaces during and after growth with in situ ultra-high vacuum (UHV) transmission electron microscopy (TEM). We have examined both noble and highly reactive metals (e.g. Au, Ag, Cr, Ti, Nb) deposited on a variety of 2D van der Waals materials (Gr, hBN, MoS2, WSe2 and Bi2Te3).
Samples consisting of suspended 2D membranes or heterostacks are pre-annealed in UHV at 550 C to minimize surface contamination. Metals are then deposited by evaporation and imaged without breaking vacuum. Imaging is also carried out during post-growth annealing. This procedure allows for observations of reactive metals such as Nb that would otherwise oxidize before imaging. We find that the metals exhibit equilibrium nanoisland morphologies and dynamics that are different from those seen on ‘uncleaned’ 2D material samples. Combining spatially and temporally resolved in situ TEM movies with post-growth atomic resolution analytical TEM, we measure the crystal orientation, growth morphology and modulated periodic local strain fields of the deposited nanoislands. We will describe a systematic study of several metals under varying deposition parameters that shows the transformation from dendritic growth to compact, faceted single crystal growth, tailoring growth parameters favourable for heterostructure contacts. We also find that some metals, although not epitaxial on initial deposition, can be epitaxially templated by pre-deposition of another metal such as Au, resulting in single crystal nanoisland arrays. To further predict and optimise interface morphology, we quantify the effect of 2D defects on the nucleation sites of nanoislands using both intrinsic defect density mapping and samples that are pre-patterned using helium ion microscopy. Combining the factors of deposition conditions, templating and nucleation control greatly enhances routes towards self-assembled and tailored interface design. We describe steps towards numerical analysis that ultimately aim towards a comprehensive description of both the atomic scale growth and kinetics at these material interfaces, and their resulting strain fields, defects, and dislocations. We also describe possibilities for measuring the electronic properties of interfaces that were specifically characterized in situ. We believe that achieving control of 2D/3D interfacial structure and dynamics will facilitate systematic design of contacts, heterostructures, and coupled materials for future devices with distinct properties and applications.
4:15 PM - FF01.09.07
Determining the 3D Atomic Coordinates and Crystal Defects in 2D Materials with Picometer Precision
Dennis Kim1,Xuezeng Tian1,Shize Yang2,Christopher Ciccarino3,Yongji Gong4,Yongsoo Yang1,Yao Yang1,Yakun Yuan1,Pulickel Ajayan4,Juan-Carlos Idrobo5,Prineha Narang3,Jianwei Miao1
University of California, Los Angeles1,Brookhaven National Laboratory2,Harvard University3,Rice University4,Oak Ridge National Laboratory5
Show AbstractTo understand the structure-property relationship of 2D materials and heterostructures at the fundamental level, defects and crystalline imperfections need to be accounted for with high precision. AET allows the determination of 3D atomic structure of crystal defects and disorder systems and has recently been advanced to capture nucleation at 4D atomic resolution. However, AET has thus far been limited to metallic nanoparticles and needle-shaped samples. We have developed scanning atomic electron tomography (sAET) to localize the 3D atomic coordinates in 2D materials and heterostructures with picometer precision. Using a Re-doped MoS2 monolayer, we demonstrated the sAET method and determined the 3D atomic coordinates with picometer precision and identified 3D crystal defects such as dopants, vacancies and atomic-scale ripples. We measured the 3D atomic displacement and the full strain tensor of the Re-doped MoS2 and observed strong correlations between local atomic strains and Re, and S vacancy concentrations. Furthermore, the experimental 3D atomic coordinates were used as direct input to DFT calculations to correlate crystal defects with the electronic band structure at the single-atom level. We observed stark differences between the band structures obtained from the experimental and relaxed atomic models. The local atomic strains from Re-dopants were found to drastically alter the overall electronic properties and was corroborated by photoluminescence spectra measurements. We also demonstrate the capabilities of the sAET method through accurate reconstructions and 3D atomic coordinate determination of a multislice simulated MoSe2-WSe2 moire patterned van der Waals heterostructure. We anticipate that sAET is not only generally applicable to the determination of the 3D atomic coordinates of 2D materials, heterostructures and thin films, but also could transform ab initio calculations by using experimental atomic coordinates as direct input to reveal more realistic physical, material, chemical and electronic properties.
4:30 PM - FF01.09.08
Nanoscale Electrical Mapping of Vertically Stacked Heterostructures
Manoj Tripathi1,Xiang Zhang2,Matthew Large1,Sean Ogilvie1,Yuanyang Rong1,Peter Lynch1,Frank Lee1,Antonios Michail3,Anestopoulos Dimitris3,John Parthenios4,Konstantinos Papagelis3,Aline Amorim Graf1,Alice King1,Jonathan Salvage5,Nicola Pugno6,7,8,Pulickel Ajayan2,Alan Dalton1
University of Sussex1,Rice University2,Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki3,Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences4,University of Brighton5,University of Trento6,Queen Mary University of London7,Ket Lab, Edoardo Amaldi Foundation8
Show AbstractThe stacking of heterogeneous 2D materials using transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDC) allows the development of the hybrid artificial structures for unique application of tuned physical, electrical and optical properties1. The artificial integration of heterogeneous sheets has produced abundant functionalities in the hybrid structure through interface engineering2. Hence, hetero-junction hybrids are incredibly favourable to fabricate p-n junction, tunneling FET, memory devices and other optoelectronics devices3. Some of the crucial contributions of hetero-layer devices is controlled doping, bandgap tailoring and modulation of Schottky barrier height without the implementation of conventional dopant diffusion, ion implantation and laser treatment4 that leads to crystal damage and surface defect5. Nevertheless, stacked heterogeneous structures are susceptible to mechanical strain, interfacial charge transfer and unpinning of Fermi energy level through inter-layer van der Waals interaction. Thus, it has become pivotal to decouple the contribution between the electrical and mechanical properties of the overlapped heterogenous structure to fabricate flexible electronics.
The present work demonstrates nanoscale electrical properties and interfacial characteristics of two versatile heterogeneous stacked structures beyond graphene; WS2/MoS2 and the graphene/MoS2. The interactions of the monolayer MoS2 with WS2 and graphene is collated comprehensively for the mobility of charges, doping and work function. The topping of conductive graphene over the pyramidal arrangement of MoS2 sheets up to three layers revealed the unpinning of Fermi energy level at different step-edges of the hybrid structure. Consequently, the work function and the amount of charge transfer was found different at each layer of the hybrid structure. The nanoscale conductivity map showed the higher values of currents/area (nA/µm2) in graphene/MoS2 configuration at thicker MoS2 layers. Therefore, a transition from indirect to direct band gap in the CVD MoS2 increases the charge mobility at the interface. Finally, we deconvoluted the strain in the hybrid structure from doping by Raman correlation plots6 for E2g Vs A1g and G Vs 2D peaks for TMDC (MoS2 and WS2) and graphene Raman modes, respectively. This investigation will address to establish a functional method to tailor the nanoscale electrical and mechanical properties of the scalable engineered 2D heterostructure for high-performance flexible electronics.
References:
1. L. Britnell, R. M. Ribeiro, et al., Science, 2013, 340, 1311-4.
2. Y. Gong, J. Lin, et al., Nature Materials, 2014, 13, 1135.
3. B. W. Baugher, H. O. Churchill, et al., Nature Nanotechnology, 2014, 9, 262.
4. M. Tripathi, A. King, et al., ACS Omega, 2018, 3, 17000-9.
5. M. Tripathi, F. Awaja, et al., ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2018, 10, 44614-23.
6. A. Michail, et al., 2D Materials, 2018, 5, 035035.
4:45 PM - FF01.09.09
Direct Measurement of Gap States Energy Distribution and Fermi Level Pinning in MoS2 Monolayers and Multilayers
Yossi Rosenwaks1,Ronen Dagan1,Yhonatan Vaknin1
Tel Aviv University1
Show AbstractTransition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs) are promising materials for beyond silicon electronics due to their unique electrical, including tunable band gap in the visible regime, mechanical and thermal properties. The electronic quality of such materials is highly effected by lattice impurities, such as Sulfur vacancies and other atomic defects which generates atomic gap states in TMDs, as well as the semiconductor/oxide interface imperfection.
To-date, even though some recent progress has been reported, the study and understanding of gap states in TMDs materials and devices is very limited. First, reliable, sensitive and quantitative methods to measure the concentration and energy distribution of such states are not fully developed. Second, fundamental issues surrounding the origin of gap states in TMDs materials are not known, and relatively very little is reported about the effect of these states on electronic device properties.
In this work, we use Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM) under inert atmosphere to measure the gap states concentration, their energy distribution and Fermi level pinning in MoS2 monolayers and multilayer transistors. The method is based on applying back gate voltage to a working MoS2 Field Effect Transistors in-operando. The voltage applied to the back gate induce injection of electrons/holes into the transistor channel; these charge carriers populate the gap states and consequently change the Fermi level position1. The Fermi level energy is measured directly by the KPFM, and the gap states energy distribution is then extracted using the injected charge concentration obtained from the transistor capacitance as described in our previous works1. We have measured the gap states of both MoS2 monolayers and multilayers exfoliated on SiO2 and found that in monolayers the Fermi level is unpinned throughout most of the energy gap, and the states distribution is fairly constant at a concentration of around 1018 cm-3 eV-1. In samples which are several multilayers thick, the states distribution decays exponentially from the conduction band edge similar to our measured bulk samples. Gap states measurements at the interfaces of MoS2 with other dielectrics will be presented and discussed.
Tal, O., Rosenwaks, Y., Preezant, Y., Tessler, N., Chan, C. K. & Kahn, A.. Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, (2005).
FF01.10: Poster Session II: Beyond Graphene 2D Materials—Synthesis, Properties and Device Applications II
Session Chairs
Zakaria Al Balushi
Deep Jariwala
Olga Kazakova
Amber McCreary
Wednesday AM, December 04, 2019
Hynes, Level 1, Hall B
8:00 PM - FF01.10.02
Piezo-Phototronic Effect Enhanced High-Performance Flexible In1−xSnxSe Photodetector
Christy Roshini Paul Inbaraj1,2,3,Roshan Jesus Mathew1,2,Raman Sankar3,Yit-Tsong Chen3,Chih-Hao Lee1,Yang-Fang Chen3
National Tsing Hua University1,Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica2,National Taiwan University3
Show AbstractPiezoelectricity is widely considered to be one of the emerging research fields owing to its promising applications in diverse areas including sensors, nanogenerators, energy harvesting, and biomedical devices. Recent studies on the piezoelectricity in two-dimensional materials show remarkable features for manipulating band structure and many important physical characteristics. Here, we demonstrate the piezo-phototronic property observed in the In1-xSnxSe flexible photodetector, where the performance of the device can be tuned by applying systematic mechanical strain. The piezoelectric property and changes in the band gap of the material were carefully studied with several spectroscopic analysis under strained conditions. Quite interestingly, we discover that in the fabricated In1-xSnxSe device, the dark and photo drain-source current can be increased by 5-fold under a bending strain of 2.7 %, which shows a great promise for the design of high performance, multifunctional device as strain sensor and photodetector. The maximum photoresponsivity and strain sensitivity are obtained as 1037 AW-1 and 206, respectively, which outperform the flexible devices in the same class of two-dimensional materials. In addition, we show that the few-layer In1-xSnxSe devices can be attached on a freeform surface with high performance. Thus, our designed multifunctional device is very useful for the development of advanced applications to circumvent the requisite demand for emerging technologies.
8:00 PM - FF01.10.03
Contact Resistance Engineering in MoS2 Using Hexagonal Boron Nitride
Taesoo Kim1,2,Hyun Kim1,Young Hee Lee1,3
Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), 16419,1,Sungkyunkwan University2,Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU)3
Show AbstractMolybdenum disulphide (MoS2), one of the most widely applicable transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) is known to have high electron mobility at room temperature as well as optical property for monolayer. The band gap of single layer MoS2 shows direct transition which values ~1.8 eV [1] is believed to be the source of its rectifying behavior. MoS2 shows Schottky behavior when it is electrically contacted to metal by forming Schottky barrier (SB) at metal/MoS2 interface. The potential barrier at the interface is directly related to contact resistance which should be minimized to achieve lower power consumption for high device performance. Many efforts to engineer contact resistance at the metal/TMD interface such as adopting low work function metal for contact [2], doping the channel material with molecular dopant [3], transferring conductive layer at the contact/channel interface [4] and introducing thin insulating material on top of the channel [5] have been reported. In this study, we used centimetre-scale synthesized hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) on top of the MoS2 channel layer in order to take advantage of absence of fermi level pinning which is considered to be a main reason of forming high Schottky barrier at the interface.
[1] R. Kappera et al, Nature Mater. 13, (2014) 1128 - 1134
[2] S. Das et al, Nano Lett, 13(1) (2013)pp 100 - 105
[3] Y. Du et al, IEEE ELECTRON DEVICE LETTERS, 34(10) (2013) 1328 - 1330
[4] X. Cui et al, Nature Nanotechnol 10, (2015) 534 – 540
[5] S. Lee et al, Nano Lett, 16(1), (2016) pp 276 – 281
8:00 PM - FF01.10.04
Light-Induced Local Reconfigurable Doping of 2D van der Waals Semiconductor
Seung-Young Seo1,2,Gunho Moon1,2,Jaehyun Park1,2,Moon-Ho Jo1,2
Pohang University of Science and Technology1,Institute for Basic Science2
Show AbstractThe development of fast and reliable doping techniques of two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals (vdW) semiconductors are required for next generation 2D circuit fabrication. Many attempts are being reported, but such techniques are still hard to find. Here we demonstrated that light illumination can induce chemical doping on channel of 2D semiconductor molybdenum ditelluride (2H-MoTe2). Moreover, the doping carrier types are selective by controlling the light illumination conditions such as wavelength and optical intensity. We found that the channel was doped to p-type under visible light illumination, whereas to n-type under ultraviolet light illumination. This light induced doping process is fast and reliable, so it can be used to assemble various functional devices or circuit elements. As a representative example, we demonstrated that we could directly write 2D CMOS inverter consisting of n- and p-type FET channels. Moreover, this CMOS inverter can also be easily converted to a CMOS switch using laser illumination.
8:00 PM - FF01.10.05
Transferrable, Thermal-Conductive and Optical-Enhancing Boron Nitride Film
Yujin Han1,Nammyoung Cho1,Hyeuk-Jin Han1,2,Moohyun Kim1,Hunhee Lim1,Yeon Sik Jung1
KAIST1,Yale University2
Show AbstractHexagonal Boron Nitride (BN) exhibits its own unique sets of properties, such as high chemical and thermal stability, transparency to visible light, electrical insulativity, and high thermal conductivity. The latter two properties are unique because of their contradictory nature, which attracts great attention for thermal dissipation applications. Furthermore, combined with the fact that BN is transparent to visible light, it has great potential to be used as a thermal conductive layer in light entrance part of optoelectronic devices.
In order for BN to exhibit high thermal conductivity and transparency to visible light, it needs to be densely stacked and aligned along the horizontal direction to suppress backward scattering of phonons and photons. However, fabrication of this aligned structure faces several processing challenges. Although liquid-phase deposition methods such as ink-jet printing and spray coating offer good scalability, they usually lack uniformity and poor adhesion due to the coffee ring effect and BN nanosheets crumpling.
Herein, we propose a new fabrication method of high-performance BN films by combining the vacuum-filtration and transfer-printing. The process is facile, rapid, and applicable to various substrates having thickness scalability with higher functionality compared to conventional deposition techniques. Controlled vacuum-filtration enables BN nanosheets, which is immediately followed by transfer-printing based on solvent-evaporation-induced adhesion-switching between BN-membrane and BN-substrate interfaces. The fabricated BN films with a few micron thickness has compact, anisotropically aligned nanostructure, achieving an unusually high thermal conductivity over 23W/m.K and optical transparency over 90%. Additionally, thermal dissipation effect of the BN layer characterized with simple joule heating apparatus. Finally, we report that the transfer-printed BN has an outstanding light diffusion property that optically enhances the performance of various optoelectronic applications including LEDs, thin film solar cells and organic dyes by facilitating both light out-coupling and absorption.
8:00 PM - FF01.10.06
Controlled Nanostructuring on MoS2 Layers by Focused Laser Irradiation—Exploration of Its Electrical Properties
Renu Rani1
Institute of Nano Science and Technology1
Show AbstractMoS2 nanostructures, i.e., nanoribbons, nano-mesh, etc., may open different prospect of applications in nano-electronic and opto-electronic devices and sensors. However, the fabrication of these complicated nanostructures can be executed by using standard nano-patterning techniques such as lithography, printing, etc. Nevertheless, these standard techniques involve affluent multistep processes to optimize scalability, form factors and accuracy in the feature size. Here, we demonstrate the fabrication of unique nano-structures on MoS2, such as nano-ribbons and nano-mesh, by a simple one-step process of direct laser writing using 532 nm low power focused laser. The minimum power required to etch a MoS2 layer for a 532nm laser is found to be nearly 6.95 mW and the minimum void size observed is nearly 300 nm, which is very close to the diffraction limit of the laser used. Both the experimental and computational results have shown that the voids induced by laser etching always take a hexagonal or triangular shape, which can be used to define crystal orientation of the MoS2 flake. Investigation shows that the periphery of hexagonal voids lies on S atoms, whereas for triangular voids, it lies on Mo atoms of the MoS2 crystal. In-depth AFM and Raman analysis show that the etching rate is tunable by controlling the laser power and the exposure time. We have also demonstrated the unique electrostatic properties of MoS2 nanostructures, fabricated in a controlled manner of different geometries on 2D flake by using the above established technique (low power focused laser irradiation technique). Electrostatic force microscopy has been carried out on MoS2 nanostructures by varying tip bias voltage and lift height. The analysis depicts no contrast flip in phase image of the patterned nanostructure due to the absence of free surface charges. However, prominent change in phase shift at the patterned area is observed. Such contrast changes signify the capacitive interaction between tip and nanostructures at varying tip bias voltage and lift height, irrespective of their shape and size. Such unperturbed capacitive behavior of the MoS2 nanostructures offer modulation of capacitance in periodic array on 2D MoS2 flake for potential application in capacitive devices.
References:
1) Controlled Formation of Nanostructures on MoS2 Layers by Focused Laser Irradiation. R. Rani, D. Sharma, A. Kundu, N. Jena, A De Sarkar*, K. S Hazra*. Applied Physics Letters, 2017.
2) Modulating Capacitive Response of MoS2 Flake by Controlled Nanostructuring through Focused Laser Irradiation. R. Rani, A. Kundu, M. Balal, Goutam Sheet, K. S. Hazra*, Nanotechnology, 2018
8:00 PM - FF01.10.07
Role of Native Defects in Post-Synthesis Alloying of Transition Metal Dichalcogenides
Hossein Taghinejad1,Daniel Rehn2,Ali Eftekhar1,Xiang Zhang3,Sufei Shi4,Pulickel Ajayan3,Evan Reed2,Ali Adibi1
Georgia Institute of Technology1,Stanford University2,Rice University3,Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute4
Show AbstractPost-synthesis alloying is an important method for tailoring properties of two-dimensional (2D) transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs). In such a method, a binary crystal (i.e., MX2) serves as a host lattice in which the partial substitution of a native element (e.g., X) with a dissimilar counterpart (e.g., X’) yields a 2D alloy (i.e., MX’2xX2(1-x)) [1]. However, the detailed mechanism of the post-synthesis alloying in 2D TMDs is largely unknown. Here, we show that native vacancy-type defects play a major role in such an alloying scheme. In a case study, we use MoSe2 films as host crystals in which exchanging “Se” atoms with “S” atoms yields MoS2xSe2(1-x) alloys. Our study reveals that Se vacancies in host MoSe2 films (1) mediate the Se-S exchange process, and (2) further take part in the lateral diffusion of S atoms within the MoSe2 lattice. Accordingly, we show that alloying of CVD-grown MoSe2 with abundant Se vacancies is more efficient than that of exfoliated MoSe2 with fewer vacancies [2]. Practical consequences of this important conclusion will also be discussed.
[1] H. Taghinejad et. al “Strain Relaxation via Formation of Cracks in Compositionally Modulated Two-Dimensional Semiconductor Alloys,” npj 2D Mat. and App. (2018).
[2] H. Taghinejad et. al “Defect-Mediated Alloying of Monolayer Transition-Metal Dichalcogenides,” ACS Nano (2018).
8:00 PM - FF01.10.08
Ultrafast Coherent Lattice Vibrations in 1T’-MoTe2 Bulk Crystal
Takumi Fukuda1,Kotaro Makino2,Yuta Saito2,Paul Fons2,Alexander Kolobov2,3,Keiji Ueno4,Richarj Mondal3,Muneaki Hase5
University of Tsukuba1,National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)2,Faculty of Physics, Herzen State Pedagogical University3,Saitama University4,Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba5
Show AbstractFollowing the extensive investigation of the physical properties of two dimensional (2D) graphene, attention has turned to transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) as 2D-materials for fundamental physics and device engineering, owing to the wide variety of possible crystal structures due to the large number of accessible chemical combinations as well as unusually long lifetime carrier transport properties. Because of the possibility low energy phase switching, TMDCs can also be considered as promising candidates for high-performance phase-change materials in the next generation of nonvolatile memory. In particular, phase transitions between the monoclinic phase of 1T’-MoTe2 (being stable at room temperature, RT) and the orthorhombic phase Td-MoTe2 (being stable below 250K) structures may be useful as ultrafast symmetric switching [1], since their crystal structures are similar, except for distortions along the a- or b-axes. Very recently Zhang et al. examined photoinduced structural transitions in Td-MoTe2, showing subpicosecond lattice symmetry switching by means of second harmonic generation, although the related coherent lattice vibrations were not well observed at RT [2]. Here we investigate the dynamics of coherent lattice vibrations in the monoclinic 1T’ phase using femtosecond optical pump-probe spectroscopy at RT. Preliminary results show a total of seven coherent phonon modes, which are approximately consistent with the corresponding Raman active modes. Among these modes, however, the lowest frequency mode at 0.38 THz, unexpectedly observed at RT, is primarily thought to exist only in the Td phase along the shear layer direction. Moreover, unlike the other six optical phonon modes, the amplitude of the shear phonon mode decreases with increasing pump fluence. The shear phonon mode is key in breaking the lattice symmetry, which results in the formation of a topological Weyl semimetal phase. We argue that our data demonstrate a possible ultrafast structural modulation between 1T’ and Td phases upon excitation of a shear phonon mode at RT.
Ref.
[1] E. J. Sie et al., Nature Vol. 565, 61 (2018).
[2] M. Y. Zhang et al., Phys. Rev. X Vol.9, 021086 (2019).
8:00 PM - FF01.10.09
Highly Conductive, Flexible and Solution-Processed Two-Dimensional Titanium Carbide (MXene) Electrode for Organic Light-Emitting Diode under Alternating-Current Operation
Seokyeong Lee1,Euihyuk Kim1,Soyeon Baek1,Cheolmin Park1
Yonsei University1
Show AbstractMXenes (Ti3C2), a new class of the two-dimensional (2D) transition-metal carbides and nitride, are currently at the foremost of 2D materials research. MXenes are promising new materials for next generation electrodes of the other electronics, in which various properties are required, including conductivity, transparency, mechanical reliability and conformability. Among the classes of various MXene family, Ti3C2Tx MXene, that firstly introduced from Drexel University, exhibits metal-like conductivity and hydrophilic surface including majority terminal group (-OH). Although MXene has been widely used as an electrode in many electronic devices such as supercapacitors, sensors, and batteries, it has not been applied to light-emitting diode (LED) devices yet. Herein, we prepared MXene (Ti3C2) thin film electrode with transparency, high conductivity and flexible for operating Organic Light-Emitting diode. This OLED with MXene electrode are very unstable in DC (Direct Current) operation but shows stable property in AC (Alternating-Current) operation. Our AC-driven OLED based on MXene electrode shows a high performance than device made from other 2D materials capable of solution processing. Moreover, the MXene electrode prepared on the non-rigid substrate (PET) with solution-processing exhibited both physical stability and durability under mechanical deformation. Therefore, we expect that this new MXene (Ti3C2) electrode with solution processable 2D materials will provide tremendous potential to fabricate OLEDs toward high-performance, flexible, and transparent as well as a variety of other functionality.
8:00 PM - FF01.10.10
Wafer-Scale MXene Electrode Array for Large-Area Flexible Electronics
Benzheng Lyu1,Seongchan Kim1,Hong Gi Min2,Hyungseok Kang1,Jeong Ho Cho2
Sungkyunkwan University Advanced Institute of NanoTechnology1,Yonsei University2
Show AbstractMXene, an emerging category of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides and nitrides, have the potential to be high-performance and low-cost electrodes in organic field-effect transistor (OFET), due to the water dispersibility, the high conductivity, and the work function tunability. In this manuscript, we demonstrated a large-scale and uniform MXene electrode array formation on a plastic substrate for high-performance OFETs. The work function of MXene electrode was also effectively modulated through the chemical doping with NH3. The resulting OFETs with MXene electrodes exhibited the excellent device performances such as maximum carrier mobility of ~1 cm2 V-1 s-1 and on-off current ratio of ~107 for both p-type and n-type OFETs, even though all electrode and dielectric layers were fabricated using solution process onto the plastic substrate. Furthermore, the MXene electrode-based complementary logic circuits such as NOT, NAND, and NOR have been integrated using p-type and n-type OFETs. The proposed method is expected to expand the application of MXene in other OFETs-involved electronic devices such as organic light emitting display and electronic skin.
8:00 PM - FF01.10.11
Large Scale and Low-Temperature Synthesis of WS2 Using PECVD
Vinit Kanade1,Hyeong-U Kim2,Seokjun Hong1,Chaitanya Kanade1,Jae-Hyun Lee3,Tae Sung Kim1
Sungkyunkwan University1,Northwestern University2,Ajou University3
Show AbstractThe discovery of 2D graphene has attracted many researchers to synthesize a 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) materials. The TMDCs represented as MX2 (M stands for Mo or W, Nb, Ta, etc. and X= S, Se, etc.) has the covalent bonds between metal and chalcogens that form the three layers which are held together by a weak van der Waals force. The stable layered structure formations in TMDCs is achieved by the absence of out-of-plane dangling bonds. Tungsten Disulfide (WS2) is reported as one of the promising TMDC materials due to its various application in electronics, catalysis, optical, and other fields. The synthesis of WS2 was previously reported by multiple techniques such as mechanical exfoliation, chemical exfoliation, chemical vapor deposition, etc. The limited research in large scale and high-quality synthesis of WS2 materials restricts the use in the widescale application.
In this work, we are reporting the synthesis of a few layers WS2 using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) technique at relatively low temperature (300°C). The PECVD technology is utilized to grow WS2 thin film directly on the 4-inch Si-SiO2 wafer. The quality of a synthesized WS2 was confirmed using Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) mapping techniques. The thickness of the synthesized WS2 film was found to be around a few nanometers and showed multilayered structure (~5-6 layers). Our unique approach shows the distinct advantage of the synthesis of WS2 thin film with high uniformity and purity with reproducibility for mass production. Further, the WS2 thin film was used to check the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalytic performance with direct growth on the glassy carbon electrode. The PECVD synthesized WS2 shows promising HER performance comparable with previously reported materials.
8:00 PM - FF01.10.12
A New Class of Layered Nanocrystals from Aromatic Molecular Units
Isaiah Moses1,Veronica Barone1
Central Michigan University1
Show AbstractNovel two-dimensional(2D) materials in which simple molecular units are used as building blocks are currently being synthesized through bottom-up approaches. In this work, aromatic six-membered ring units, namely benzene, pyridine, phosphinine, arsinine, 1,3-diazine, 1,3,5-triazine and borazine are each utilized to build 2D graphene-like monolayers. Our density functional theory calculations revealed the stability of different 2D layers made out of heterocyclic molecular units, for the first time.
The electronic properties of the holey materials as well as band gap tuning resulting from the different stacking of consecutive layers are also examined.
This set of 2D materials presents a whole new class of layered nanostructures with great potentials for applications in areas such as catalysis, gas separation, optoelectronics, and nanoelectronics.
8:00 PM - FF01.10.13
Realization of 2D Crystalline Metal Nitrides via Selective Atomic Substitution
Jun Cao1,Tianshu Li1,Hongze Gao1,Xi Ling1
Boston University1
Show AbstractTwo-dimensional (2D) transition metal nitrides (TMNs) are emerging members in 2D family with promising potential for a range of applications. Their applications can be further extended to electronic and optoelectronic devices through the acquisition of high crystalline and large-area thin films. However, materials that meet such requirements have not been achieved using previous methods. Here, we report the synthesis of few-nanometer thin Mo5N6 crystals with satisfactory area and quality via chemical conversion of layered MoS2 crystals. The structure and quality of the ultrathin Mo5N6 crystal are confirmed using transmission electron microscope, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The lateral dimensions of Mo5N6 crystals are inherited from the MoS2 crystals that are used for the conversion. Atomic force microscopy characterization indicates that the thicknesses of Mo5N6 crystal reduce to about 1/3 of the MoS2 crystal, matching well with the crystal structure model. Electrical measurement shows the high conductivity of Mo5N6 (resistivity is 108.4 Ω/sq). In addition, this chemical conversion strategy is found versatile for the synthesis of various metal nitrides including W5N6, and TiN using their corresponding metal sulfides. Our strategy offers a new direction for preparing 2D TMNs with desired characteristics, opening a door for future exploration of fundamental physics and devices applications.
8:00 PM - FF01.10.14
Application of 2D Interlayer to β-Ga2O3 Optoelectronic Devices
Suhyun Kim1,Jihyun Kim1
Korea University1
Show AbstractRecent application of mechanical exfoliation method to beta-gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3) has allowed various device structures through integration with different two-dimensional (2D) materials. Combining the unique properties of β-Ga2O3 and 2D materials can yield higher performance in (opto)electronic devices. The direct ultrawide bandgap of 4.6-4.9 eV and the superior electrical breakdown field make β-Ga2O3 especially advantageous for solar-blind ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors and power devices. The mechanically exfoliated β-Ga2O3 nanobelts can also be easily stacked on to the 2D flakes to form van der Waals heterostructures without any strain issues through dry transfer techniques just like other 2D materials; an exceptionally large lattice constant along one direction in β-Ga2O3 crystal structure allows easy mechanical cleavage along (100) direction. Therefore, the excellent electronic properties, high transparency or the atomic thickness of 2D layered materials such as graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDC) and hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) can be used to develop β-Ga2O3 device structures.
In this work, a 2D material was applied as an interlayer between the electrodes and channel of β-Ga2O3 devices, and the UV photoresponse properties of the fabricated devices based on van der Waals heterostructure were analyzed. First, hBN can be applied to β-Ga2O3 metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) type UV photodetector. hBN, which is a 2D insulating material, can be used as a thin barrier in addition to the Schottky barrier between the source electrode and the channel to lower the dark current of the photodetector. Graphene with very high electrical conductivity can also be applied as UV-transparent electrodes to enhance the photocurrent of the MSM photodetector. Secondly, a 2D TMDC such as molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) can be used to modify the contact properties and observe the effects on the photoresponse properties of β-Ga2O3 devices. Inserting a 2D interlayer between the metal and β-Ga2O3 would reduce the Schottky barrier and thus improve the ohmic properties of the metal contacts on β-Ga2O3. Further results and discussion will be presented in detail.
8:00 PM - FF01.10.15
Multiple Heterojunction Negative Differential Transconductance Device for Realization of Multi-Valued Logic Circuits
Hyeonje Son1,Young Jae Kim1,Haeju Choi1,Sung Kyu Jang1,Jin-Hong Park1,Sungjoo Lee1,2
Sungkyunkwan University Advanced Institute of NanoTechnology1,Sungkyunkwan University2
Show AbstractRecently, 2D material based multi-valued logic circuits, which can reduce power consumption and complexity of integrated circuits compared to binary logic circuits, have received significant attention in an effort to overcome fundamental limits of conventional silicon technology. Based on the development of 2D material preparation processes, heterogeneous integration of 2D materials can be simply achieved for logic gate design. However, reported three-valued NOT gates (ternary inverters) based on 2D materials require limited condition and/or complex fabrication process for obtaining distinctive three logic states. Here, we demonstrate CMOS ternary inverter circuit consisting of a series connection of three-heterogeneous 2D transistors (WSe2-MoTe2-MoS2). Due to the ambipolar nature of MoTe2 channel, which can drive both n-type transistor and p-type transistor depending on the applied gate voltage range, distinctive three logic states can be obtained by complementary operation between WSe2/MoTe2 heterojunction transistor and MoTe2/MoS2 heterojunction transistor. Furthermore, a quaternary inverter based on 2D multiple heterojunction is demonstrated by controlling trans-conductance of a part of MoTe2 channel via spatially controllable surface charge transfer doping method.
8:00 PM - FF01.10.16
MOVPE of Large-Scale WS2-Graphene and MoS2-Graphene 2D-2D Heterostructures for Optoelectronic Applications
Annika Grundmann1,Clifford McAleese2,Ben Conran2,Andrew Pakes2,Kenneth Teo2,Michael Heuken1,3,Holger Kalisch1,Andrei Vescan1
RWTH Aachen University1,AIXTRON Ltd2,AIXTRON SE3
Show AbstractTwo-dimensional (2D-2D) heterostructures combine the unique intrinsic chemical, physical and (opto)electronic properties of different types of 2D materials. Not hampered by restrictions of lattice matching, this allows for tailored heterostructure designs for (opto)electronic devices and circuits. The semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) WS2 is interesting due to its direct bandgap in the visible range in combination with a high radiative quantum efficiency. Unlike graphene, WS2 has a large optical absorption coefficient (105-106 cm-1), thus its implementation is an ideal method to increase the external quantum efficiency of e.g. graphene-based optoelectronic detectors. Similarly, the TMDC MoS2 could complement graphene-based electronics by a transistor channel material that can be pinched off efficiently.
The main preparation strategy of such 2D-2D heterostructures has been sequential stacking of the layered materials using wet or dry transfer methods. However, those mostly complicated transfer processes generate defects and leave residues at the interfaces of the stacked materials. In recent years, the well-established technique of metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) has been used to deposit several types of 2D materials. MOVPE enables the development of a reproducible and scalable deposition process for high-quality 2D-2D heterostructures. Here, we investigated key process parameters, including growth temperatures, pressures and growth times for the single-step deposition of 2D-WS2 and -MoS2 on CVD (chemical vapor deposition)-graphene using MOVPE.
Monolayer and bilayer/multilayer graphene films were directly grown on sapphire (0001) using an AIXTRON CCS 2D system in 19 x 2" configuration. The metal-free CVD process was carried out at 1400 °C for 6 minutes using CH4 with N2 as carrier gas. The deposition of MoS2 and WS2 on these graphene samples was performed in an AIXTRON planetary hot-wall reactor in 10 x 2" configuration. Tungsten hexacarbonyl (WCO), molybdenum hexacarbonyl (MCO) and di-tert-butyl sulfide (DTBS) were used as metalorganic precursors (avoiding toxic hydride sources) and N2 as carrier gas. All samples were characterized using Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM).
WS2 was deposited for 20 h at 845 °C and 30 hPa on the different graphene samples. Deposition on monolayer graphene results in triangular domains up to 800 nm and a surface coverage of about 64 % whereas deposition on bilayer/multilayer graphene leads to crystallites up to 1.5 µm in size and 60 % surface coverage. Extending growth to 30 h yields nearly no increase of the monolayer WS2 domain size on neither monolayer nor bilayer/multilayer graphene, but an enhanced bilayer WS2 nucleation. Thus, the surface coverage increases only slightly up to about 71 % for monolayer and 67 % for bilayer/multilayer graphene. A rise of the total pressure at lower growth temperature (550 °C) in 10 h processes increases the domain size from about 140 nm (30 hPa) to 660 nm (200 hPa).
Using the same initial process parameters (845 °C, 30 hPa) for MoS2 growth for 24 h, we find an enhanced lateral growth rate compared to WS2. This is the same trend as previously observed for growth directly on sapphire. The MoS2 monolayers are nearly fully coalesced on all graphene samples (> 98 % surface coverage). Unlike the growth of WS2 on graphene or both TMDC directly on H2-desorbed sapphire, MoS2 crystallites exhibit a distinct hexagonal structure when deposited onto graphene. Only MoS2 crystallites from secondary nucleation, which grow on top of monolayer MoS2 domains, are also of hexagonal shape. The hexagonal shape generally hints on a close-to-ideal stochiometry at the crystallite edges and the absence of a significant substrate influence. Unlike the deposition of MoS2 and WS2 on sapphire, MoS2 and WS2 domains on graphene do not show any preferred orientation.
8:00 PM - FF01.10.17
High Current Gains in Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors Based on 2D Materials
Geonyeop Lee1,Janghyuk Kim1,Suhyun Kim1,Jihyun Kim1
Korea University1
Show AbstractTwo-dimensional materials (2DM) have received great attention because of their unique electrical, mechanical and optical properties. Especially, the weak van der Waals interaction and atomically sharp interface without dangling bonds make 2DMs suitable for heterojunction devices. Therefore, 2DMs-based heterojunction devices can avoid the problems of lattice constant mismatch and show high-performance compared to those fabricated by conventional epitaxy. Studies on heterojunction-based devices based on 2DMs have mostly focused on fundamental structures such as a single p-n junction diode, but not on active devices like heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBT).
In our study, we successfully fabricated double HBTs (pnp or npn) by vertically stacking n-type or p-type 2DM flakes. P-type (Black phosphorus or WSe2) or n-type (MoS2) flakes were vertically stacked in order of npn or pnp on to SiO2/Si using a micro-manipulator. Then, electrodes (Ti/Au or Pt/Au) for the emitter, base, and collector were defined using standard e-beam lithography. The interface between each flake was clean without strain and bubbles as observed in the cross-sectional TEM images of the vertically stacked heterojunction structure. The formation of the two p-n junctions in base-emitter and base-collector was experimentally confirmed by the rectifying behavior in I-V characteristics. An npn double HBT showed excellent electrical characteristics with high current gain (β = ~100) which is comparable to those of conventional bipolar junction transistors. The detail of our experiment and results will be presented at the meeting.
8:00 PM - FF01.10.18
Dimensional Confinement of Magnetic Soliton Phase in Exfoliated 2D Cr1/3NbS2 Thin Flakes
Siwei Tang1,Randy Fishman2,Satoshi Okamoto2,Qiang Zou2,Anping Li2,David Mandrus3,Zheng Gai2
Central South University1,Oak Ridge National Laboratory2,The University of Tennessee, Knoxville3
Show AbstractThin flakes of Cr1/3NbS2 are fabricated successfully via microexfoliation techniques. Temperature-dependent and field-dependent magnetizations of thin flakes with various thicknesses are investigated. When the thickness of the flake is around several hundred nanometers, the softening and eventual disappearance of the bulk soliton peak is accompanied by the appearance of other magnetic peaks at lower magnetic fields. The emergence and annihilation of the soliton peaks are explained and simulated theoretically by the change in spin spiral number inside the soliton lattice due to dimensional confinement. Compared to the conventional magnetic states in nanoscale materials, the stability and thickness tunability of quantified spin spirals make Cr1/3NbS2 a potential candidate for spintronics nanodevices beyond Moore’s law.
8:00 PM - FF01.10.19
Wafer Scale Large Area ReS2 Photodiode by Sputtering
Dae Young Park1,Mun Seok Jeong1
Sungkyunkwan University1
Show AbstractAmong transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), rhenium disulfide (ReS2) has unique insensitive direct bandgap from monolayer to bulk [1]. Combining with this unique property and large area film fabrication technics can overcome the limitation of TMDCs. Herein, we synthesized polycrystalline ReS2 via solid state reaction route and then sputtering target was prepared using spark plasma sintering. Uniform ReS2 films were deposited on 2 inch wafer by sputtering with deposition temperature and time variations. Large area ReS2 films were characterized and its morphology and thickness can be controlled systematically by changing deposition temperature and time. Basic p-n diodes with p-Si and ReS2 film were fabricated and it demonstrated fast response time (7 us) and typical diode behaviors. These large area ReS2 films have potential to expand the applications of TMDCs.
8:00 PM - FF01.10.20
Density Functional Exploration of Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides from Fe-, Co-, Ni- and Cu-Groups
Rafael Besse1,Matheus P. Lima2,Juarez L. F. Da Silva3
São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo1,Federal University of São Carlos2,São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo3
Show AbstractTwo-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) exhibit unique properties which create a platform to investigate novel phenomena and point to their application in several fields, such as electronics, catalysis and energy storage [1,2]. TMDs from Ti-, V-, and Cr-groups are most easily obtained in layered crystal structures and have been extensively explored as 2D materials [3], however a large diversity of crystal structures is known for compounds with the remaining transition metals, and the exploration of the physical and chemical properties of 2D dichalcogenides based on transition metals from Fe-, Co-, Ni-, and Cu-groups has been very limited. Therefore, in order to design novel two-dimensional materials based on TMDs and explore their structural, energetic, and electronic properties, we performed an investigation of 36 MQ2 compositions (M = Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Os, Ir, Pt, Au; Q = S, Se, Te), by means of density functional theory calculations with semi-local and hybrid exchange-correlation functionals, and van der Waals (vdW) corrections. For each composition, a set of 11 crystal structures experimentally reported for TMDs, both with layered and non-layered frameworks, has been employed. We found that layered phases are energetically favored for Ni-group compositions, and the octahedral intralayer coordination is the most favored among the layered phases. The layered crystals of Fe- and Ni-group materials have weak interlayer binding, dominated by vdW interactions, whereas in the remaining materials a strong interlayer binding with non-vdW chemical bonds is observed. The electronic band gaps of the lowest energy phases were screened, and selecting the lowest energy layered structure for each compound, 17 semiconductors were identified among their monolayers, all based on the Fe- and Ni-groups transition metals. The conduction and valence band offsets of the semiconductor monolayers were obtained, and the trends originate primarily from the changes on the M-d and Q-p energy levels. Based on the band alignments, we applied the Anderson rule to classify the semiconductors heterojunctions formed with the combinations of these monolayers, which mainly fall in the type-II classification, although Ni-group layers are more prone to the formation of type-I junctions. To explore the potential of these materials for application in solar energy harvesting, the power conversion efficiencies of solar cells based on type-II heterostructures were estimated, and values comparable to and higher than those estimated for the widely studied Mo- and W-based TMDs were found. Our findings provide important information to guide the design and search for novel 2D TMDs and van der Waals heterostructures. We acknowledge financial support from grant 2017/11631-2, São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP). R. Besse is recipient of PhD fellowship, Grant 2017/09077-7, FAPESP.
[1]. R. Besse et al. J. Phys. Chem C 122, 20483-20488 (2018).
[2]. N.A.M.S. Caturello et a. J. Phys. Chem. C 122, 27059-27069 (2018).
[3]. C.M.O. Bastos, R. Besse, J.L.F. Da Silva, and G.M. Sipahi. Phys. Rev. Mater. 3, 044002 (2019).
8:00 PM - FF01.10.22
New Study of 2D Layered Structure Based 1D van der Waals Materials and Their Electrical Properties
Bum Jun Kim1,Hyung Kyu Lim1,Jae-Young Choi1
Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU)1
Show AbstractTwo-dimensional (2D) materials, such as graphene and transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDs), have activated enormous interests in exploration of van der Waals (vdW) materials. One of key features of 2D materials, which enables their high performance, is dangling bond-free surfaces, since interlayer bonds in these materials are vdW rather than covalent. However, dangling bonds on edges in 2D materials still act as scattering centers and recombination centers when scaled down to less than a few tens of nanometers. In recent years, interest in 2D vdW materials has expanded to include one-dimensional (1D) vdW structures that consist of vdW bonded molecular chains.There are two types of 1D vdW structures; a true 1D structure with a pure vdW inter-chain bond and a quasi 1D structure with additional non vdW bonds among molecular chains. Unlike the 2D vdW materials that yield 2D atomic sheets upon exfoliation, 1D vdW materials produce various 1D nanomaterials such as ribbons, wires, and molecular chains. These 1D materials could contribute to many interesting physics, such as topological insulator, charge-density waves, superconductor-insulator transitions, ultralong ballistic phonon transports, low-frequency electronic noise and molecular-scale connectivity
In this study, we synthesized a vdW1D nanomaterials on a bulk scale stacked with chain-like 1D materials. The as-grown single crystal materials contains numerous single chains linked by vdW interactions. It was confirmed that the bundle of chains can be easily separated by mechanical exfoliation. Interestingly, the isolated 1D materials exhibit a quasi-two-dimensional layered structure. The variation of the work function depends on the thickness of the layered structure, as determined by scanning Kelvin probe microscopy (SKPM) measurements. Moreover, we implemented a field effect transistor (FET) based on nanoscale vdW 2D materials stacked with chain-like single crystal 1D materials to determine proper metal electrode.
8:00 PM - FF01.10.23
Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenide(TMD)/Germanium Hybrid Photodiode
Youngseo Park1,Aujin Hwang1,Geonwook Yoo2,Junseok Heo1
Ajou University1,Soongsil University2
Show AbstractTwo-dimensional (2D) transitional metal dichalcogenide (TMD) such as MoS2 and WSe2 has been actively researched due to superior electrical and optical properties. Heterojunction of 2D based TMD and bulk semiconductor such as Silicon (Si), Germanium (Ge), and compound semiconductors, in particular, has attracted considerable attention in recent years due to new possibilities for the next-generation nanoelectronics and optoelectronics. Ge has large absorption coefficient at near IR, widely used in optoelectronics device. Combination of TMD and Ge will have a potential to absorb a broadband light. The broadband photodiodes with photosensitivity from UV to near IR can use various applications such as color imaging, night vision and environmental monitoring. In this work, we have investigated the electrical and optical characteristics of MoS2/p-Ge photodetector for broadband photodetection.
The fabrication starts with a deposition of 100 nm thick SiO2 on a cleaned p-Ge substrate by PECVD method. Some portions on the substrate were exposed using a wet chemical etching process to make the junction between MoS2 and Ge. Surface passivation of Ge was carried out in (NH4)2S solution (40-48 wt.% in H2O, Sigma-Aldrich) for 30 min at 90 °C. By conventional scotch tape method, few layers of MoS2 were mechanically exfoliated from bulk MoS2 (Graphene Supermarket, USA), and then they were transferred onto the substrate. 5/80 nm Ti/Au was deposited on the top surface of the SiO2 as the electrode for MoS2 by e-beam evaporation by conventional lift-off technique. Finally, 100 nm Al was deposited on the back of Ge.
The exposed area of the MoS2 flake is approximately 1.67 × 10-5 cm2. Electrical property of the device was characterized using a semiconductor analyzer (B1500A, Keysight, USA) in a dark box. I-V curve of the MoS2/Ge photodiode is measured from -10 V to 10 V. The device shows the excellent rectification characteristic with a rectification ratio up to approximately 104 within ±10 V. Threshold voltage is 4.07 V, higher than expected, due to barrier of junction by band pinning. I-V curves are measured for voltage ranging from -10 V to 10 V under incident power densities of 5, 15, and 50 mW/cm2 with 466 nm DPSS (Diode Pumped Solid State) laser in N2 ambience. We calculated photocurrent (Iph) from Iph = Ilight - Idark, where Ilight is the current with the incident laser and Idark is the current in the dark box, which is 0.52, 1.31, and 2.63 nA under the incident power densities of 5, 15, and 50 mW/cm2, respectively, at V = -10 V.
We calculated the responsivity (R) as a function of the wavelength, obtained from 400 nm to 700 nm with the voltage of -10 V using a monochromator. The responsivity is calculated as R = Iph/Pinc, where Pinc is the incident optical power. The responsivity shows a peak at 670 nm (174.4 mA/W). External quantum efficiency (EQE) is defined by R×hc/λ×q, where h is Planck’s constant, c is the velocity of light in vacuum, λ is the wavelength of the incident light, and q is the electronic charge. The obtained EQE peak is approximately 32.3% at 670 nm.
To confirm the response behavior about the incident light, the time-dependent current was measured under pulsed DPSS laser illumination (λ = 466 nm) with 5 mW/cm-2. To characterize the speed of the photodiode by rise time trise, we plotted the rise of photocurrent for turning on the laser light. The trise is 11 ms, which defines the time required for the current to increase from 10% to 90% of the average current for turning on the laser. At the falling edge, we confirm the fall time tfall of 15 ms, which defines as opposed to trise.
In conclusion, we have fabricated the p-Ge/MoS2 hybrid photodiode and characterized their electrical and optical properties. We observed the excellent rectification characteristic and the responsivity of wavelength from 400 nm to 700 nm. We will measure the responsivity of the wavelength above 1000 nm and present the corresponding characteristics.
8:00 PM - FF01.10.24
Transition Metal Dichalcogenide—Sensing Layer Heterojunctions Based Ion Sensitive Electrodes for Heavy Metal Sensing
Priya Vinayak1,Mohammed Samim Hassan1,Ajeet Singh1,Sameer Sapra1,Bhaskar Mitra1,Madhusudan Singh1
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi1
Show AbstractThe World Health Organization recognizes heavy metal toxicity arising from contaminated water supplies as a major challenge affecting millions of people worldwide, especially in rapidly developing economies of Asia. The maximum permissible limit for heavy metals has been identified as 3 ppm for Cd2+, 10 ppm for Pb2+, and 20 ppm for Ni2+. Low-cost methods relying on ion exchange of Cd detection include the use of chalcogenide glasses, nanomaterials, and polymers that exhibit limits of detection (LoD) ~ 0.1-3 ppm. It is thus possible to detect Cd ions at human health-relevant ppm levels reliably, but cross-sensitivities of sensing films to other ions such as Pb, Ni, etc. complicate the analysis. Further, while combinatorial sensing of different ions by using arrayed detectors is possible, followed by principal component analysis, each detector has to be independently fabricated before system-level integration and packaging that interfaces each detector to the analyte, and readout electronics. This complication can be addressed by using a common transducing layer composed of a high mobility two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD). The ion exchange process at the surface of the sensing layer is expected to produce changes in local charge densities due to analyte-driven changes in the local potential. These charges can be conducted laterally to contacts by the underlying TMD layer, incorporated in the nanoscale form in a spin-coated sensing film to form ion sensitive electrodes (ISEs). In this work, we have grown proof of concept nanoscale heterojunctions composed of two dimensional n-MoSe2 with a vertically grown p-Cu2S sensing layer using a colloidal synthesis route via defect passivation of MoSe2. Cu2S is chosen intentionally because the cation exchange between Cu+ and Cd2+ is known to be favored in an aqueous solution. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) data reveals the growth of hexagonal 2H MoSe2 nanosheets and a hexagonal close-packed array of Cu2S. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements were carried out on the dried sample to obtain a film thickness of approximately 1 nm. A micro glass slide was cleaned and bottom contacts (Cr (10 nm)/Au (50 nm)) were thermally evaporated through a shadow mask at a base pressure of 3.4 x 10-6 Torr. An ink composed of the nanoscale heterojunctions was spin-coated to form a uniform film to complete the ISE. The properties of the material have been tested by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements (with Pt as counter and Ag/AgCl as reference electrode on a PAR PMC 2000 electrochemical workstation) and open circuit potential measurements (Keithley 6514 system electrometer). A series of test solutions were prepared by spiking the electrolyte with [Cd2+] in the range ~[1mM, 1nM]. Charge transfer resistance values derived by fitting Randle's equivalent circuit to the Nyquist plots were found to be approximately 5.5 kΩ near the LoD. These resistance values decrease with the increasing [Cd2+] due to increasing cation exchange at the Cu2S/analyte interface. Open circuit potential measurements revealed that a ~20mV/decade [Cd2+] increase in potential was generated with respect to the Ag/AgCl reference electrode with increasing [Cd2+]. A linear response to a logarithmic rise in [Cd2+] is found for the sensing device with an estimated LoD ~0.1 ppm for this initial device. Through careful tailoring of the interface between the sensing layer and the underlying 2D TMD, the strength of the molecular interactions can be enhanced, resulting in greater sensitivity to the analyte.
8:00 PM - FF01.10.25
A Reconfigurable Remotely Epitaxial VO2 Electrical Heterostructure
Yuwei Guo1,Xin Sun1,Toh-Ming Lu1,Jian Shi1,2
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute1,Rensselaer Polytechnic Insitit2
Show AbstractThe reconfigurability of the electrical heterostructure featured with external variables, such as temperature, voltage and strain, enabled electronic/optical phase transition in functional layers has great potential for future photonics, computing and adaptive circuits. VO2 has been regarded as an archetypal phase transition building block with superior metal-insulator transition characteristics. However, reconfigurable VO2-based heterostructure and the associated devices are rare due to the fundamental challenge in integrating high quality VO2 in technologically important substrates. In this report, for the first time, we show the remote epitaxy of VO2 and the demonstration of a vertical diode device in graphene/epitaxial VO2/single crystalline BN/graphite structure with VO2 as a reconfigurable phase change material and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) as an insulating layer. By diffraction and electrical transport studies, we show that the remote epitaxial VO2 film exhibits higher structural and electrical quality than direct epitaxial one. In the reconfigurable diode, we find that the Fermi level change and spectral weight shift along with metal-insulator transition of VO2 could modify the transport characteristics. The work suggests the feasibility of developing single crystalline VO2-based reconfigurable heterostructure with arbitrary substrates and sheds light on designing novel adaptive photonics and electrical devices and circuits.
8:00 PM - FF01.10.26
Confinement Heteroepitaxy and Electrochemical Properties of 2D Metals
Ana de la Fuente Duran1,Natalie Briggs1,Derrick Butler1,Joshua Robinson1,Aida Ebrahimi1
The Pennsylvania State University1
Show AbstractAir-stable, crystalline, atomically-thin metals can be realized at the epitaxial graphene (EG)/silicon carbide (SiC) interface through a method termed confinement heteroepitaxy (CHet). This EG/SiC interface plays a crucial role in the creation of crystalline, 2-dimensional (2D) metals, and it provides a unique environment in which material structures with mixed interfacial van der Waals and covalent bonding can be formed. Through this thermal evaporation-based technique, intercalation of group-III elements (Ga, In) through epitaxial graphene can be achieved to create atomically-thin layers at the EG/SiC interface.
CHet is a unique EG intercalation method as it utilizes graphene defects and high-pressure (1-700 Torr) thermal evaporation. In this intercalation method, graphene defects created through exposure to O2 plasma serve as entry points for a metal that is vaporized at high temperatures (>700°C). The defective graphene layers that result from plasma treatment correlate with the increase of the Raman D:G peak intensity ratios seen between as-grown and plasma-treated EG. During intercalation, the engineered graphene defects are shown to heal. This can be observed in the significantly decreased Raman D peak intensity measured post-intercalation. Regardless of the metal intercalated, CHet also produces a 3-4× increase in the Raman G peak intensity. This effect is attributed to plasmonic resonance. Due to their potential for high optical sensitivity and tailorability, 2D metals are promising materials for plasmonic applications.
Developing efficient photosynthetic systems that can economically convert solar energy into chemical energy on a large scale is crucial for the realization of a sustainable economy. The production of hydrogen gas by reducing water is a promising solar energy conversion technique, and it has been extensively researched in semiconductor-based photoelectrochemical devices. Semiconductors are often the foundation for solar energy-harvesting technologies because they have the ability to effectively capture photons. Due to the reflective properties of bulk metals, they are not generally used for such applications. Metals on the nanoscale, however, have proven to be effective at trapping photons due to local surface plasmon resonance. Research involving plasmon-induced charge separation for photocatalysis without the use of semiconducting materials is limited. Here, we explore how 2D allotropes of 3D metals perform as photocatalysts and how their tunable plasmonic properties can play a role in developing reaction selectivity.
In order to test the photocatalytic performance of the 2D metals realized through CHet, a white-light source is utilized in conjunction with a three-electrode system in an electrochemical cell. Because plasmons can decay via uphill electron transfer to a chemical species in direct contact, plasmon-induced charge separation (PICS) can be utilized to convert light energy into electrochemical energy. If the induced charge separation is large enough, it can generate an electronic potential that is suitable to drive the electrochemical production of fuels such as hydrogen gas. Standard measurements including electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and linear sweep voltammetry completed with and without the use of light serve to elucidate the plasmonic properties of 2D metals and the role that PICS can play in catalyzing reactions that yield carbon-neutral fuels.
8:00 PM - FF01.10.27
Enhancement in Photo-Detecting Performance of Multilayer MoS2 Phototransistors by Reduction Treatment with Tannic Acid
Sujin Jung1,I Sak Lee1,Byung Ha Kang1,Seong In Hong1,Jusung Chung1,Hyukjoon Yoo1,Sunkook Kim2,Hyun Jae Kim1
Yonsei University1,Sungkyunkwan University2
Show AbstractRecently, two-dimensional nano-materials such as graphene and transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) have been explored with substantial interest due to their potential in various applications including nanoelectronics, optoelectronics, and bioelectronics. One type of TMDCs, molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) is regarded as a promising material for optoelectronic application because MoS2 has tuneable bandgap whose range is from 1.2 eV for monolayer to 1.8 eV for multi-layer. Despite the proper band gap energy for absorbing wide-range of light covering from visible light to ultraviolet, the phototransistors based on MoS2 channel layer have some issues regarding relatively low photoresponsivity and photosensitivity due to their low efficiency of light absorption resulting from ultrathin channel layer. In this sense, intensive efforts have been widely devoted on improving the photo-related characteristics of MoS2 phototransistors.
In this work, we propose a simple method to enhance the photo-detecting performance of MoS2 phototransistors where the reduction treatment is introduced. The reducing agent used in this research is tannic acid (C76H52O46) which is a nature-friendly material extracted from various vascular plants. The reducing reaction by tannic acid is originated from its monomer with dozens of hydroxyl groups (-OH) which forms hydrogen bonds with oxygen. The reduction treatment is simply processed by dipping the device in tannic acid solution. During the dipping process, hydroxyl groups in tannic acid make hydrogen bonds with oxygen atoms that intrinsically exist in the lattice of MoS2 by substituting the sulfur atoms. Then, the oxygen atoms bonded with tannic acid monomers are detached from lattice of MoS2. Those broken Mo-O bonds result in increased number of sulfur vacancies which are relevant for the formation of sub-gap states in MoS2 band gap. Thus, sub-gap states formed by sulfur vacancies in MoS2 induce narrower effective optical band gap energy and light absorption capability could be improved.
The multilayer MoS2 flakes were transferred onto the thermally oxidized heavily boron-doped silicon wafers by mechanically exfoliating from a bulk MoS2 crystal. Then, titanium and gold electrode sequentially deposited by electron-beam evaporation. After completing fabrication of MoS2 transistor, the device is dipped in 0.3 M tannic acid solution for 10 min.
We have measured the electrical and photo-detecting performance of tannic acid treated MoS2 phototransistor. The improvement or degradation in electrical performance was not observed in MoS2 phototransistor after reducing treatment by tannic acid. But, the difference between dark current and photoinduced current under red, green, and blue laser illumination becomes more distinguishable because of more efficient light absorption in tannic acid treated MoS2 layer. As a result, both photoresponsivity and photosensitivity of the tannic acid treated MoS2 phototransistor were improved as compared to the device without treatment. With an intensity of 10 mW/mm2, photoresponsivity increased from 126.85 A/W to 807.36 A/W under red light, from 109.00 A/W to 819.29 A/W under green light, and from 166.44 A/W to 928.25 A/W under blue light. Also, with same intensity of light, photosensitivity increased from 9.51 to 243.93 under red light, from 16.23 to 527.05 under green light, and from 26.51 to 1700.98 under blue light. Therefore, we proposed a novel method for improving the performance of MoS2-based phototransistor with simple reduction method which makes it possible to be applied in various optoelectronic applications.
8:00 PM - FF01.10.28
Nanostructuring 2D Layered Nanomaterials by Low Power Focused Laser Irradiation
Kiran Hazra1
Institute of Nano Science and Technology1
Show AbstractOptical and electronic properties of 2D nanomaterials such as Graphene, Transition metal di-chalcogenides (TMDCs), Phosphorene etc. are already emerging field of research for their wide range of applications in nano-electronics, opto-electronic, solar cell, electrochemical activity etc. We have developed a novel and easy way to create various nanostructures on wide range of 2D materials in a single step process by using simple focused laser beam of a Raman spectrometer at low power irradiation. The feature size can go down up to diffraction limit of the laser used and the shape of the etched point can be used to find the orientation of the lattice structure of the material. In this presentation we focus on various applications of such nanostructures, fabricated on 2D by simple laser irradiation technique. We will demonstrate that nanostructuring on MoS2 flake can create periodic modulation in capacitive response. Optimized geometry of these nanostructures alongwith selective deposition of Au nanoparticles demonstrate ultrasensitive SERS. These nanostructures were capable of enhancing interestingly we have found that the edges of such nanostructures are more catalytically active for electrochemical deposition of Au nanoparticles. Using this route we were also able to create nanostructures on Phosphorene flakes and rGO flakes. Controlled formation of nano-voids array on few layer BP flake induces enhanced local electric field (hot spots) at the vicinity of the nano-voids, resulting in ~ 30% Raman intensity enhancement. Such nano-voids induced hotspots on BP flake open up a new species of metal free SERS substrate, demonstrating pronounced enhancement in Raman signal of Rhodamine B as high as of the order of ~104. Nano-patterning on rGO flakes leads to the observation of radiation pressure on solid-air interface.
1) Controlled formation of Nanostructures on MoS2 Layers by Focused Laser Irradiation, R. Rani, D. Sharma, N. Jena, A. Kundu, A. D. Sarkar, K. S. Hazra, Applied Physics Letter 110, 083101, 2017
2) Graphene Oxide Demonstrates Experimental Confirmation of Abraham Pressure on Solid Surface, A. Kundu, R. Rani and K. S. Hazra, Scientific Reports, 7, 42538, 2017.
3) Modulating capacitive response of MoS2 flake by controlled nanostructuring through focused laser irradiation, Renu Rani, Anirban Kundu, Mohammad Balal, Goutam Sheet and Kiran Shankar Hazra, Nanotechnology, 29,345302, 2018
8:00 PM - FF01.10.29
Iron Oxide Anchored Tungsten Diselenide Nanosheets for Ultrasensitive Detection of Ammonia
Neha Sakhuja1,Ravindra Jha1,Suvra Laha1,Navakanta Bhat1
IISc1
Show AbstractThe discovery of 2D layered materials has opened new frontiers in science and technology. The implication of these 2D nanomaterials in gas sensing, has gained tremendous attention owing to their outstanding virtues such as high surface to volume ratio, unique electronic and structural properties. Further, the high surface reactivity of 2D materials, offers potential for room temperature gas sensing leading to low power consumption, which is highly desirable for practical applications. Among these 2D nanomaterials, the Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDC’s) such as MoS2 and WS2, have been explored for the detection of various gases including NH3, NO, NO2, etc. However, these TMDC’s are prone to degradation on exposure to ambient environment due to the significant oxygen adsorption on its surface. This limits the practicability of a sensor in real environment. The engineering of these 2D materials by incorporating another nanomaterial can provide solution to this aforesaid problem. This strategy of forming nanohybrids can not only provide the air-stability, but also improve the overall performance of the sensor.
In this work, we demonstrate the fabrication of a novel nanohybrid of Iron oxide nanoparticles (NP)- decorated WSe2 nanosheets (NS) for air-stable room temperature detection of ammonia with very high response magnitude and lowest limit of detection. The aforesaid nanohybrid was fabricated using modified co-precipitation method. At room temperature, the sensor demonstrated significant response of 510% to 3 ppm ammonia while achieving the lowest limit of detection (llod) of 50 ppb, with a response of 2.4%. The iron oxide – Wse2 nanohybrid sensor response was dramatically higher when compared to pristine WSe2, as the sensing material which exhibited only 53.5% response towards 3 ppm of ammonia, and 300ppb as llod. In addition, we observed improved recovery of the nanohybrid sensor (148s recovery time in contrast to 436s recovery time for pristine WSe2) by incorporating iron oxide nanoparticles. These findings suggest that the decoration of nanoparticles can aid in tuning the properties of 2D layered materials and hence can open up new avenues for several applications.
8:00 PM - FF01.10.30
Dual Gate Black Phosphorous Photodetectors Based on Polymer Electrolyte for Integrated Photonics and Optoelectronics Applications
Mohammed Zia Ullah Khan1,Stéphane Kéna-Cohen1
Polytechnique Montreal1
Show AbstractWe present a novel dual gate black phosphorous (BP) photodetector based on a polymer electrolyte top gate and a conventional silicon bottom gate for improved performance in terms of operating voltage and photoresponsivity in the visible and near infrared (NIR) regimes. Various photodetectors based on 2D materials and their heterostructures have been reported for detection in ultraviolet, visible and near-infrared bands, however, there is still a need for broadband low-cost photodetectors with high photocurrent and photoresponsivity of the order of hundreds of A/W and at low operating voltages for integrated photonics and optoelectronics applications.
In this work, we use polyethylene oxide and cesium perchlorate (PEO: CsClO4) solid polymer electrolyte for top gating in the electrical double layer transistor (EDLT) mode. The polymer electrolyte leads to the formation of an electric double layer at the gate electrode-polymer electrolyte interface and the polymer electrolyte-BP interface and it allows accumulation and migration of ions at these two interfaces. The polymer electrolyte gate insulator is shown to greatly reduce the operating voltage to less than 2V as compared to conventional silicon bottom gate BP photodetector that requires voltages greater than 20V. The high specific capacitance also increases the number of carriers induced in the channel at a given gate voltage. In addition to the low operating voltage, the dual gate BP photodetectors using polymer electrolyte are expected to provide high photocurrent and photoresponsivity by enhancing the carrier depletion using polymer electrolyte gating and a field tunable photoresponse for broadband photodetection.
8:00 PM - FF01.10.31
Silicene Passivation by Few-Layers Graphene
Daniele Nazzari1,Jakob Genser1,Viktoria Ritter1,Ole Bethge1,Emmerich Bertagnolli1,Alois Lugstein1
Technische Universitat Wien1
Show AbstractNovel bottom-up processes allowing to synthetize a 2D sheet of Si, best known as silicene, could represent the key strategy to overcome the limits of conventional top-down technologies in the semiconductor industry. Silicene allows to reach the ultimate target for thickness scaling while combining an ultra-high carrier mobility with the unique opportunity to tune the bandgap.
However, silicene oxidizes rapidly when exposed to ambient conditions, therefore requiring a reliable passivation process. Graphene represents an ideal passivation material, due to its inertness, high flexibility and outstanding impermeability, as well as being non-Raman active in the fingerprint region of silicene, allowing a precise analysis of the structural properties of the encapsulated layer.
We report the successful passivation, for up to 48 h, of silicene by few-layers graphene (FLG) flakes.
The monolayer silicene was epitaxially grown on a well-ordered Ag(111) film on mica by exposing the substrate, kept at a temperature of 530 K, to a constant flux of Si (≈ 0.02 ML/min). After the growth, silicene formation was verified via LEED analysis.
For the passivation, natural graphite was mechanically exfoliated on top of a vacuum-compatible polyimide adhesive tape and inserted into a specially designed UHV chamber. Then, FLG flakes were mechanically transferred atop of the silicene monolayer by direct exfoliation in UHV.
The encapsulating flakes allowed us to perform a subsequent ex-situ Raman characterization of the 2D silicon layer. The analysis was performed at room temperature in a back-scattering geometry using a confocal μ-Raman setup. The collected spectrum is characterized by two clear peaks located at 216 cm-1 and 515 cm-1, consistent, respectively, with the predicted out-of-plane and in-plane vibrational modes for silicene. Polarization-dependent measurements show that the 216 cm-1 peak is related to a fully symmetrical phonon mode, a clear indication of the 2-dimensionality of the passivated silicene layer.
8:00 PM - FF01.10.32
In Situ Monitoring of Chemical Vapor Deposition Graphene on Cu by Reflectance Contrast Using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy
Yun Sung Woo1,2,Dong Jin Kim3,2,Chang-Won Lee4,Heejeong Jeong5,Byung Hee Hong3
Korea Polytechnic1,Graphene Square2,Seoul National University3,Hanbat National University4,University of Malaya5
Show AbstractIn order to realize the industrialization of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) graphene, it is essential to develop a method capable of characterization in real time as well as mass synthesis. In this study, we report that the reflection mode of confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) enables highly visible and distinct image of CVD-grown graphene on Cu compared to dark field optical microscopy (DM). Reflectance contrast, RC, defined as the intensity ratio of light reflected from graphene grown on Cu to bare Cu, depends on the incident laser wavelength, of which maximum was obtained at 405 nm in this experiment. Remarkably, it was observed that RC of CVD-grown graphene on Cu varies with doping and crystallinity of graphene and decreases as the intensity of D peak increases in Raman spectrum. The RC over 1 calculated using the Fresnel’s interference formula with the optical conductivity of graphene estimated by tight-binding model is in good agreement with the measured RC. Consequently, it is demonstrated that RC of CVD-grown graphene on Cu is affected by the quality of graphene related with its optical conductivity. Based on these results, we suggest that the reflection mode CLSM can be applied as a powerful tool for in-situ monitoring of CVD graphene growing on Cu by analyzing RC of graphene.
8:00 PM - FF01.10.34
Tailoring Conduction Band Edges in Molybdenum Sulfide/Selenide Alloys Enhances CO Faradaic Efficiency in Aqueous CO2 Reduction
Yi-Rung Lin1,2,Wen-Hui Cheng1,Matthias Richter1,Joseph DuChene1,Elizabeth Peterson3,Cora Went1,Zakaria Al Balushi1,Deep Jariwala1,Jeffrey Neaton3,4,Li-Chyong Chen2,Harry Atwater1
California Institute of Technology1,National Taiwan University2,University of California, Berkeley3,Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory4
Show AbstractSelective conversion of CO2 into a single chemical product remains one of the greatest challenges in CO2 reduction. Transition-metal dichalcogenides have shown potential for electrocatalytic conversion of CO2 to CO with high selectivity in ionic liquid-based electrolytes, but in fully aqueous environments the evolution of hydrogen is commonly observed to be the dominant catalytic reaction.
Despite much promise, further progress in the design of layered two-dimensional materials for the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) is needed to enable the sustainable synthesis of chemical fuels from CO2 feedstocks. In this work, we demonstrate th at the valence band maximum and the conduction band minimum of transition-metal dichalcogenides can be tuned via chemical alloying to form MoS2(1-x)Se2x alloys (where x ranges from 0 to 1). The band structure of few-layered transition metal dichalcogenides was tuned by changing the chemical composition of the chalcogens (sulfur, S and selenium, Se) in the resulting alloy. Systematic studies of electrochemical CO2 reduction with various MoS2(1-x)Se2x compounds demonstrate that the distribution of chemical products generated by the electrocatalyst can be controlled by the chemical composition of the alloy. Specifically, we find that the MoS1.48Se0.52 compound exhibited the best selectivity of all studied alloys, with a Faradaic efficiency for CO production of ~27% at an applied potential of –0.2V vs. RHE in fully aqueous 50mM K2CO3 electrolytes. In general, the alloy compounds show superior CO2RR performance relative to pure MoS2 or MoSe2-based electrocatalysts. Such a trend in synthesized MoS2(1-x)Se2x alloys is consistent with that observed from bulk crystals, indicating that chemical alloying of layered two-dimensional materials is a promising approach to tuning the selectivity of transition-metal dichalcogenides for CO2RR in aqueous electrolytes.
8:00 PM - FF01.10.35
Synthesis of Few-Layered ZrS2 and ZrS2xSe2-2x Nanosheets
Mauro Och1,Giulia Zemignani1,2,Pawel Palczynski1,Cecilia Mattevi1
Imperial College London1,Politecnico di Milano2
Show AbstractGroup IV transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have recently drawn attention due to their predicted ultra-high charge carrier mobilities (1-3000 cm2/Vs) and bandgap in the VIS-NIR region. These materials are considered to be highly promising for high-performant FETs and ultra-responsive photodetectors, in addition to their possible use as energy materials and in catalysis. However, very little work has been reported on the synthesis of two-dimensional few-layered Group IV-TMDs. Here, we report the growth of ZrS2 and ZrS2xSe2-2x thin films over cm2 areas on SiO2/Si and Au foil starting from ZrCl4 and sulphur powder as precursors. The interest in ZrS2xSe2-2x results form the possibility to tune a low energy band gap. The synthesis has been performed via chemical vapour deposition (CVD) using a tubular furnace where thickness control has been achieved tuning the growth time. Our ZrS2 thin film has been characterized via Raman spectroscopy, which revealed two fingerprint peaks at 250 cm-1 and at 335 cm-1 corresponding to the Eg and the A1g peak respectively. HRTEM and SAED characterizations have confirmed the hexagonal crystal structure and the atomically thin thickness of 2-3 layers of individual platelets. XPS and EDX has provided evidence of the expected stoichiometry and composition. Furthermore, the material exhibits photoluminescence (PL) signal at 1.4 eV, which matches with theoretical predictions ranging from 1.2 to 2 eV for the Γ-M indirect bandgap. Annealing the ZrS2 film with Se we can achieve the synthesis of ZrS2xSe2-2x, which shows morphological characteristics similar to the starting material and Raman peaks at 250 cm-1 and 300 cm-1.
8:00 PM - FF01.10.36
Mechanistic Understanding of Lithium Intercalation and Phase Transformation Behavior in MoS2 at Atomic Scales
Shayani Parida1,Jie Chen1,Hetal Patel1,Avanish Mishra1,Arthur Dobley2,Barry Carter1,3,Avinash Dongare1
University of Connecticut1,EaglePicher Technologies LLC2,Sandia National Laboratories3
Show AbstractDesign and discovery of layered materials for next-generation Lithium-ion batteries require a thorough understanding of the role of structure (bonding environment) on the energetics of Lithium (Li) intercalation and the accompanying structural accommodations. In this study, density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been used to investigate the energetics and mechanisms of lithiation/delithiation in thin films of MoS2. The work aims at presenting a comprehensive study on thermodynamics of lithiation in order to sequentially investigate the process of Li-ion intercalation between layers of MoS2 films and the resultant structural transformations.
Simulations have been performed to investigate the energetics of Li-ion binding and diffusion in the 2H and 1T phases of MoS2. Li binding is observed to be stronger in 1T phase and hence, the activation energy for diffusion is higher. Sequential insertion of Li suggests that intercalation of one Li atom in the spacing between two MoS2 layers results in easier diffusion of successive Li atoms in the same gap until all of the tetrahedral binding sites are occupied. Further lithiation results in Li intercalation into successive gaps between 2H-MoS2 layers and promotes phase transformation of adjacent 2H layers to 1T phase. Thus, partial lithiation across layers creates hybrid 2H-1T phase with a stable phase boundary perpendicular to c-direction. This 2H to 1T phase transformation of MoS2 layers between the Li layers is attributed to a change in charge density around the transition metal following ionization of Li to Li+ cation.
Such phase transformations accompanying lithiation are found to be irreversible and hence, quite detrimental to the cycling stability of batteries. With the understanding gained on the binding of Li, various combinations of transition metals and chalcogenides are tested to identify layered materials which render or resist phase transformation during lithiation. The energetics of lithiation in the various phases of layered materials will be presented. These results parallel insights gained from in-situ TEM studies and can shed light on Li-ion intercalation/de-intercalation mechanisms in thin films of layered materials. This work is being supported by NSF grant No. 1820565. CINT is an Office of Science NSRC User Facility operated for the U.S. DOE.
8:00 PM - FF01.10.37
Evaluation of Film Quality for Various Deposition Conditions of MOCVD MoS2 Films Fabricated with a Novel Mo Precursor i-Pr2DADMo(CO)3
Kota Yamazaki1,Yusuke Hibino1,Yuya Oyanagi1,Yusuke Hashimoto1,Naomi Sawamoto1,Hideaki Machida2,Masato Ishikawa2,Hiroshi Sudo2,Hitoshi Wakabayashi3,Atsushi Ogura1
Meiji University1,Gas-Phase Growth Ltd.2,Tokyo Institute of Technology3
Show AbstractMolybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is a layered material that is expected to be used in various devices such as TFT due to the presence of band gap (bulk to monolayer: 1.2 to 1.8 eV[1]), high mobility (mono to multilayer: 380 to 700 cm2/Vs[1,2]), high flexibility, transparency and stability. However, establishing a film fabrication method with high quality and high productivity is a major issue for its practical applications. Therefore, we focused on cold-wall MOCVD method as a deposition technique. In this film fabrication method, utilization efficiency of the precursor is high since the reaction occurs only at the substrate. In addition, fine controllability of the film quality can be achieved by facilitating control of various deposition conditions such as supply amount of Mo and S by using the organic precursors having high vapor pressure at low temperature.
We have previously proposed i-Pr2DADMo(CO)3 as a novel Mo precursor. We have reported so far that i-Pr2DADMo(CO)3 decomposes below 300°C, and 1L MoS2 without C and N contamination can be fabricated on SiO2/Si substrate at low temperature of 250°C with the Mo precursor and sulfur source (t-C4H9)2S2[3]. In this research, with the aim of further improving the quality of the MoS2 film using i-Pr2DADMo(CO)3, various film fabrication conditions were controlled and the influence on the film quality was investigated. XPS, AFM and Raman spectroscopy were used as evaluation techniques of the samples. It was suggested that the increase of substrate temperature contributes to the expansion of the grain size through the increase of Mo migration. High substrate temperature also increases the deposition rate by accelerating the thermochemical reaction of i-Pr2DADMo(CO)3 and (t-C4H9)2S2. It was also suggested that higher deposition pressure contributes to the increase in deposition rate caused by larger degree of supersaturation. Higher deposition pressure also decreases the deposition rate caused by lower concentration of the precursor in the chamber. Thus an optimum value is considered to exist for high-quality film synthesis.
This work was partly supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 18F22879 and JST CREST JPMJCR16F4
[1] B. Radisavljevic, M.B. Whitwick, and A. Kis, Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 043103 (2012)
[2] S. Das, H.-Y. Chen, A.V. Penumatcha, and J. Appenzeller, Nano Lett. 13, 100 (2013)
[3] S. Ishihara, et al., MRS Advances 3, 379 (2018)
8:00 PM - FF01.10.38
The Physical and Chemical Properties of MoS2(1-x)Te2x Alloy Synthesized by Co-Sputtering and Chalcogenization and Their Dependence on Fabrication Conditions
Yusuke Hibino1,2,Kota Yamazaki1,Yusuke Hashimoto1,Yuya Oyanagi1,Naomi Sawamoto1,Hideaki Machida3,Masato Ishikawa3,Hiroshi Sudo3,Hitoshi Wakabayashi4,Atsushi Ogura1
Meiji University1,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Research Fellow2,Gas-Phase Growth Ltd.3,Tokyo Institute of Technology4
Show AbstractThe alloying of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD) and their various properties are expected to be a significant factor for the TMDs to expand in its applications. Although TMD alloys show appealing electrical, optical, and chemical properties, the synthesis method is still at its early stage. The alloy materials under research are mostly MoS2(1-x)Se2x, Mo1-xWxS2, WS2(1-x)Se2x, and so on. There have not been many reports on the alloy that incorporate Te in the system. In the past reports, we have demonstrated that Mo-S and Mo-Te bonds can be formed in the product film, but physical structure evaluation was not sufficient. Thus in this study, the alloy films were evaluated with XRD in addition to XPS. The physical structure evaluation revealed that the as-sputtered samples, i.e. samples prior to thermal treatment, shows alloy formation depending on the sputter power of MoTe2 targets. Use of compound MoS2 target promotes layer structure formation at the sputtering stage, however, use of merely-sintered (not compound) MoTe2 target may disrupt this behavior. It was also revealed that different chalcogen composition in MoS2(1-x)Te2x requires different optimal temperature in the post-deposition thermal treatment. For the sulfurization samples, the alloy showed phase segregation, MoS2 and MoS2(1-x)Te2x, when the temperature is well over or under 400°C. In other words, when the sulfurization temperature is at 400°C, the alloy showed uniform distribution of Te and S throughout the film. On the other hand, for the tellurization samples, the alloy with no phase segregation was observed at 450°C. This shows that higher Te composition for MoS2(1-x)Te2x may require thermal treatment with higher temperature.
This work was partly supported by JST CREST Number JPMJCR16F4, Japan. This work was also partly supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 18J22879.
Symposium Organizers
Zakaria Al Balushi, University of California, Berkeley
Deep Jariwala, University of Pennsylvania
Olga Kazakova, National Physical Laboratory
Amber McCreary, National Institute of Standards and Technology
Symposium Support
Gold
AIXTRON SE
Silver
2D Crystal Consortium - Materials Innovation Platform (2DCC-MIP)
Bronze
Accurion Inc.
IOP Publishing Ltd - 2D Materials
Scienta Omicron, Inc.
FF01.11: Exciton Dynamics in 2D Materials
Session Chairs
Deep Jariwala
Su Ying Quek
Wednesday AM, December 04, 2019
Hynes, Level 3, Room 312
8:00 AM - FF01.11.01
Exciton Dynamics in Atomically Thin Transition Metal Dichalcogenides
Samuel Brem1,Simon Ovesen1,Ermin Malic1
Chalmers University of Technology1
Show AbstractMonolayers of Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs) present a giant leap forward towards the realization of semiconductor devices with atomic scale thickness. As a natural consequence of their two-dimensional character, TMDs exhibit a reduced dielectric screening, leading to the formation of unusually stable excitons. Excitons dominate the optical response as well as the ultrafast dynamics in these atomically thin materials. As a result, a microscopic understanding of excitons, their formation, relaxation and decay dynamics becomes crucial for technological applications of TMDs. A detailed theoretical picture of the internal structure of excitons and their scattering channels allows for a controlled manipulation of TMD properties enabling an entire new class of light emitters, absorbers and detectors.
We provide a fully quantum mechanical description of momentum- and energy-resolved exciton dynamics in TMD mono- and hetero-bilayers [1-3] unraveling the many-particle processes governing the ultrafast dynamics of excitons in these materials. Our approach provides novel insights into exciton-phonon and exciton-photon interaction mechanisms and the impact of dark exciton states. This includes the formation of bound excitons out of a free electron-hole gas up to their eventual radiative recombination. Furthermore, we study the formation of interlayer excitons in Van-der-Waals heterostructures, i.e. spatially separated excitons composed of electrons and holes located in different layers of two stacked TMDs.
Our theoretical model allows us to predict fundamental formation and relaxation time scales as well as spectral features accessible in ultrafast pump-probe experiments. In particular, we show that the relaxation of hot excitons throughout the Rydberg series of excited exciton states gives rise to population inversions between s- and p-type excitons resulting in transient optical gain in the THz spectrum [1]. Moreover, in a joint experiment-theory study on Van-der-Waals heterostructures [3], we demonstrate how the binding energy as well as the time resolved formation of interlayer excitons can be measured using mid infrared pulses.
[1] Brem, Selig, Berghaeuser, Malic, Scientific reports 8(1), 8238 (2018)
[2] Ovesen, Brem et al., Communications Physics, 2(1), 23 (2019)
[3] Merkl, … Ovesen, Brem, Malic, Huber, Nature Materials (2019)
8:15 AM - FF01.11.02
Spin-Layer Locking of Interlayer Valley Excitons Trapped in Moiré Potentials
Mauro Brotons i Gisbert1,Hyeonjun Baek1,Dale Scerri1,Alejandro Molina-Sánchez2,Kenji Watanabe3,Takashi Taniguchi3,Cristian Bonato1,Brian Gerardot1
Heriot-Watt University1,Universidad de Valencia2,National Institute for Materials Science3
Show AbstractSemiconductor heterostructures formed by vertically stacked two-dimensional transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) sustain interlayer excitons - electron-hole Coulomb bound states between electrons and holes spatially separated in different monolayers [1, 2]. In addition, heterostructures formed by vertically stacking two different monolayer TMDs (heterobilayers) can feature a spatially periodic moiré superlattice in which a periodic potential landscape for excitons is controlled by the lattice mismatch and/or the relative angle twist between the constituent monolayers. For moiré periods larger than the exciton Bohr radius, the moiré potential minima can act as smooth quantum-dot-like confining potentials [3, 4]. Bilayer TMDs offer an additional degree of freedom to engineer the properties of moiré-trapped interlayer excitons in vertical semiconductor heterostructures. In addition to the spin-valley coupling characteristic of monolayer TMDs, bilayer TMDs also present a layer pseudospin [5]. Because the bottom layer in an AB-stacked bilayer is a 180° in-plane rotation of the top layer, AB-stacked bilayer TMDs show spin-layer locking, i.e., a spin-valley configuration that is locked to the layer pseudospin.
In this work, we exploit the spin-layer locking of bilayer 2H-MoSe2 to probe the spin-valley properties of interlayer moiré-trapped excitons in a WSe2/MoSe2 heterostructure. Low-temperature (4 K) magneto-optical spectroscopy reveals the coexistence of two species of moiré-trapped excitons with different spin-layer pairings for electrons in MoSe2. Both trapped exciton species yield narrow (< 100 meV) linewidths and saturate with increasing excitation power, hallmarks of quantum dots. Although for both species of interlayer trapped excitons the hole is localized in the WSe2 layer, the electron in bilayer MoSe2 can be localized either in the bottom or top layer. The natural AB stacking of bilayer 2H-MoSe2 gives rise to AA (AB) relative stacking between the WSe2 and the bottom (top) layer of MoSe2, respectively. Due to the spin-layer locking in bilayer MoSe2, electrons in the bottom (top) MoSe2 layer present parallel (antiparallel) spin and valley contributions, which results in an effective layer-locking of the Landé g-factors of the trapped excitons. Our results reveal that the trapped excitons present g-factors that are homogeneous across the sample and take only two values: -7.0 ± 0.6 and -15.76 ± 0.13 for Moiré-trapped excitons originating from the AA- and AB-stacked WSe2/MoSe2. Finally, helicity-resolved photoluminescence measurements confirm that the trapped excitons exhibit both strong circular and valley polarization, which indicates that the confinement potential preserves the rotational C3 symmetry and the trapped interlayer excitons inherit the spin-valley properties of the constituent monolayers.
[1] P. Rivera et al., Nat. Commun. 6, 6242 (2015).
[2] A. Ciarrocchi et al., Nat. Photonics 13, 131 (2019).
[3] H. Yu et al., Sci. Adv. 3, e1701696 (2017).
[4] K. L. Seyler et al., Nature 567, 66 (2019).
[5] A. M. Jones et al., Nature Physics 10, 130 (2014).
8:30 AM - FF01.11.03
Probing and Controlling Excitons in 2D Semiconductors and Heterostructures
Tony Heinz1,2
Stanford University1,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory2
Show AbstractIn this paper we review recent developments in our understanding of the optically excited states of monolayer semiconductors and heterostructures in the family of the transition metal dichalcogenides. In particular, we will focus on the exciton character of the excited states, discussing our current understanding of the 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-body exciton, charged exciton, biexciton, and charged biexciton species. We will also describe the presence of spin-forbidden dark excitons and how they may be observed optically. In addition to the range of different excitonic states, the 2D semiconductors feature strong electrostatic coupling to the external environment. We will describe the corresponding influence of external dielectric screening on the band- and exciton structure of the materials and how we can use this effect to tune locally the properties of 2D semiconductors. Finally, we will consider the new states that arise in 2D heterostructures and how they can be modified by electric fields and the relative crystallographic orientation of the component layers.
9:00 AM - FF01.11.04
Local Strain Control for Active and Reversible Exciton Funneling in a Monolayer Semiconductor
Hyowon Moon1,Gabriele Grosso2,Chitraleema Chakraborty1,Cheng Peng1,Takashi Taniguchi3,Kenji Watanabe3,Dirk Englund1
Massachusetts Institute of Technology1,The City University of New York2,National Institute for Materials Science3
Show AbstractThe ability to control the flow of excitons underlies high-speed excitonic devices and energy transport [1,2]. Two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors are well suited for these applications in that their large exciton binding energy enables room temperature operation and their enormous stretchability provides engineerable exciton potential surfaces [3]. Since excitons are hardly respond to in-plane electric field due to their charge neutrality, the control was limited to interlayer exciton with quantum confined Stark Effect in vertical heterostructure [4,5]. Strain-engineered bandgap modulation offers a new tool for monolayer excitons. Recent studies have observed excitonic flux in predetermined non-uniform geometries, an important remaining challenge concerns active and reversible controllability [6]. Here, we tune the bandgap of suspended 2D semiconductors dynamically by applying local strain gradient with a nanoscale tip. This method enables active and reversible control of the exciton drift over several hundreds of nanometer at room temperature through the energy gradient, which has been demonstrated by wide field imaging and time resolved photoluminescence measurement. Our results pave the way for broad applications including broadband photovoltaic devices and efficient excitonic devices.
[1] Butov, L. V. Excitonic devices. Superlattices Microstruct. 108, 2–26 (2017)
[2] Feng, J., Qian, X., Huang, C.-W. & Li, J. Strain-engineered artificial atom as a broad-spectrum solar energy funnel. Nat. Photonics 6, 866–872 (2012)
[3] Manzeli, S., et al., 2D transition metal dichalcogenides. Nature Reviews Materials 2, 17033 (2017)
[4] High, A. A., et al., Control of exciton fluxes in an excitonic integrated circuit. Science 321, 229–231 (2008)
[5] Unuchek, D. et al. Room-temperature electrical control of exciton flux in a van der Waals heterostructure. Nature 560, 340–344 (2018)
[6] Leon, D. F. C. et al. Exciton transport in strained monolayer WSe2. Applied Physics Letters 113, 252101 (2018)
9:15 AM - FF01.11.05
Evidence for Quantum-Dot-Like Exciton States in Strained Nanobubbles of 1L-WSe2 at Room Temperature
Thomas Darlington1,Emanuil Yanev2,Matthew Strasbourg3,James Hone2,Nicholas Borys3,P James Schuck2
University of California, Berkeley1,Columbia University2,Montana State University3
Show AbstractSingle photon emission, the phenomena where excited electron states emit one photon per excitation, serves as the basic building block of quantum optics technologies. In the solid state, many material systems exhibit single photon emission such as diamond, hexagonal boron nitride, and monolayer tungsten diselenide. In the first two cases, the source of the single photon emission has been positively identified as deep-defect color centers in the crystal lattice. In the latter, however, single photon emission has only been observed at cryogenic temperatures, and when the monolayer is subjected to inhomogeneous strain. It has been suggested that the quantum dot single photon emission is due confinement of excitons, which the inhomogeneous serving as the source of the confinement potential.
In this work, we find evidence that strained nanobubbles in monolayer WSe2 host quantum dot-like confined excitons at room temperature. Using hyperspectral nano-photoluminescence mapping with below bandgap excitation, we identify a “doughnut shaped” energy profile, showing significantly lower energy emission at the edges of the nanobubbles versus the center. This observation is consistent with recent theory predicting the edges of the nanobubble induce atomic scale wrinkling, providing the highest confinement of the excitons. Additional work using time resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy shows enhanced lifetime of the exciton inside the nanobubbles, consistent with quantum confined excitons. Our observations provide evidence that strain inside nanobubbles can confine excitons, and further that this confinement is present at room temperature , raising the possibility that single photon emission may also persist as it does in colloidal quantum dots.
9:30 AM - FF01.11.06
Strongly Anisotropic Diffusion of Excitons in Layered ReS2 Observed with Transient Absorption Microscopy
Nicolas Gauriot1,Hope Bretscher1,Jooyoung Sung1,Akshay Rao1
University of Cambridge1
Show AbstractThe development of optoelectronic devices based on transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) will require a deep understanding of the spatial and temporal dynamics of their charge carriers and excitons. Whilst the properties of most TMDCs are isotropic, in a few cases a reduced crystal symmetry leads to unusual anisotropic properties, a degree of freedom that has remained hitherto largely unexplored. TMDCs are also typically technologically relevant only in the mono to few layers limit. In this respect, ReS2 and ReSe2 are unique members of the TMDC family. Their disordered 1T phase make them anisotropic semiconductors allowing them to support robust linear-exciton with different dipole orientations at room temperature. Besides, these excitons persist from the bulk down to the monolayer. Here, we study the anisotropic diffusion of excitons and free carriers in ReS2 with transient absorption microscopy (TAM) for thicknesses from the monolayer to the bulk.
In TAM, a 10 fs pump pulse focused to the diffraction limit generates excitons and charge carriers, a 10 fs probe pulse in the wide field then monitors their temporal and spatial dynamics. A comparison of the spatial profile of the transient absorption signal following photoexcitation allows studying the movement of excited species with a sub-diffraction-limit resolution of 10 nm.
Varying the pump and probe linear polarisations we analyse the strongly anisotropic diffusion of the two lowest exciton populations. We observe an increase in the exciton lifetime and diffusion coefficients with the number of layers, which we attribute to a decrease in surface traps as the sample thickness increases.
9:45 AM - FF01.11.07
Directional Exciton Transport in a Monolayer WS2–WSe2 Lateral Heterostructure with a Wide Alloy Region
Masafumi Shimasaki1,Naoki Wada2,Zheng Liu3,Kana Kojima2,Yasumitsu Miyata2,Keisuke Shinokita1,Taishi Nishihara1,Kazunari Matsuda1,Yuhei Miyauchi1
Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University1,Tokyo Metropolitan University2,National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology3
Show AbstractMonolayer transition metal dichalcogenides have various intriguing optical properties mainly arising from room-temperature-stable excitons [1]. Recently, the exciton dynamics in monolayer vertical/lateral heterostructures or alloy monolayers have attracted much attention, because novel excitonic phenomena including the interlayer exciton [2], exciton dissociation [3], and exciton energy change [4] emerge owing to modulating electronic energy structures. These observations indicate that a combination of such structures potentially provides a platform for exploiting further novel exciton physics and applications.
Here, we report the exciton transport dynamics in a monolayer WS2–WSe2 lateral heterostructure with wide alloy region between the pure WS2 and WSe2 regions using photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The lateral heterostructure was synthesized using a chemical vapor deposition method. It has the alloy region with the width of about 20 µm, where the composition ratio of WS2 and WSe2 gradually changes as a function of spatial coordinate. For the PL spectroscopy, we used the 2.33 eV or 2.22 eV continuous-wave (cw) lasers to excite the sample.
First, we conducted spectrally-resolved PL mapping on the lateral heterostructures across the wide alloy region in a confocal microscope at room temperature. The PL peak from the pure WS2 region was observed at 1.94 eV and assigned to the A exciton. By scanning excitation laser spot across the alloy region of WS2(1-x)Se2x from the WS2 side, the PL peak showed a gradual redshift, and finally reached to 1.70 eV that corresponds to the A exciton resonance energy in a pure monolayer WSe2. The continuous shift of the exciton energies indicates formation of a built-in excitonic potential gradient across the wide alloy region, in contrast to the sharp potential change caused by lattice mismatch [5] and/or piezo effect [6] previously observed in various lateral heterostructures with sharp one dimensional interfaces.
Next, we examined the exciton transport properties in the wide alloy region at room temperature. We performed spatially- and spectrally-resolved PL measurements; note that these measurements are different from the confocal PL mapping described above. In this measurement, the excitation cw laser was tightly focused on the sample (spot size of c.a. 1.3 μm at FWHM), and the PL spectra at many points along the potential gradient direction (not only the directly excited spot) were simultaneously acquired. We found that the position showing the highest PL intensity deviated from the center of the laser excitation spot by c.a. 0.6 μm at maximum in the wide alloy region, and the direction of the deviation (exciton drift) was always along the excitonic potential gradient. This was contrast to the observations at the pure WS2 and WSe2 regions, where the highest PL intensity was always observed at the same position as the center of the laser excitation spot. We analyzed the spatial profile of the PL intensities using a drift-diffusion model taking the excitonic potential gradient into account, and confirmed that the potential gradient mainly causes the observed exciton drift. In the presentation, we will discuss the details of the exciton transport properties in the wide alloy region.
References:
[1]X. Xu et al., Nat. Phys., 10, 343, (2014).
[2]S. Mouri et al., Nanoscale, 9, 6674, (2017).
[3]D. Kozawa et al., Nano Lett., 16, 4087, (2016).
[4]Y. Chen et al., ACS Nano, 7, 4610, (2013).
[5]C. Zhang et al., Nat. Nanotech., 13, 152, (2018).
[6]Y. Kobayashi et al., Sci. Rep., 6, 31223, (2016).
FF01.12: 2D Magnets—Materials and Properties
Session Chairs
Angela Hight Walker
Amber McCreary
Wednesday PM, December 04, 2019
Hynes, Level 3, Room 312
10:30 AM - FF01.12.01
Critical Behavior and Thickness-Dependent Magnetic Order in CrI3
Cedomir Petrovic1,Yu Liu1,Lijun Wu1,Xiao Tong1,Lijun Wu1,Yimei Zhu1
Brookhaven National Laboratory1
Show AbstractTwo-dimensional (2D) materials with intrinsic ferromagnetism provide unique opportunity to engineer new functionalities in nano-spintronics. One such material is CrI3, a 2D Ising ferromagnet in monolayer with the Curie temperature (Tc) of 45 K [1]. Based on critical properties and scaling analysis, CrI3 shows three-dimensional (3D) long-range magnetic coupling [2]. In systematic reduction of crystal thickness down to 50 nm bulk Tc of 61 K is gradually suppressed to 57 K, however, the satellite transition at T* = 45 K is observed. The T* is layer-independent and corresponds to Tc observed in the monolayer. The critical analysis around Tc reveals a crossover from 3D to 2D Ising ferromagnetism with mean field type interactions for microscale-thick crystals. This work shows that magnetic transition and critical properties can be continuously tuned on a mesoscale between monolayer and bulk crystals.
Acknowledgements
This work has been supported by the Research supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences as part of the Computation Material Science Program (Y.L. and C. P.) and by the U.S. DOE under Contract No. DE-SC0012704 (L. W. X. T., J. L. and Y.Z.).
References
1. B. Huang et al., Nature 546, 270 (2017).
2. Y. Liu et al., Phys. Rev. B 97, 014420 (2018).
3. Y. Liu et al., submitted (2019).
11:00 AM - FF01.12.02
The Relation between Magnetism and Optical Properties in Lamellar Transition Metal Phosphor Tri-Chalcogenides
Efrat Lifshitz1,Adam Budniak1,Esty Ritov1,Faris Horani1,Yaron Amouyal1
Technion - Israel Institute of Technology1
Show AbstractInorganic lamellar compounds are characterized by strong intra-layer chemical bonding and only weak van der Waals interaction between adjacent layers. Single layers are composed of metal ions sandwiched between chalcogenide or halide atoms, to form three- or four-atom thick slabs. Each metal is positioned at the center of a symmetric or distorted octahedron, where adjacent octahedra share edges for the formation of a single layer. Although the bulk forms of lamellar materials have been studied extensively in the previous century, transition metal di-chalcogenides [e.g. (Mo,W)Se2] have received much attention in the past decade due to their decent conductivity, electronic band gap, in-plane stiffness, and above all, exhibiting a honeycomb Brillouin zone with distinguished K and K' symmetry points of opposing helicities, enabling potential applications in spin-based devices.
The current document proposes the investigation of metal phosphor tri-chalcogenides with the general chemical formula MPX3 (M=metal, X=chalcogenide), closely resembling the metal di-chalcogenides, but one-third of the metal ions are replaced by a phosphor pair (P-P). A top view of a single layer reveals a honeycomb arrangement of the metal ions with P-P at the center of a hexagon. MPX3 offers a large range of chemical compositions tunable by the M and X elements, and consequently forming semiconductors with band gap energies covering the range from UV to the near infrared. Furthermore, the metal ions within a layer produce a ferromagnetic or anti-ferromagnetic arrangement, endowing those materials with unique magnetic and magneto-optical properties. The valley degree of freedom is correlated with the antiferromagnetic ordering. The electronic band structure is dominated by the [P2X6]4- units, contributing s- and p-atomic orbitals, while the metal d-orbitals hybridize with X(p) orbitals. Most common MPX3 compounds have monoclinic or orthorhombic crystallographic structures with a space group C2 or P21/c symmetry, respectively.
The talk at the MRS meeting 2019 will include description of the optical and magneto-optical properties of a vast number of MPX3 single slabs, Moiré patterns and multiple layers. The description will focus on the influence of the internal magnetism on the optical properties of the materials, e.g., degree of circular polarization in the magneto-reflectance or magneto-photoluminescence spectra. Generally, the MPX3 family exhibit merits beyond graphene and beyond the well-known (Mo,W)X2 compounds, owed to the tune-ability of the electronic and magnetic properties.
11:15 AM - FF01.12.03
Room-Temperature Dilute Magnetic Semiconductor in V-Doped Monolayer WSe2
Dinh Loc Duong1,2,Seok Joon Yun1,Manh Ha Doan2,Kirandeep Singh1,Thanh Luan Phan1,Wooseon Choi2,Young Kuk Kim3,Young-Min Kim1,2,Young Hee Lee1,2,3
Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS)1,Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University2,Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University3
Show AbstractDiluted magnetic semiconductors such as Mn-doped GaAs are attractive materials for gate-controlled spintronic devices but the low Curie temperature of the ferromagnetic state is far from room temperature, limiting for practical applications. Here, we report the long-range ferromagnetic order occurs above room temperature in diluted V-doped mono layer WSe2. Our unambiguous observations are based on micro magnetic domains and the well-defined structure of V-substituted W atoms, which are characterized by magnetic force microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, respectively. Furthermore, the modulation of the magnetic domains by an electronic gate is demonstrated, indicating the capability of gate-controlled magnetic properties of the samples. Our findings open new opportunities for using two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides for spintronic devices.
11:30 AM - FF01.12.04
Anomalous CDW Response in High Mobility Magnetic 2D Material GdTe3
Yiping Wang1,Shiming Lei2,Leslie Schoop2,Kenneth Burch1
Boston College1,Princeton University2
Show AbstractMost known magnetic van der Waals (vdW) materials are insulating or semiconducting. It is crucial to find materials with magnetic order and high-mobility for high-speed spintronic device making. Anti-ferromagnet GdTe3 satisfies both down to 2D limits. The mobility reaches ~28000cm2/Vs, which is among the highest in all the known vdWs. It also exhibits an incommensurate charge density wave (CDW) and becomes superconductor under pressure. Here, we report the recent Raman study of GdTe3, we will talk about the temperature and polarization dependence of CDW.
11:45 AM - FF01.12.05
Fermi Polarons and Magnetic Proximity Effects in Monolayer Semiconductor-Ferromagnet Nanostructures
Thomas Lyons1,Jorge Puebla2,Daniel Gillard1,Prasanta Muduli3,Charalambos Louca1,Yoshichika Otani2,3,Alexander Tartakovskii1
The University of Sheffield1,RIKEN2,The University of Tokyo3
Show AbstractConventional epitaxial ferromagnet-semiconductor multilayers have proven ripe systems for both advanced spintronics research and real-world applications in information technology. The highly ordered states inherent to ferromagnets, alongside their strong collective responses to external electromagnetic fields, makes them ideal candidates to enable control of charge and spin in closely proximitized semiconductors. Monolayers of MoSe2 are atomically thin direct band-gap semiconductors which combine a regime of coupled spin and valley physics with an optically bright exciton ground state. As such, they are highly promising in the development of valleytronics, an analogue of spintronics which utilizes the carrier valley degree of freedom as an information carrying pseudospin. Crucially, MoSe2 is also associated with robust chiral optical selection rules, efficiently bridging the gap between spin-valley polarization and optical addressability. By bringing MoSe2 monolayers into contact with ferromagnetic materials, it becomes possible to bestow an additional, valley, degree of freedom onto the magnetic proximity coupled system.
Here, a monolayer of MoSe2 is transferred directly on top of a 10nm thick film of europium sulfide (EuS), a ferromagnetic insulator with a rock-salt crystal structure [1]. Reflectivity spectra from the sample display two clear absorption resonances ascribed to attractive and repulsive Fermi-polarons, associated with spin-based interactions between photogenerated excitons and the electron Fermi sea [2, 3]. The interfacial exchange field between the EuS and MoSe2 strongly amplifies an external magnetic field, leading to robust enhancement of the repulsive polaron valley Zeeman splitting, which reaches an effective g-factor of 15. By tuning the external magnetic field, oscillator strength may be transferred between the two polaron resonances, culminating in a complete 100% degree of circular polarization of the attractive polaron when B = 5T. This indicates total spin polarization of the 2-dimensional electron gas, owing to robust paramagnetic susceptibility of the MoSe2 [3, 4].
Going further, we incorporate the MoSe2 / EuS nanostructure into a zero-dimensional optical microcavity and observe valley selective strong light-matter coupling when B exceeds 5T, corresponding to the formation of Fermi polaron-polaritons in one valley only, selectable by reversing the external magnetic field orientation. In effect, swapping sample illumination between left or right circularly polarized light switches on or off the strong light-matter coupling regime. Our findings unveil the complex interplay between nanoscale magnetism, Coulomb effects, many-body physics and the spin and valley degrees of freedom in atomically thin semiconductor-ferromagnet interfaces. In particular, we expose the enormous potential of 2D material platforms for future opto-valleytronic memories and information processing technology.
[1] Zhao, et al. Nat. Nanotechnol. 12, 757-762 (2017)
[2] Sidler, et al. Nat. Phys. 13, 255-261 (2017)
[3] Back, et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 237404 (2017)
[4] Roch, et al. Nat. Nanotechnol. 14, 432-436 (2019)
FF01.13: 2D Magnets—Characterization and Application
Session Chairs
Young Hee Lee
Amber McCreary
Wednesday PM, December 04, 2019
Hynes, Level 3, Room 312
1:30 PM - FF01.13.01
Novel Magneto-Raman Measurement Capabilities for Studying Magnetic Quantum Materials
Angela Hight Walker1
National Institute of Standards and Technology1
Show AbstractRaman spectroscopy, imaging, and mapping are powerful non-contact, non-destructive optical probes of fundamental physics in graphene and other related two-dimensional (2D) materials, including layered, quantum materials that are candidates for use in the next quantum revolution. An amazing amount of information can be quantified from the Raman spectra, including layer thickness, disorder, edge and grain boundaries, doping, strain, thermal conductivity, magnetic ordering, and unique excitations such as charge density waves. Most interestingly for quantum materials is that Raman efficiently probes the evolution of the electronic structure and the electron-phonon, spin-phonon, and magnon-phonon interactions as a function of temperature, laser energy, and polarization. Our unique magneto-Raman spectroscopic capabilities will be detailed, enabling diffraction-limited, spatially-resolved Raman measurements while simultaneously varying the temperature (4K to 400 K), laser wavelength (tunability from visible to near infrared), and magnetic field (up to 9 T) to study the photo-physics of nanomaterials. Additionally, coupling to a triple grating spectrometer provides access to low-frequency (down to 6 cm-1, or 0.75 meV) phonon and magnon modes, which are sensitive to coupling. By utilizing electrical feedthroughs, studying the strain-dependent effects on magnetic materials utilizing MEMs devices is also a novel opportunity.
Current results on intriguing quantum materials will be presented to highlight our capabilities and research directions. One example leverages the Raman spectra from α-RuCl3 to probe this Kitaev magnet and possible quantum spin liquid. Within a single layer, the honeycomb lattice exhibits a small distortion, reducing the symmetry from hexagonal to orthorhombic. The possible effects of this broken in-plane symmetry on the Kitaev interactions are not well understood. Here, we utilize polarization-dependent Raman spectroscopy to study this distortion, including polarizations both parallel and perpendicular to the c-axis. Coupling of the phonons to a continuum was also investigated.
Another example is using Raman spectroscopy to probe magnetic phenomena in the antiferromagnetic metal phosphorus trichalcogenide family, including FePS3, MnPS3, and NiPS3. Results on zone-folded phonons in FePS3, the emergence of magnons in FePS3 and MnPSe3 with anomalous symmetry behaviors, and a two-magnon mode in NiPS3 will all be discussed.
Finally, the magnetic field- and temperature-dependence of an exciting ferromagnetic 2D material, CrI3, will be presented.
2:00 PM - FF01.13.02
Electrical Control of Magnetism in 2D
Kin Fai Mak1
Cornell University1
Show AbstractControlling magnetism by electrical means is a key challenge to better information technology. Electrical control of magnetism has been explored in a variety of materials including dilute magnetic semiconductors, ferromagnetic metal thin films and multiferroics. The recently emerged atomically thin magnetic materials provide unprecedented opportunities to study magnetism in the 2D limit and engineer devices through van der Waals heterostructures. In particular, CrI3 is a model Ising ferromagnet with intriguing layer-dependent magnetic order: whereas monolayer CrI3 is a ferromagnet, bilayer CrI3 is an antiferromagnet with two ferromagnetic monolayers coupled antiferromagnetically. In this talk, I will present our recent results on switching the interlayer magnetic order in CrI3 bilayers by either a pure electric field or electrostatic doping and discuss possible mechanisms for the observed effects in experiment.
FF01.14/FF02.06: Joint Session: Breakthroughs in Graphene and Beyond 2D Materials
Session Chairs
Zakaria Al Balushi
Chuanhua Duan
Wednesday PM, December 04, 2019
Hynes, Level 3, Room 312
3:30 PM - FF01.14.01/FF02.06.01
van der Waals Layered Materials towards Room-Temperature Magnetic Semiconductors
Young Hee Lee1,2,Seok Joon Yun1,Dinh Loc Duong1
Sungkyunkwan University1,Institute for Basic Science2
Show AbstractThe ferromagnetic state in van der Waals two-dimensional (2D) materials has been reported recently in the monolayer limit. Intrinsic CrI3 and CrGeTe3 semiconductors reveal ferromagnetism but the Tc is still low below 60K. In contrast, monolayer VSe2 is ferromagnetic metal with Tc above room temperature but incapable of controlling its carrier density. Moreover, the long-range ferromagnetic order in doped diluted chalcogenide semiconductors has not been demonstrated at room temperature. The key research target is to realize the long-range order ferromagnetism, Tc over room temperature, and semiconductor with gate tunability. Here, we unambiguously observe a ferromagnetic hysteresis loop together with magnetic domains above room temperature in diluted V-doped WSe2, while maintaining the semiconducting characteristic of WSe2 with a high on/off current ratio of five orders of magnitude.
4:00 PM - FF01.14.02/FF02.06.02
Magic Angle Graphene—Correlations, Superconductivity and Beyond
Pablo Jarillo-Herrero1
Massachusetts Institute of Technology1
Show AbstractThe understanding of strongly-correlated quantum matter has challenged physicists for decades. Such difficulties have stimulated new research paradigms, such as ultra-cold atom lattices for simulating quantum materials. In this talk I will present a new platform to investigate strongly correlated physics, based on graphene moiré superlattices. In particular, I will show that when two graphene sheets are twisted by an angle close to the theoretically predicted ‘magic angle’, the resulting flat band structure near the Dirac point gives rise to a strongly-correlated electronic system. These flat bands exhibit half-filling insulating phases at zero magnetic field, which we show to be a correlated insulator arising from electrons localized in the moiré superlattice. Moreover, upon doping, we find electrically tunable superconductivity in this system, with many characteristics similar to high-temperature cuprates superconductivity. These unique properties of magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene open up a new playground for exotic many-body quantum phases in a 2D platform made of pure carbon and without magnetic field. The easy accessibility of the flat bands, the electrical tunability, and the bandwidth tunability though twist angle may pave the way towards more exotic correlated systems, such as quantum spin liquids or correlated topological insulators.
FF01.15/FF02.07/MS02.08: Keynote Session: Breakthroughs in Graphene and Beyond 2D Materials
Session Chairs
Zakaria Al Balushi
Chuanhua Duan
Wednesday PM, December 04, 2019
Hynes, Level 3, Room 312
4:30 PM - FF01.15.01/FF02.07.01/MS02.08.01
Keynote: Molecular Transport through Two-Dimensional Capillaries
Andre Geim1
University of Manchester1
Show AbstractI will review our group’s work on the molecular transport properties of angstrom-scale channels fabricated by der Waals assembly of 2D crystals. These channels can be viewed as if individual atomic planes were extracted from a bulk crystal leaving behind two edge dislocations with an empty space in between. Gas, water, ion and proton transport have been studied in capillaries down to one atom in height.
FF01.16: Poster Session III: Beyond Graphene 2D Materials—Synthesis, Properties and Device Applications III
Session Chairs
Zakaria Al Balushi
Deep Jariwala
Olga Kazakova
Amber McCreary
Thursday AM, December 05, 2019
Hynes, Level 1, Hall B
8:00 PM - FF01.16.01
In Situ Monitoring of Graphene Growth on Cu by Reflectance Contrast Using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy
Dong Kim1,2,Yeon Joon Suh1,Juhee Kim1,Mina Park1,Yun Sung Woo2,Byung Hee Hong1
Department of Chemistry1,Graphene Square Inc.2
Show AbstractLarge-area, high-quality, and continuous growth technologies for CVD graphene have been developed to meet the requirements for industrial applications. However, there has been a lack of proper methods to check the quality of graphene in a fast and non-destructive way for mass-production scale. Optical microscopy (OM) has been widely explored for imaging and characterizing CVD graphene directly on Cu. Dark field (DF) OM was employed to investigate CVD graphene grown on Cu foil using the Rayleigh light scattering from Cu steps beneath graphene, which can be adopted only for metals that generate steps with considerable height beneath graphene after growing. Moreover, the DF imaging by the weak scattered light is time-consuming and requires a sample of graphene on Cu foil to be placed over a period of time under illumination. On the other hand, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) is capable of scanning a large area in a few seconds in high-resolution, which is expected to enable the faster characterization of graphene on Cu regardless of its production scale. Thus, we demonstrate that the reflection mode CLSM can be utilized for the in-situ monitoring of the CVD-grown graphene on Cu foil as a possible quality assessment tool of mass-produced CVD graphene films. The CLSM generates the high-contrast optical images of CVD-grown graphene on Cu over a large area, in which the contrast between the graphene layer and Cu is greater for shorter incident laser wavelengths. The reflectance contrast calculated by Maxwell equation is in good agreement with the experiment as the interference of reflected light at the interface between air, graphene, and Cu provides a high image contrast between the areas with and without graphene. Furthermore, we found out that the quality of CVD graphene can be characterized by CLSM because the reflectance and the optical conductivity are proportional to the defect density.
8:00 PM - FF01.16.02
One-Step Synthesis and Properties of Cationic Nitrogen-Doped Graphene by Solution Plasma
Sangwoo Chae1,2,Gasidit Panomsuwan3,Nagahiro Saito1,4,2
Nagoya University1,Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Open Innovation Platform with Enterprises, Research Institute and Academia (OPERA)2,Kasetsart University3,Conjoint Research Laboratory in Nagoya University, Shinshu University4
Show AbstractControl of nitrogen bonding configuration in hexagonal graphene lattice is considered as the promising strategy in realizing desired electrical, chemical, and optical properties of graphene. Three bonding configurations are typically detectable, including quaternary nitrogen (or graphitic nitrogen), pyridinic nitrogen, and pyrrolic nitrogen. However, cationic nitrogen is another possible bonding, which has been rarely investigated and not well understood in graphene chemistry. Therefore, study of graphene with cationic nitrogen doping is very challenging for further development towards this area. In this work, cationic N-doped graphene (CNG) has been synthesized via a novel method called solution plasma (SP) at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The mixture of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide (EMIM DCA) and dimethylformamide (DMF) was employed as carbon and nitrogen sources in synthesis. The originality of this work consists of two points as follows: 1. Combination of solution plasma and ionic liquid (EMIM DCA) allows us to achieve one-step, rapid, substrate-free synthesis of p-type graphene with cationic nitrogen doping at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. 2. Cationic nitrogen-doped graphene exhibited p-type semiconducting behavior with a low sheet resistance of 16 Ω sq−1 and a high carrier concentration of 1019 cm−3. These fascinating electrical properties can be attributed to two important effects: (i) presence of cationic nitrogen in graphene lattice and (ii) preservation of planar structure.
The combination of SP and ionic liquid shows a promising strategy in design and synthesis of NG with cationic nitrogen-doping, which cannot be achieved in other existing methods. The CNG will be enable potential use in many applications in various fields, such as sensor, electronic, and energy devices.
8:00 PM - FF01.16.03
Edge Terminations Control of Tungsten Diselenide Domains Using Chemical Vapor Deposition
Yoobeen Lee1,Jin Seok Lee1
Sookmyung Women's University1
Show AbstractVariously shaped transitional metal dichalcogenides (TMDC) domains are of significant interest since the electronic properties of pristine TMDC are strongly dependent on its size, shape, and edge structures. As the reactivity of TMDC is governable by the electronic structure at its edge, a number of attempts have been made to grow differently shaped TMDC domains and to define their edge structures. Of the various TMDC synthesis techniques, it is well-known that the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is the most reasonable and appropriate method to produce large-scale and low-defect TMDC domains. And, many CVD parameters such as growth temperature, annealing time, and the amount of precursors affect TMDC growth.
In this study, we investigated CVD method in order to grow tungsten diselenide (WSe2) domains of various shapes. By regulating the amount of Se powder as precursor and growth temperature during the CVD process, we synthesized hexagonal, square, circular, and triangular WSe2 domains, and characterized their morphologies and physical properties using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL) analyses, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning tunneling microscope (STM). Based on the atomic configurations of WSe2 domain edges and size distributions of the WSe2 domains, we proposed the edge termination mechanism of anisotropic WSe2 domains, which is strongly dependent on the amount of Se precursor and growth temperature during the CVD process.
8:00 PM - FF01.16.04
MOCVD Growth of Tungsten Ditelluride Thin Films
Thomas McKnight1,Xiaotian Zhang1,Tanushree Choudhury1,Joan Redwing1
The Pennsylvania State University1
Show AbstractTungsten ditelluride (WTe2) is a layered, type-II Weyl semimetal transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) typically observed in a distorted 1T (1T’) phase with an orthorhombic crystal structure comprised planes of distorted triangular lattices of tungsten atoms sandwiched by tellurium atoms. The distortion pushes tungsten atoms closer together in the x-axis than the y or z-axis, generating quasi-one-dimensional chains of these atoms, leading to strongly anisotropic electronic properties throughout the material. It has been shown to have extraordinary physical properties, such as a high magnetoresistance, anisotropic ultra-low thermal conductivity and metal-insulator transition and it also exhibits interesting quantum phenomena such as the quantum spin-Hall effect and pressure-driven superconductivity. These unique properties make WTe2 an exciting candidate for emerging applications, including phase change memory electrodes, magnetic field sensors, biosensors, microelectromechanical systems, hard disk drives and quantum computing.
While bulk crystals of the material have been available for many years, to date, thin films of WTe2 have only recently been synthesized using techniques such as molecular beam epitaxy and powder source chemical vapor deposition (CVD) that utilize Te powder and W-feedstock. Metalorganic CVD (MOCVD) growth is also of interest as it enables precise delivery of precursors to the substrate at moderate growth pressures (100-700 Torr) but has not yet been studied in detail.
In this study, we investigate the use of MOCVD for the growth of WTe2 on c-plane sapphire substrates. The studies were carried out in a vertical cold wall MOCVD reactor using tungsten hexacarbonyl (W(CO)6) and diethyltelluride (DETe) as precursors for W and Te, respectively, in a H2 carrier gas. Initial studies, carried out at 100 Torr reactor pressure using a W(CO)6 flow rate of 1.3 x10-4 sccm and Te/W ratio of ~8000 : 1, demonstrate the growth of WTe2 as confirmed by Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The growth rate was found to decrease with increasing temperature over the temperature range from 350-600oC likely due to increased desorption of Te species from the substrate surface. Peaks at ~1340 cm-1 and ~1600 cm-1 were present in the Raman spectra of the films indicating the presence of carbon in the layers most likely due to the DETe source. Additional studies are underway to elucidate the growth mechanism and properties of MOCVD grown WTe2. The synthesis of W(Se,Te)2 alloy films via introduction of H2Se during deposition will also be explored to explicate the consequences on phase control, oxidation stability, and the reduction of carbon contamination during growth.
8:00 PM - FF01.16.05
Integration of 2D Tungsten Disulfide on Carbon Nanotube-Coated Paper for Highly Sensitive and Flexible Gas Sensors
Lee Woo Sung1,Jungwook Choi1
Yeungnam University1
Show AbstractSensitive and flexible chemical sensors fabricated by a low-cost process are promising since they can be attached on curved, complex structures, and even the human body while providing an environmental signal to the user. For this reason, many nanomaterial-based flexible sensors have been investigated. However, they required a complicated manufacturing process leading to expensive cost and labor intensity. Furthermore, their limited chemical sensitivity and mechanical flexibility pose challenges.
Here, a highly deformable chemical sensor is reported with improved sensitivity that uses the hybrid structure of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) on cellulose paper. Liquid dispersions of CNTs and TMDCs (e.g., WS2 and MoS2) are absorbed and dried on porous cellulose paper for sensor fabrication, which is simple, scalable, rapid, and cost-effective. Owing to the flexibility of cellulose paper, the sensor enables reversible three-dimensional folding and unfolding, bending, and twisting without any degradation. At the same time, the CNTs form a percolation network and simultaneously provide gas reactivity. Functionalization of CNTs with WS2 greatly improves the sensing response to exposure to NO2 molecules by more than 1.5 times. The measured sensitivity toward NO2 is 4.57% ppm−1, which is much higher than that of previous paper-based NO2 sensors. In addition, our sensor maintains high sensitivity even under severe deformation such as heavy folding and crumpling. This approach can be a suitable way for simple fabrication of highly flexible and sensitive chemical sensor which can be potentially applicable for low-cost portable device and disposable sensor.
8:00 PM - FF01.16.06
Convergent Ion Beam Alteration of 2D Materials and Metal-2D Interfaces
Zhihui Cheng1,Hattan Abuzaid1,Yifei Yu2,Fan Zhang3,Yanlong Li3,Steven Noyce1,Yuh-Chen Lin1,James Doherty1,Chenggang Tao3,Linyou Cao2,Aaron Franklin1
Duke University1,North Carolina State University2,Virginia Tech3
Show AbstractTailoring the properties of two-dimensional (2D) crystals is important for both understanding the material behavior and exploring new functionality. Here we demonstrate the alteration of MoS2 and metal-MoS2 interfaces using a convergent Ar ion beam. Different beam energies, from 60 eV to 600 eV, are shown to have distinct effects on the optical and electrical properties of MoS2. Defects and deformations created across different layers were investigated, revealing an unanticipated improvement in the Raman peak intensity of multilayer MoS2 when exposed to a 60 eV Ar+ ion beam, and attenuation of the MoS2 Raman peaks with a 200 eV ion beam. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) was used to probe the altered 4-layer MoS2 surface, showing that the MoS2 crystallinity still remains. This largely intact crystallinity of the 4-layer MoS2 surface is in contrast to the significantly diminished PL peak of monolayer MoS2, suggesting that the defects spread throughout multiple layers rather than concentrating at the surface. Using cross-sectional scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), alteration of the crystal structure after a 600 eV ion beam bombardment was observed for the first time, including generated defects across layers and voids in the crystal. We show that the 60 eV ion beam yields improvement in the metal-MoS2 interface by decreasing the contact resistance from 17.5 kΩ*μm to 6 kΩ*μm at a carrier concentration of n2D = 5.4×1012 cm-2. These results advance the use of low-energy ion beams to modify 2D materials and interfaces for tuning and improving performance for application as sensors, transistors, optoelectronics, and so forth.
8:00 PM - FF01.16.07
Low-Temperature Synthesis of Transition Metal Dichalcogenides Nanowires with Increased Electron Scattering
John Woods1,David Hynek1,Pengzi Liu1,Min-Hui Li1,Judy Cha1
Yale University1
Show AbstractTransition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) have been widely studied for a variety of applications including catalysis for hydrogen evolution reaction, flexible optoelectronics, thermoelectrics, and battery and supercapacitor applications. Recently, tellurium-based TMDCs, such as WTe2 and MoTe2, are heavily studied for their desirable electrical properties, which include superconductivity down to the monolayer limit,1-2 quantum spin Hall state in monolayer,3 type II Weyl semimetallic nature,4 and large magnetoresistance.5 In recently published work6 we report on the synthesis of single-crystalline nanowires of TMDCs (WTe2, WS2, WSe2, and MoTe2) through conversion of oxide nanowires. The synthesized WTe2 nanowires may be well suited to study topological superconductivity and Majorana zero modes due to the approximation as a one dimensional system.
We perform current-dependent resistance vs. temperature measurements to characterize the transport properties of our WTe2 nanowires. We find that the nanowires exhibit a resistivity that is an order-of-magnitude higher than flakes of similar thicknesses, even after removing the contributions from a tunnel barrier at the contacts. We hypothesize that this increased resistivity results from increased surface scattering of the nanowires owing to surface oxidation and increased contribution from side surfaces rather than basal planes. We investigate in situ passivation layer to protect the nanowires from surface oxidation. Future works to develop mitigation strategies to handle scattering at the nanowire surface will allow for investigations into the topological features of WTe2.
1: Inducing Strong Superconductivity in WTe2 by a Proximity Effect. ACS Nano 2018, 12, 7185-7196.
2: Electrically Tunable Low-Density Superconductivity in a Monolayer Topological Insulator. Science 2018, 362, 926-929.
3: Observation of the Quantum Spin Hall Effect up to 100 Kelvin in a Monolayer Crystal. Science 2018, 359, 76-79.
4: Type-II Weyl Semimetals. Nature 2015, 527, 495-498.
5: Large, Non-Saturating Magnetoresistance in WTe2. Nature 2014, 514, 205-208.
6: Synthesis of WTe2 Nanowires with Increased Electron Scattering. ACS Nano 2019, DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b09342
8:00 PM - FF01.16.08
Nano-Encapsulation with 2D Materials for Ambient Operation of Field Emission Electron Devices
Girish Rughoobur1,Jiayuan Zhao1,Ahmad Zubair1,Lay Jain1,Tomas Palacios1,Jing Kong1,Akintunde Akinwande1
Massachusetts Institute of Technology1
Show AbstractThe quest for transistors that operate in the THz regime is driven by the requirement for higher bandwidth to increase information bandwidth of networks. The replacement of the semiconductor transport channel with free-space is a potential path for achieving this objective. The so-called “Nano Vacuum Channel Transistors” (NVCTs) could potentially have superior performance compared to solid state devices of equivalent channel length owing to ballistic transport of electrons, shorter transit time and higher intrinsic breakdown voltage.1 This is achievable as electrons are not scattered in free space (higher velocity) and there is no Avalanche carrier multiplication (no breakdown). Hence NVCTs have promise for very high Johnson Figure of Merit (~1014).2
NVCTs operate by injecting electrons into the channel when electrons tunnel through the barrier as the barrier is “thinned” by the application of a gate voltage with respect to the emitter tip. This barrier height is of the order of the electron affinity of Si (χ = 4.05 eV). By scaling down all the critical device dimensions by a factor of 10, very high density (108 tips/cm2), self-aligned gate field emitter arrays with low turn-on voltage (8.5 V), low operating voltage (20 V), high current density (150 A/cm2) and long lifetime (>300 hours) have been demonstrated.3 However, these devices need ultra-high vacuum (UHV) for reliable operation as the field emission process is sensitive to barrier height variations induced by adsorption/desorption of gas molecules. Small changes in the barrier height lead to exponential variations in current.3 Poor vacuum also leads to generation of energetic ions that bombard the emitter tips, rendering the tips blunt and degrading electrical performance.
To overcome the need for UHV, we use atomically thin layers such as 2D materials to nano-encapsulate only the field emitter either in UHV or in a gas (e.g. helium) with high ionization energy. We exploit the higher transmission of smaller particles such as electrons through 2D materials compared to larger atoms/molecules such as gases.4,5 By separating the electron emission region from the acceleration region (where the electrons acquire energy), electrons can be transported in a non-ideal vacuum, if not atmospheric conditions. Furthermore, the nano-encapsulation layer can either function as an ion repeller if biased positively or can be used for secondary electron emission interface. For mechanical strength, multiple layers that are transparent to electrons while impervious to gas molecules/ions are used.6 In this work, we investigate the structural and electrical properties of 2D materials as nano-encapsulation layers for Si based field emission sources. The goal is to realize empty state electronics capable of functioning at higher power and harsher conditions (high radiation and high temperature) compared to solid state electronics.
References:
1 J.-W. Han, D.-I. Moon, and M. Meyyappan, Nano Lett. 17, 2146 (2017).
2 S.A. Guerrera and A.I. Akinwande, in 2016 29th Int. Vac. Nanoelectron. Conf. (IEEE, 2016), pp. 1–2.
3 S.A. Guerrera and A.I. Akinwande, Nanotechnology 27, 295302 (2016).
4 J.S. Bunch, S.S. Verbridge, J.S. Alden, A.M. Van Der Zande, J.M. Parpia, H.G. Craighead, and P.L. Mceuen, Nano Lett. 8, 2458-2462 (2008).
5 C. Li, M.T. Cole, W. Lei, K. Qu, K. Ying, Y. Zhang, A.R. Robertson, J.H. Warner, S. Ding, X. Zhang, B. Wang, and W.I. Milne, Adv. Funct. Mater. 24, 1218 (2014).
6 L. Wang, C.M. Williams, M.S.H. Boutilier, P.R. Kidambi, and R. Karnik, Nano Lett. 17, 3081 (2017).
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Large, Low-Aspect Ratio Vanadium Dioxide Single Crystals as Actively Reconfigurable Substrates for 2D Materials
Samuel White1,Ellis Thompson2,Peyton Brown1,Joseph Matson1,Thomas Folland1,Josh Caldwell1,Richard Haglund1
Vanderbilt University1,Vassar College2
Show AbstractOne of the main advantages of 2D materials is that their properties are dependent on their local environment, making them inherently controllable by effects such as electrostatic gating. Furthermore, 2D materials can be transferred onto arbitrary substrates, an excellent opportunity for device engineering. In particular, stacking 2D materials on tuneable or phase-change materials (PCMs), such as those exhibiting a metal-insulator transition (MIT), provides an avenue to further control the properties of 2D materials. Among PCMs, vanadium dioxide (VO2) has received a great deal of attention for its easily-accessible critical temperature (Tc) near 70°C, rich phase diagram, ultrafast optically-induced phase transition, and large change in optical properties (both n and k) especially pronounced in the near- and mid-IR; properties with promise for a variety of applications, including sensors, photonic modulators and switches, passive thermal control films—and the modulation of hyperbolic phonon polaritons (HPhP) in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN). Single crystals of VO2—while less durable and scalable than thin films—have well-defined crystal lattices, sharp phase transitions, and, when strained, striped phases of coexisting insulating and metallic domains. These are ideal for situations where sharp, lateral boundaries are required within devices. Recently, these domain walls were used to demonstrate index-based launching, reflection, and refraction of HPhPs in hBN.
Developing such applications requires robust, reproducible techniques to create VO2 in a variety of forms and to locally adjust its phase transition. High-quality VO2 crystals can be grown via a physical vapor transport method, where V2O5 precursor is vaporized, transported to a growth substrate, and reduced to VO2. The size, shape, and structure of the resulting crystals depends heavily on growth parameters and the substrate used. Moreover, the Tc, existence of intermediate phases, and pattern of coexisting domains are sensitive to the crystal morphology and substrate interaction. While much work has focused on growing nanocrystals of various sizes and shapes, we seek to grow large, low-aspect ratio crystals to support large slabs of two-dimensional materials and to facilitate optical experiments on those heterostructures.
Specifically, we grow such VO2 microcrystals on a variety of crystalline oxide substrates with good lattice match to VO2. We discuss the optimization of growth parameters, and use optical microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and XRD to analyze the effect of lattice match on the orientation and morphology of the crystals. Additionally, we use FTIR to measure the optical constants of single crystal VO2 in the M1, M2, and R phases, and investigate the possibility of patterning metallic domains in VO2 crystals with local laser heating. On c-cut sapphire—previously used to grow epitaxial nanowires—we observe large microcrystals stabilized in the insulating M2 phase at room temperature, which we attribute to strain arising from lattice mismatch and thermal expansion. On yttrium-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) (100)—previously used as a buffer layer to grow epitaxial VO2 thin films—we observe preferred orientation of large microcrystals, as well as formation of yttrium vanadate and zirconia due to the instability of YSZ at high temperatures. These crystals exhibit unique surface morphologies, such as terrace-like steps. We also report on the growth of single crystals on other cuts of sapphire and YSZ, and on spinel (111) (MgAl2O4, known to support epitaxial VO2 thin films). Finally, we describe the creation of 2D heterostructures using these crystals, and demonstrate their applicability for infrared spectroscopy experiments.
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Tailoring the Electronic Structure of Transition Metal Dichalcogenides Using Rationally Designed Small Molecules
Milad Yarali1,2,Yiren Zhong2,1,David Charboneau1,Serrae Reed1,2,Nilay Hazari1,Hailiang Wang2,1,Judy Cha1,2
Yale University1,Yale University West Campus2
Show AbstractThe exotic physical and chemical properties of layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) make them prime candidates for use in a variety of applications including electronics, optoelectronics, valleytronics, and catalysis.[1] The ability to rationally manipulate the electronic structure of atomically thin films of TMDCs is essential to enable their practical implementation. To achieve this goal, there are several examples of surface functionalization of TMDCs using small molecules to control the charge-carrier polarity and doping of TMDCs.[2] However, our understanding about the nature of the interaction between small molecules and the TMDCs or how the structure of small molecules impacts the properties of the TMDCs, remains limited. Here, we describe studies which rationally tune the electronic structure of MoS2 monolayers using a library of systematically designed small molecules with different structures and redox properties. Electrical and magneto-transport measurements show a factor of ten improvement in electron mobility and carrier density of functionalized MoS2 devices with well-defined organic reductants. To obtain a holistic description of the doping effects, a range of characterization techniques including X-ray photoelectron, photoluminescence, and Raman spectroscopies, and scanning tunneling and transmission electron microscopy, as well as secondary ion mass spectrometry are utilized.
[1] Q. H. Wang et. al., Nat. Nanotechnol. 2012, 7, 699.
[2] S. Bertolazzi et. al., Chem, Soc, Rev. 2018, 47, 6845.
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Structural Identification and Related Physical Properties of Red Phosphorus Polymorphs
Jun-Yeong Yoon1,Jeongheon Choe1,Yangjin Lee1,Sanghyuck Yu1,Dong Gun Oh1,Young Jai Choi1,Seongil Im1,Kwanpyo Kim1
Yonsei University1
Show AbstractRed phosphorus, an allotrope of phosphorus which is usually known to be amorphous, has several types of crystalline phases. The atomic structures and electrical properties of crystalline red phosphorus, however, have not been studied in detail due to the existence of various crystalline phases of complex structure. The red phosphorus polymorphs are categorized into five types, which include the amorphous phase (type-I). The crystal structures of type-IV (fibrous red phosphorus) and type-V (Hittorf 's phosphorus) have been previously revealed but those of type-II and type-III phases are yet to be identified. Here we investigate the crystal structures and electrical properties of crystalline red phosphorus polymorphs. Using chemical vapor transport method, we synthesize crystalline red phosphorus. Using Raman spectroscopy, electron diffraction, and X-ray diffraction measurements, we confirmed that synthesized red phosphorus is mainly type-II with some mixture of type-IV crystalline phases. The electron crystallography can be utilized to identify the crystal structure of type-II red phosphorus. With its semiconducting nature, the crystalline red phosphorus can be a promising material for electronic and optoelectronic applications.
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Spectroscopy Studies on Multi-Layer InSe with Visible Range Band Gap
Matteo Chiesa1,Srinivasa Tamalampudi1,Raman Sankar2,Ibraheem Almansouri3,Jin-You Lu1
Khalifa University of Science and Technology1,Academica Sinica2,Laboratory for Energy and NanoScience (LENS)3
Show AbstractAtomically thin, two-dimensional (2D) indium selenide (InSe) has attracted considerable attention owing to the dependence of its bandgap on sample thickness, making it suitable for small-scale optoelectronic device applications. In this work, by the use of Raman spectroscopy with three different laser wavelengths, including 488 nm, 532 nm, and 633 nm, representing resonant, near-resonant and conventional non-resonant conditions, a conclusive understanding of the thickness dependence of lattice vibrations and electronic band structure of InSe and InSe/graphene heterostructures are presented. Combining our experimental measurements with first-principles quantum mechanical modeling of the InSe systems, we identified the crystal structure as ε-phase InSe and demonstrated that its measured intensity ratio of Raman peaks in the resonant Raman spectrum evolves with the number of layers. Moreover, graphene coating enhances Raman scattering of few-layered InSe and also makes its photoluminescence stable under higher-intensity laser illumination. The optically induced charge transfer between van der Waals graphene/InSe heterostructures is observed under excitation of the E' transition in InSe, where the observed mechanism may potentially be a route for future integrated electronic and optoelectronic devices.
8:00 PM - FF01.16.13
High Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Effectiveness of Graphene Foam/Polymer Composites with Fe3O4 Nanoparticles-Intercalated 2D Ti3C2Tx
Van-Tam Nguyen1,2,Bok Ki Min1,Yoonsik Yi1,Seong Jun Kim1,Choon-Gi Choi1,2
Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute1,University of Science and Technology2
Show AbstractElectronic devices such as personal computers, smartphones, and wearable devices with many highly sensitive precision electronic components can be malfunctioned due to electromagnetic interference (EMI). An EMI shielding is a solution to prevent electromagnetic (EM) radiation pollution but conventional metal-based EMI shielding materials cannot apply for stretchable and flexible devices. The 3D graphene foam/polymer composites have acquired noteworthy interests in flexible EMI shielding materials owing to the excellent electrical conductivity and large specific surface area. However, their shielding performance still needs further improvement to serve in real world applications.
Herein, the Fe3O4 nanoparticles intercalated 2D Ti3C2Tx (MXene) through ultrasonic method is decorated on the graphene foam that is grown on nickel skeleton by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process, before embedding in the poly dimethyl siloxane (PDMS) matrix. After etching nickel away, the composite shows flexibility, elasticity, high conductivity, and a brilliant EM wave absorption. We propose the presence of the Fe3O4 nanoparticle intercalated MXene induces the internal multi-reflection, magnetic loss, and interfacial polarization in the graphene foam/polymer matrix resulting in the excellent EMI shielding effectiveness as high as 83.6 dB in the X-band frequency range (8.2-12.4 GHz). Consequently, the lightweight, flexible, and highly conductive graphene foam-based composite opens up the possibility to use as the high-performance EMI shielding materials applicable in the wearable electronics, flexible and stretchable electronics, etc.
Acknowledgment
This work was supported by the STEAM Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (NRF-2017M3C1A9069590) and the Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI) grant (19ZB1100) funded by the Korean government.
8:00 PM - FF01.16.14
AAO Assisted MoS2-Honeycomb Structures for Highly Sensitive and Ultrafast Moisture Detection
Shuvra Mondal1,2,Seong Jun Kim1,Choon-Gi Choi1,2
Electronics and Telecommunication Research Institute1,University of Science and Technology2
Show AbstractThe climate change and necessity of monitoring dynamic changes of humidity in various fields starting from food processing industry, semiconductor fabrication facility, automobile and agriculture, to more sophisticated human respiration, non-contact epidermal sensing has increased the demand for highly sensitive humidity sensor material research. Two-dimensional (2D) material like molybdenum disulfides (MoS2) is an excellent material for humidity sensing due to the presence of inherent defects, and high moisture absorption even at room temperature. However, the humidity absorption of mono or multilayer MoS2 are limited by its atomically thin layers and their relatively low defect sites for water molecules. Humidity sensor made from pure MoS2 films suffer from low sensitivity at room temperature has been reported. Recently, research on atmospheric humidity effect on the electrical characteristics of 3D nanostructure, MoS2 nanoflakes have been studied with the aim to increase moisture absorption and broaden detection range. However, previous studies are mostly focused on top or bottom gated complex devices that have limitations like hysteresis, stability at high humidity levels, durability.
In this study, we demonstrate a simple resistive type anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) assisted MoS2 honeycomb structure for superior humidity sensing with fast response. The honeycomb structured MoS2 tubes were fabricated by filtering the (NH4)2MoS4 solution through anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membrane by vacuum filtration method. To achieve perfectly open surfaced MoS2 honeycomb for maximum water vapor absorption site, (NH4)2MoS4 solution vacuum filtration was repeated in cycles to eliminate larger particles from the solution. Next, T-CVD annealing process was used to synthesis MoS2 tube honeycomb. In our finding, this 3D honeycomb structure based on MoS2 tubes can respond fast to humidity from atmosphere, human skin, and human breath at the range of RH 20% ~ RH 85%. The sensitivity and response speed are heavily influenced by the MoS2 tubes, due to their wider surface area and open pores for higher moisture absorption sites. From experimental result, our MoS2 honeycomb structured humidity sensor showed excellent sensitivity of ~700 (ΔI/I0) at RH 83%, with a fast response and recovery time of 0.47s and 0.81s, respectively. This study paves the way to fast humidity sensing and non-contact sensation for next generation electronic devices.
Acknowledgement
This work was partly supported by Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI) grant (19ZB1100) funded by the Korean government and Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) grant funded by the Korea government (MOTIE) (20181510102340, Development of a real-time detection system for unidentified RCS leakage less than 0.5 gpm).
8:00 PM - FF01.16.15
Nanotube Templated Growth of Ultra-Narrow Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Nanoribbons
Jeffrey Cain1,2,Amin Azizi1,Sehoon Oh1,Scott Meyer1,2,Peter Ercius2,Marvin Cohen1,Alex Zettl1,2
University of California, Berkeley1,Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory2
Show AbstractRecently, the concept of dimensionality has emerged as an essential parameter for tuning material properties. Coinciding with the recent rise of two-dimensional (2D) materials, there have been extensive efforts to engineering additional levels of confinement, and thus lower dimensionality, in few- and monolayer materials. The greatest successes have been achieved in the fabrication and synthesis of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs), where rational bottom-up synthesis has been accomplished using the self-assembly of molecular precursors. This has enabled the growth of GNRs with specific edge structures and atomically precise widths, as well as single GNR heterojunctions with engineered band alignment and topology. Similarly, exciting physics are expected when the 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are further constrained to one-dimension (1D). However, the synthesis and/or fabrication of TMD nanoribbons (NRs) has lagged far behind that of GNRs both in terms of quality and width control. In the past, most studies have relied upon top-down fabrication methods that require lithography and etching processes. This results in NRs with widths greater than 50 nm (too large to observe quantum confinement effects) and a high degree of disorder. Here, we report the growth of ultra-narrow TMD nanoribbons as templated by multiwalled carbon nanotubes. The nanoribbons are grown within the hollow cavity of the carbon nanotubes, limiting their lateral dimensions and layer number, while simultaneously stabilizing them against the environment. The result is pristine nanoribbons that reach the monolayer limit and exhibit widths that can reach below 2 nm, while maintaining a defined edge structure. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy reveal the detailed atomic structure of the material, and density functional theory is used to explore the effects of additional levels of confinement on electronic properties. The NR-in-nanotube structure represents a unique route toward nanoribbon growth and the exploration of materials under extreme dimensional constraint.
8:00 PM - FF01.16.16
First-Principles Investigation of Dopants and Defects in 2D Materials
Anne Marie Tan1,Christoph Freysoldt2,Richard Hennig1
University of Florida1,Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH2
Show AbstractTwo-dimensional (2D) semiconductor materials, such as transition metal dichalcogenides, monochalcogenides, and phosphorene have attracted extensive research interests for potential applications in optoelectronics, spintronics, photovoltaics, and catalysis. Understanding the effect of impurities, defects, and dopants on the electronic properties is crucial for the selection of materials. Choosing suitable synthesis and processing conditions allows for some control over their concentrations, and hence to tailor the carrier concentration, character, and mobility in 2D materials. Accurate determination of defect formation energies and charge transition levels enables us to predict their effect on the electronic properties and how they respond to changes in synthesis and processing.
Density functional theory (DFT) calculations of point defects in solids is a mature field with a proven record of experimentally validated predictions. However, modeling charged defects in single-layer materials with common plane-wave DFT approaches poses additional challenges which lead to the divergence of the energy with vacuum spacing. Recently, Freysoldt and Neugebauer developed a correction scheme which employs a surrogate model to restore the appropriate electrostatic boundary conditions for charged 2D materials. We apply this correction scheme to compute the formation energies and charge transition levels associated with point defects and defect complexes in technologically relevant materials such as MoS2, WSe2, and phosphorene. We find that dopants can bind with intrinsic defects such as vacancies to form defect complexes under certain experimental conditions, acting as compensating defects and modifying the electronic properties of the individual defects. An example of this is the Re dopant – S vacancy complex in MoS2 which we found to be thermodynamically favorable and which if formed may in fact passivate the n-type Re dopant. By further analyzing the defect electronic structures, we also predict interesting phenomena such as Jahn-Teller distortions which occur when the defects are in specific charge states. Finally, we are developing a Python-based workflow to facilitate efficient high-throughput calculations of charged point defects in 2D materials and interfacing it with existing materials databases to create a new database of defects in 2D and layered bulk materials.
8:00 PM - FF01.16.17
Characterization of Functionalized Chevron-Type GNR Using STM and STS
Abigail Berg1,Gang Li2,Kaitlyn Parsons1,Amir Taqieddin1,Steven Kolaczkowski1,Yulin He1,Pin-Chiao Huang1,Narayana Aluru1,Alexander Sinitskii2,Joseph Lyding1
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign1,University of Nebraska–Lincoln2
Show AbstractWe report results on a new class of bottom-up synthesized functionalized atomically precise graphene nanoribbons (GNRs). These new ribbons are structurally related to the established chevron GNRs but are expected to have a smaller bandgap and thus higher electrical conductivity, and the edge functionalization is expected to improve their processability for device fabrication. The GNRs were synthesized in solution via Suzuki coupling of structurally different molecular precursors and characterized by a variety of spectroscopic techniques. Dry contact transfer (DCT) was used to deposit these GNRs in UHV onto hydrogen passivated Si(100) surfaces for STM imaging and spectroscopy (STS) to elucidate the structural and electronic features of these GNRs. STS results indicate a strong variation in electronic structure along the length of the GNR. Specifically, the bandgap of the functionalized ends of the reduced chevron GNR exceeds 3.3 eV while the center of the GNR exhibits a bandgap of 2.5 eV. First principle simulations using DFT and GW of the electronic structure will also be presented.
8:00 PM - FF01.16.18
Magnetic Iron Defect Centers in Molybdenum Disulfide Monolayers
Shichen Fu1,Kamran Shayan1,Kyungnam Kang1,Xiaotian Wang1,Lihua Zhang2,Xiangzhi Li1,Xiao Tong2,Siwei Chen1,Stefan Strauf1,Eui-Hyeok Yang1
Stevens Institute of Technology1,Brookhaven National Laboratory2
Show AbstractTransition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have received considerable attention over the past decade, owing to its unique thickness-dependent electrical and optical properties.[1] Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is required to realize the scalable fabrication of TMD devices. However, the optical emission and carrier mobility of CVD-grown TMDs remain low due to the broad emission from defect bound excitons. A wide variety of approaches has been made to alter optical and electrical properties of TMD, including the incorporation of transition metals atoms (Mn, Nb, and Re)[2–4] in monolayer TMDs using substitutional doping or intercalation.[5,6] Among those transition metal atoms, iron (Fe) has attracted most attention due to its predicated magnetic properties[7] and non-degenerate ground state with non-zero spin.[8]
Here, we systematically investigated the temperature-dependent photoluminescence (PL) and magneto-PL properties of in situ Fe doping of polycrystalline MoS2 monolayers via CVD.[9] First, scanning transmission electron microscopy was employed to probe the atomic structure of the Fe-doped MoS2 monolayers. Fe atoms with lower relative intensity were visible in the MoS2 lattice at Mo sites, suggesting a substitutional Fe-doping of MoS2 monolayers. The temperature-dependent PL studies of both bare and Fe-doped MoS2 monolayers revealed significant suppression of the broad defect-bound emission related to chalcogen vacancies. In addition, we observed the emergence of new emission peaks after Fe atoms are introduced. Since the new emission peaks were absent in bare MoS2 monolayer, we attribute the new emission peaks o the optically active Fe ion sites. The light emissions from these optically active Fe ion sites had very strong thermal stability from 4K to 300K. Magneto-PL studies provided insights into the magnetic behavior of the Fe related emissions. We found ~ 30% circular dichroism in the Fe-related emissions even at room temperature without applying a magnetic field. Furthermore, a ferromagnetic behavior of the Fe related emissions was observed by measuring the PL circular dichroism at different magnetic fields (-6.5 T to 6.5 T) with increasing and decreasing sweeping directions. These findings are pathfinders toward enabling potential applications on minimizing bit storage for future electronics based on TMDs.
[1] Q. H. Wang et al., Nat. Nanotechnol. 2012, 7, 699.
[2] K. Zhang et al., Nano Lett. 2015, 15, 6586.
[3] J. Gao et al., Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 9735.
[4] K. Zhang et al., Adv. Funct. Mater. 2018, 28, 1.
[5] Q. Arnoux et al., Phys. Rev. B 2019, 99, 144405.
[6] D. Sarkar et al., Nano Lett. 2015, 15, 2852.
[7] L. Y. Antipina et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2016, 18, 26956.
[8] T. Smolenski et al., Nat. Commun. 2016, 7, 10484.
[9] X. Wang et al., 2D Mater. 2017, 4, 025093.
8:00 PM - FF01.16.19
Monolayer Porous Molybdenum Disulfide
Shuai Jia1,Jing Zhang1,Jiangtan Yuan1,Hua Guo1,Weibing Chen1,Zehua Jin1,Pulickel Ajayan1,Jun Lou1
Rice University1
Show AbstractTwo-dimensional porous membrane is considered as promising candidate for photocatalyst or electrocatalyst, desalination and rapid DNA sequencing. Delicate preparation, low-efficiency and absence of scalability of the current high energy electron irradiation method for nanopores creation, has pushed the community to develop easy, low-cost and scalable methods to create nanopores onto two-dimensional materials. Here, we developed an oxidization and etching method to create easily multiple nanopores onto monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2). These nanopores are triangles with straight edges and their size is tunable by changing the oxidization temperature. With much more exposed fresh edge sites which are active sites for hydrogen evolution reaction, basal plane activity of monolayer porous MoS2 is significantly enhanced compared with pristine MoS2. Our findings imply great applications potential exist in two-dimensional porous membrane and this simple, effective and scalable method to create multiple nanopores on monolayer MoS2 paves the way to the applications of two-dimensional porous membrane.
8:00 PM - FF01.16.20
EELS Study of Vertically Grown Graphene Sheets on Ge
Nitul Rajput1,Abdulrahman Al Hagri1,Ru Li1,Jin-You Lu1,Matteo Chiesa1
Khalifa University of Science and Technology1
Show AbstractVertically aligned graphene nanosheet arrays (VAGNAs) are grown on Ge substrate using a PECVD process. VAGNAs have unique tip morphology and large surface area, which make them as promising candidates for different applications, such as field emitting based devices, supercapacitors and batteries. Raman study implies that our PECVD-grown VAGNAs has the features of single-layer graphene termination at the top, which is further identified by our High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) characterization. In addition, to extract the quality of the grown layers, we also carry out the TEM based electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) investigation. EELS provides intricate information such as, the hybridization states and defect types present in the grown graphene sheets. Following the experimental EELS study, we also perform first-principles calculations to evaluate the effect of different types of defects on the electronic structures of VAGNAs. Moreover, the quality of the PECVD-grown graphene sheets on Germanium substrate is further compared with the graphene grown on metal substrate fabricated using the standard CVD process.
8:00 PM - FF01.16.21
Shelf-Stable 2D MXene Nanosheets Enabled by Antioxidants
Xiaofei Zhao1,Touseef Habib1,Aniruddh Vashisth1,Evan Prehn1,Smit Alkesh Shah1,Wanmei Sun1,Yexiao Chen1,Zeyi Tan1,Jodie Lutkenhaus1,Miladin Radovic1,Micah Green1
Texas A&M University1
Show AbstractMXenes, such as Ti3C2Tx and V2CTx, are fascinating 2D nanomaterials with an attractive combination of functional properties suitable for applications such as batteries, supercapacitors, and sensors. However, fabrication of devices and functional coatings based on MXenes remains challenging as they are prone to oxidize and degrade quickly in a matter of days from reacting with water and dissolved oxygen. We examine the oxidation of Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets in various media (air, water, organic solvents, and polymer composite) via multiple types of measurements to assess their shelf stability. The degree of MXene oxidation is found directly indicated by the property and structure changes such as electrical conductivity and the TiO2 content which is detected by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. The oxidation rate of MXene nanosheets is observed fastest in liquid media and slowest in solid media and can be accelerated by exposure to UV light. More importantly, we demonstrate an effective method to arrest the oxidation of colloidal Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets by introducing the antioxidants. The success of the method is evident as the MXene nanosheets maintain their composition, morphology, electrical conductivity, and colloidal stability. Even in the presence of water and oxygen, the electrical conductivity of Ti3C2Tx nanosheets treated with antioxidants is orders of magnitude higher as compared to untreated ones after 21 days. The conductivity changes also reveal that the resistance to oxidation persists in the dehydrated MXenes as well. In addition, our study includes a ReaxFF molecular simulation performed to elucidate the mechanism for MXene-antioxidant interactions. Our findings have the potential to be generalized to protect more types of MXenes as well and solve the most pressing challenge in the field of MXene engineering.
8:00 PM - FF01.16.22
Catalyst-Free and Morphology-Controlled Growth of 2D Perovskite Nanowires for Polarized Light Detection
Debjit Ghoshal1,Tianmeng Wang1,Hsin-Zon Tsai2,Michael Crommie2,Nikhil Koratkar1,Sufei Shi1
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute1,University of California, Berkeley2
Show AbstractTwo-dimensional (2D) perovskites or Ruddleson Popper (RP) perovskites have emerged as a class of material inheriting the superior optoelectronic properties of two different materials: perovskites and 2D materials. The large exciton binding energy and natural quantum well structure of 2D perovskite not only make these materials ideal platforms to study light-matter interactions, but also render them suitable for fabrication of various functional optoelectronic devices. Nanoscale structuring and morphology control have led to semiconductors with enhanced functionalities. For example, nanowires of semiconducting materials have been extensively used for important applications like lasing and sensing. Catalyst-assisted Vapor Liquid Solid (VLS) techniques, and template assisted growth, have conventionally been used for nanowire growth. However, catalyst and template-free scalable growth with morphology control of 2D perovskites have remained elusive. In this manuscript, we demonstrate a facile approach for morphology-controlled growth of high-quality nanowires of 2D perovskite, (BA)2PbI4. We demonstrate that the photoluminescence (PL) from the nanowires are highly polarized with a polarization ratio as large as ~ 0.73, which is one of the largest reported for perovskites. We further show that the photocurrent from the device based on the nanowire/graphene heterostructure is also sensitive to the polarization of the incident light with the photocurrent anisotropy ratio of ~3.62 (much larger than the previously reported best value of 2.68 for perovskite nanowires), thus demonstrating the potential of these nanowires as highly efficient photodetectors of polarized light.
8:00 PM - FF01.16.23
The Fabrication of CNT@MoS2 Co-Axial Nanotube and Its Applications in Electrochemistry Field
Yunsong Wang1,Anyuan Cao1
Peking University1
Show AbstractHeterostructures among two-dimensional (2D) layered materials have attracted great interest due to their unique properties, and potential applications. And wrapping the 2D layered materials into one-dimensional nanotubes brings out opportunities in creating chiral tubular structures and radial heterojunctions, with more interesting functionalities and phenomena. Early efforts have focused on using a tubular template to confine the formation of another nanotube inside by capillary wetting method, such as PbI2@WS2 and PbI2@CNT.[1,2] But in those cases, the nanotube template ends must be open and a long-term thermal annealing process (up to 1 month) is usually carried out.[1] For practical applications, it is more desired to have the target nanotube sitting outside the template and accessible to foreign environment.
As most of inorganic crystalline materials have rigid atomic planes, wrapping a conformal inorganic layer around the outer surface of template (where spatial confinement is absent) turns to be rather difficult. Here, we report controlled fabrication of heterogeneous inorganic nanotubes consisting of a CNT core and crystalline MoS2 multi-shells with long-range continuity. Starting from a three-dimensional porous CNT sponge as template, we adopt a thiourea-assisted solvothermal method to deposit precursors and form the CNT@amorphous MoS2 structure at first. Then by high-temperature annealing process, the amorphous sheath is converted into highly crystalline multi-walled MoS2 nanotubes wrapping around individual CNTs throughout the sponge. The resulting core-shell CNT@MoS2 nanotube have a controllable layer number of outer MoS2 nanotube from 2 to 40 layers, by adjusting the precursor concentration during thiourea-thermal method. And such MoS2 nanotube shows increasing surface strain as the nanotube diameter decreasing. In this way, when used as oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalyst, the heterogeneous inorganic nanotubes with thinner-walled (2~6 layers) MoS2 nanotube exhibits superior kinetics and lower overpotential. Besides, the stable hetero-nanotube structure endows CNT@MoS2 sponge with a specific capacity of 740 mAhg-1 at 100 mAg-1 and high cycling stability when used as a freestanding electrode for Li-ion batteries.
[1] R. Kreizman, S. Y. Hong, J. Sloan, R. Popovitz-Biro, A. Albu-Yaron, G. Tobias, B. Ballesteros, B. G. Davis, M. L. Green, R. Tenne, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2009, 48, 1230.
[2] L. Cabana, B. Ballesteros, E. Batista, C. Magen, R. Arenal, J. Oro-Sole, R. Rurali, G. Tobias, Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 2016.
8:00 PM - FF01.16.24
Multiexciton and Excited States of Excitons in Monolayer MoS2 Observed Using Photoluminescence Spectroscopy
Juhi Pandey1,Ajay Soni1
Indian Institute of Technology Mandi1
Show AbstractTwo-dimensional semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) provides rich platform to study several interesting many body complexes such as excitons, trions, biexcitons and excitonic states for fundamental understanding and optoelectronic applications.1, 2 Remarkably, strong Coulombic interaction with reduced dielectric screening effect in TMDCs makes experimental realization of such complexes even at room temperature which are otherwise observed at low temperatures. Further, similar to Hydrogen atoms, excitons exhibit excited states known as Rydberg states which are under scientific exploration and opens up new avenues for future quantum information processing, optoelectronic and photonics.3 Owing to weak signal from biexciton and excitonic Rydberg states in TMDCs, such complexes are less understood than excitons and trion. Further, the extent of spin orbit splitting of valence band due to d-orbital of transition metal plays an important role in observation of excitonic states. Large spin orbit splitting (> 400 meV) resulted in observation of series of Rydberg states of A exciton in ML of WS2 and WSe2 using several linear and non-linear spectroscopic techniques. On the contrary, the small spin orbit splitting ~ 150 meV in ML MoS2 provides an additional challenge in distinct realization of 2s state of A exciton (A2s) because of the overlap with large spectral width of B exciton. Recently, A2s state in ML MoS2 has been theoretically predicted and experimentally observed in ML MoS2 encapsulated by hBN ~ 2.1 eV using advance non-linear spectroscopic measurements.5 In our study, we performed temperature dependent photoluminescence (PL) studies up to 4 K to minimize spectral width of A and B excitons and accessed excitonic complexes as well Rydberg states. We discuss about the systematic observation of biexciton (~ 1.90 eV), sulfur vacancy mediated bound exciton (1.85 eV) and A2s state (~ 2.13 eV) distinct from A- trion (~ 1.92 eV), A exciton (~ 1.96 eV) and B exciton (~ 2.07 eV) in ML MoS2 using laser power dependent and temperature dependent PL spectroscopy from 4 K to 300 K. At low temperatures, the observed weak signal of excited state A2s ultimately merges with spectral broadening of B exciton with raising temperatures.6 From the estimated binding energy of biexciton (~ 60 meV), we suggest that biexcitons can be stable even at room temperature.
References
1. Lee, H. S.; Kim, M. S.; Kim, H.; Lee, Y. H. Physical Review B 2016, 93, (14), 140409.
2. Mak, K. F.; He, K.; Shan, J.; Heinz, T. F. Nature Nanotechnology 2012, 7, 494.
3. Chernikov, A.; Berkelbach, T. C.; Hill, H. M.; Rigosi, A.; Li, Y.; Aslan, O. B.; Reichman, D. R.; Hybertsen, M. S.; Heinz, T. F. Physical Review Letters 2014, 113, (7), 076802.
4. Liu, E.; van Baren, J.; Taniguchi, T.; Watanabe, K.; Chang, Y.-C.; Lui, C. H. Physical Review B 2019, 99, (20), 205420.
5. Robert, C.; Semina, M. A.; Cadiz, F.; Manca, M.; Courtade, E.; Taniguchi, T.; Watanabe, K.; Cai, H.; Tongay, S.; Lassagne, B.; Renucci, P.; Amand, T.; Marie, X.; Glazov, M. M.; Urbaszek, B. Physical Review Materials 2018, 2, (1), 011001.
6. Pandey, J.; Soni, A. Applied Surface Science 2019, 463, 52-57.
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Lateral Transition-Metal Dichalcogenide Heterostructures with Arbitrary Shapes and Band Alignments
Hossein Taghinejad1,Ali Eftekhar1,Xiang Zhang2,Sufei Shi3,Pulickel Ajayan2,Ali Adibi1
Georgia Institute of Technology1,Rice University2,Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute3
Show AbstractTwo-dimensional (2D) transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) with MX2 formula (M: transition metal, X: chalcogen) offer a plethora of opportunities for device engineering as well as fundamental studies. TMDs can exist in various crystalline phases including semiconducting and metallic. More importantly, the electronic bandgap of the semiconducting phase can be controlled via changing M or X elements, offering a digital portfolio of 2D materials for optoelectronic applications over a wide spectral range from visible to near infrared. In addition, this digital portfolio can be turned into an analog one through the alloying of 2D TMDs, [1, 2] a unique feature that enables the design of 2D materials with customized properties. Such a diversity of material properties renders 2D TMDs a family of unmatched qualities for the formation of heterostructures (HSs) via vertical stacking or lateral stitching of dissimilar TMDs. Unlike the diverse range of developed methods for the synthesis of vertical TMD HSs, the formation of lateral TMD HSs has been mostly limited to the edge-epitaxial growth in which a dissimilar TMD crystal (e.g., MX2) is grown on the unsaturated edge of a pre-grown TMD crystal (e.g., MX’2) to form a lateral HS (i.e., MX2-MX’2). [3] Despite the high-quality junctions, the edge-epitaxial method fails to provide a systematic control over the shape, lateral dimensions, and even the location of HSs, a set of features that are mandatory for the real-world applications.
Here we introduce an alternative method for the synthesis of lateral TMD HSs with highly controllable dimensions and shapes in predefined locations. Our method relies on combining the standard lithography with the post-growth alloying of TMDs [1] for converting a uniform MX2 monolayer into a MX2-MX’2 lateral heterostructure. We will show that the involvement of the lithography facilitates the control over the geometrical aspects of the HSs, and the post-growth alloying enables a full control over the electronic band alignment at the interface of the MX2-MX’2 HSs. Furthermore, using various spectroscopic characterizations and electrical measurements, we will demonstrate potentials of lateral TMD HSs for opto-electronic applications.
[1] H. Taghinejad et. al “Defect-Mediated Alloying of Monolayer Transition-Metal Dichalcogenides,” ACS Nano (2018).
[2] H. Taghinejad et. al “Strain Relaxation via Formation of Cracks in Compositionally Modulated Two-Dimensional Semiconductor Alloys,” npj 2D Mat. and App. (2018).
[3] Y. Gong, et. al “Vertical and in-plane heterostructures from WS2/MoS2 monolayers,” Nat. Mater. (2014).
8:00 PM - FF01.16.26
Electron Transport in Multi-Dimensional Fuzzy Graphene Nanostructures
Raghav Garg1,Devashish Gopalan1,Sergio de la Barrera1,Thomas Nuhfer1,Benjamin Hunt1,Tzahi Cohen-Karni1
Carnegie Mellon University1
Show AbstractGraphene, a two-dimensional (2D) allotrope of carbon, has exceptional surface-area-to-volume ratio (up to 2630 m2 g-1) and highly catalytic edges. To leverage these properties, efforts have been made to arrange graphene flakes in three-dimensional (3D) geometries with an eye towards integration into functional electronic devices. Electron transport mechanisms in 2D single-crystal graphene films have been extensively studied with relation to the material’s structure (e.g. edge termination, defect type and density, crystallinity, layer stacking and orientation). However, these mechanisms cannot be directly extrapolated to 3D polycrystalline nanostructures due to the added dimensionality and intricate morphology. Thus, integrating 3D arrangement of graphene flakes into functional electronic devices and developing fundamental understanding of electron transport in such structures remains an open challenge.
Here we report synthesis of a multi-dimensional graphene nanostructure: nanowire templated-3D fuzzy graphene (NT-3DFG), where each nanowire is composed of controlled 3D arrangement of graphene flakes free-standing on the surface of a one-dimensional (1D) silicon nanowire (SiNW). Such an arrangement exposes both surfaces of each graphene flake maximizing the surface-area-to-volume ratio and exposed edges. Free-standing graphene flakes form a graphitic structure surrounding the SiNW core. Electron transport in NT-3DFG occurs through parallel channels formed by the graphitic shell (metallic transport) and the free-standing graphene (variable range hopping (VRH)). The material exhibits negative magnetoresistance from cryogenic conditions up to room temperature, which we attribute to a VRH-based interference mechanism distinct from weak localization. Our study opens new avenues for synthesizing and characterizing 3D arrangement of 2D materials to understand electron transport in multi-dimensional nanostructures.
8:00 PM - FF01.16.27
Inkjet-Printed MXene/TMD Hybrid Films for Tunable Chemical Sensing at Room Temperature
Winston Chen1,Lia Stanciu1
Purdue University1
Show AbstractTwo-dimensional (2D) transition-metal carbides/nitrides (MXenes) have attracted great attention in energy storage and electrochemical applications because of their excellent electrical conductivity and flexible layered structures. 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are widely utilized in gas-sensing devices for the detection of NH3, NO2, H2, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) owing to their high specific surface area and tunable electronic structures. Therefore, hybridization of MXenes nanomaterials with TMDs, currently the main type of advanced sensing materials, is a promising approach to the manufacturing of low-cost, high-performance gas sensing devices.
A wireless flexible gas sensor prepared by a simple fabrication process is appealing because it suits the needs of the internet of things (IoTs). We have been working on gas-sensing 2D materials by hybridization (and surface functionalization) of a given MXene, Ti3C2Tx, with a variety of TMDs (e.g., MoS2, WSe2). Herein, we report the results of using liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) and inkjet printing, both being the most promising cost-effective, mass-production methods, to synthesize a typical TMD/MXene nanohybrids, 2D MoS2/Ti3C2Tx. The hybridization of MoS2 and Ti3C2Tx films through surface modification and electrostatic interaction will be reported.
The research results indicated that, even at room temperature, a MoS2-decorated Ti3C2Tx gas sensor exhibited superior ability to detect extremely low concentrations (1 ppm) of VOCs, as compared to a pristine Ti3C2Tx (reference) sensor. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the MoS2/Ti3C2Tx sensor is more than 10-fold higher than that of the pristine Ti3C2Tx sensor resulting from the synergetic effect of high electrical conductivity of Ti3C2Tx and high specific surface area of MoS2 favoring gas adsorption. A variety of material analyzing methods will be used to elucidate the reasons behind the achievement of sensing performance by optimal decoration of MoS2. For example, chemical bonding structures of MoS2/Ti3C2Tx nanohybrids will be studied by X-ray photoelectron and Raman spectroscopies. Surface morphologies and microstructures of the hybrid materials will be analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.
8:00 PM - FF01.16.29
Transferrable Ultra-Thin Organic Films for Molecular-Scale Interface Engineering
Shinyoung Choi1,Nguyen Ngan Nguyen1,Seong-Jun Yang1,Kilwon Cho1,Cheol-Joo Kim1
Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)1
Show AbstractOrganic films with uniform, ultra-thin thickness can serve as building blocks to be assembled into more complex structures by sequential transfer processes. The approach provides organic interfaces engineered at the molecular-scale, which form the basis for discovery of novel organic materials and development of functional organic devices. However, transfer of such films often result in structural damages to the films, due to their weak mechanical strength. In addition, programmed organic interfaces easily deform by intermolecular diffusions. Here, we report several molecular thick C60 and pentacene films with high spatial uniformity as prototypical electron acceptor and donor components, and transfer them layer-by-layer while maintaining structural integrity in the final structures. To obtain the structural stability, we integrate organic films with monolayer hexagonal boron films (ML-hBN), which act as both supporting layer for transfer and molecular diffusion blocking layer across organic interfaces. Layer-by-layer assembly of different organic films successfully generates composite films, including C60/pentacene pn diode and C60/pentacene vertical superlattice, where thickness and composition are modulated at the molecular-scale. Ultra-thin organic photodiodes and photoconductors have been demonstrated based on the precisely programmed organic interfaces and shown high performances.
8:00 PM - FF01.16.30
Nanomechanical and Nanoelectrical Mappings of Buried Defects in Lateral and Vertical Van der Waals Heterostructures
Marta Mucientes1,Yuzhou Zhao2,Melinda Shearer2,Robert Hamers2,Song Jin2,Oleg Kolosov1
Lancaster University1,University of Wisconsin–Madison2
Show AbstractTwo dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have generated strong interest between a wide scientific audience due to the variety of promising applications for nanoelectronics, photonics, sensing, energy storage, and opto-electronics, to name a few. In particular, tungsten disulfide (WS2), tungsten diselenide (WSe2) and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), individually or their combination to form vertical and lateral heterostructures, present unique mechanical, electrical and optical properties, being exceptional candidates for the fabrication of opto-electronic devices. The physical properties of these structures are strongly dependent of the quality of the materials and presence of defects, limiting somehow the performance in devices. 1
We have studied the subsurface defects with diverse Scanning Probe Microscopies (SPM) based in the Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The combination of the AFM with ultrasonic excitation of the sample or/and the cantilever allow the mapping of the mechanical properties with nanoscale resolution – namely, Ultrasonic Force Microscopy (UFM), Waveguide UFM (W-UFM) and Heterodyne Force Microscopy (HFM), respectively.2 Similarly, by the electrical excitation of the sample, we can probe the dielectric properties and materials work function, using Dielectric Electrostatic Force Microscopy (D-EFM) and Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM). The preliminary results of the top surface nanomechanical maps of vertical heterostructures of WS2 and WSe2 with pyramidal shape, show clear contrast corresponding to missing planes in the buried layers, subsurface mis-orientation of the crystallographic axis and edge dislocations. To complete the study, the pyramids have been sectioned with the Beam Exit Cross-sectional Polishing (BEXP) permitting the direct scanning of the inner part of the 3D structures, identifying the layers and revealing inhomogeneities in the layer stack via local mechanical and electrical properties mapping. For lateral heterostructures of WS2 and MoS2 we use nanomechanical maps to reveal the unique mechanical behaviour creating ripples at the interface of the two materials, likely corresponding with the strain produced by the lattice mismatch.3
1. W. Choi, N. Choudhary, G. H. Han, J. Park, D. Akinwande and Y. H. Lee, Materials Today 20 (3), 116-130 (2017).
2. M. T. Cuberes, H. E. Assender, G. A. D. Briggs and O. V. Kolosov, Journal of Physics D-Applied Physics 33 (19), 2347-2355 (2000).
3. Y. Han, K. Nguyen, M. Cao, P. Cueva, S. Xie, M. W. Tate, P. Purohit, S. M. Gruner, J. Park and D. A. Muller, Nano Letters 18 (6), 3746-3751 (2018).
8:00 PM - FF01.16.31
Double Flat Bands in Kagome Twisted Bilayers
Eric Suarez1,Roberto Hiroki Miwa2,Felipe Crasto de Lima2
Universidad Tecnica Federico Santa Maria1,Universidade Federal de Uberlandia2
Show AbstractWe have studied theoretically how a generic bilayer kagome lattice behave upon layer rotation. Based on Density Functional theory calculations we developed a Tight Binding model with one orbital per site and found for low rotational angles and at low energies the same flat bands structure like in twisted bilayer graphene, moreover at high energies and due to the superstructure symmetry regions we found a characteristic three band dispersion of a kagome lattice, its width decreases for low angles confining them within a few meV, generating two sets of flat bands in different energy regions and localized in different spatial regions. The value of the magic angle is greater than in the rotated graphene bilayer which could result in a higher superconductivity temperature.
The kagome lattice arises in metal organic frameworks(MOF) where metals and organic ligands are the building blocks [1], a phenomenon as exotic as a quantum spin liquids was reported in spin 1/2 kagome-lattice antifferromagnet herbertsmithite[2].
Our tight binding parameters are based on a recent experimental measurement of a bilayer kagome compound Fe3Sn2 [3], the system is a soft ferromagnet with intrinsic anomalous Hall conductivity, the Dirac cones are separated by a gap of 30 meV as a consequence of the spin-orbit coupling.
One way to achieve larger magic angle is by increasing the relative value of the interlayer coupling, in MOF the effective coupling within the layer might be of the same order as the interlayer coupling, we explore also how this ratio might enhance the value of the angle at which the magic angle is obtained and eventually it might results in larger critical temperature.
[1] D. Rodrguez-San-Miguel, P. Amo-Ochoa, and F. Zamora. Chem. Commun. 52, 4113 (2016).
[2] T.H. Jan et al. Nature 492, 406 (2012)
[3] M. Kang, D.C. Bell, R. Comin, et al. Nature 555, 638(2018)
8:00 PM - FF01.16.32
Raman Micro-Spectroscopy with Integrated Rapid Temperature Control as a Characterization Tool for Studying Heterostructured Materials
Craig Wall1
Montana Instruments1
Show AbstractTailoring 2D semiconductor heterostructures with specific bandgaps is a key aspect of leveraging new quantum materials for electronics and optoelectronics. The basic heterostructure assembly principle is simple: exfoliate, for example, a monolayer of MoS2, put it on top of another mono- or few- layer crystal, c.a. WS2, add another 2D crystal, and so on. The resulting heterostructure represents an artificial material assembled in a specified sequence with single layer precision, held together by van der Waals forces.
Raman micro-spectroscopy is used to characterize a variety of properties in 2D materials, including chemical, magnetic, electronic, symmetry, and layer orientation. Many interesting phenomena emerge across the 4K-500K temperature range. Often, new information about a sample can be obtained with temperature dependent measurements. We demonstrate efficient hyperspectral mapping of 2D materials with a micro-Raman spectroscopy and photoluminescence platform that maintains high spatial resolution and collection efficiency across the entire temperature range (4K – 525K). The system overcomes challenges associated with variable temperature sample drift by incorporating a low thermal mass sample stage, in-vacuum high NA objective, and coupling optics to a low astigmatism, broadband spectrograph.
The exciton recombination dynamics of stacked MoS2-WS2 heterostructures were previously studied at room temperature. The maximum of the valence band and the minimum of the conduction band are separated in the layers of WS2 and MoS2, respectively. The reported energy gap for MoS2 is 2.39eV and for WS2 is 2.31eV. The energy difference between the maximum valence bands of MoS2 and WS2 is about 350meV. Photoexcited free electron–hole pairs prefer to stay separated at layer interfaces. The excited electrons in WS2 tend to accumulate in the conduction band of MoS2 while holes generated in the valence band of MoS2 tend to transfer to WS2 at the interface. The interlayer radiative recombination of spatially separated carriers can lead to the extra peaks in the PL spectra. We observed the temperature dependence of the interlayer exciton in the hyperspectral mapping study which is at lower energy compared with pure monolayer MoS2 and WS2.
8:00 PM - FF01.16.33
Growth of Nanorods of 2D Materials via a Novel Laser Treatment Technique
Khaled Ibrahim1,Inna Novodchuk1,Kissan Mistry1,Christopher Ling1,Michael Singh1,Michal Bajcsy1,Joseph Sanderson1,Mustafa Yavuz1,Kevin Musselman1
University of Waterloo1
Show AbstractOne-dimensional (1D) nanostructures such as nano-wires, -tubes, -rods and -fibers, have garnered great attention due to their excellent electrical, thermal, mechanical and optical properties and their suitability in a myriad of applications and devices. Applications of 1D nanostructures exist in solar cells1,2, LEDs3 and transparent conductors amongst other applications.
In this study, we demonstrate the previously unrealized ability to grow nanorods and nanotubes of 2D materials by femtosecond laser treatment of the respective flakes in solution. In as short as 20 mins, nanorods of tungsten disulfide, molybdenum disulfide, graphene, and boron nitride grow resulting in an up to 10-time increase in length. Due to the laser treatment, it was found that for some materials, notably the WS2 particles reassemble to form new phases. Also resulting in the chemical modification of the nanorods with functional groups from the solvent atoms. The WS2 untreated flakes are originally in the crytallographic 2H phase, the laser treatment reassemble and induces new primary bonds growing the particles into nanorods consisting of the 1T metallic crystallographic phase. Due to this transition, alongside the one-dimensional nature of the fabricated nanorods, the WS2 nanorods display substantial improvements in electrical conductivity and optical transparency when employed as transparent conductors.
(1) Garnett, E. C.; Brongersma, M. L.; Cui, Y.; McGehee, M. D. Nanowire Solar Cells. Annu. Rev. Mater. Res. 2011, 41 (1), 269–295. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-matsci-062910-100434.
(2) Musselman, K. P.; Wisnet, A.; Iza, D. C.; Hesse, H. C.; Scheu, C.; MacManus-Driscoll, J. L.; Schmidt-Mende, L. Strong Efficiency Improvements in Ultra-Low-Cost Inorganic Nanowire Solar Cells. Adv. Mater. 2010, 22 (35), E254–E258. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201001455.
(3) Könenkamp, R.; Word, R. C.; Schlegel, C. Vertical Nanowire Light-Emitting Diode. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2004, 85 (24), 6004–6006. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1836873.
8:00 PM - FF01.16.34
Room Temperature Magnetic Order in Air-Stable Ultra-Thin Iron Oxide
Jiangtan Yuan1,Jun Lou2
Northwestern University1,Rice University2
Show AbstractManual assembly of atomically thin materials into heterostructures with desirable electronic properties is an approach that holds great promise. Despite the rapid expansion of the family of ultra-thin materials, stackable and stable ferro/ferri magnets that are functional at room temperature are still out of reach. We report the growth of air-stable, transferable ultra-thin iron oxide crystals that exhibit magnetic order at room temperature. These crystals require no passivation and can be prepared by scalable and cost-effective chemical vapor deposition. We demonstrate that the bonding between iron oxide and its growth substrate is van der Waals-like, enabling us to remove the crystals from their growth substrate and prepare iron oxide/graphene heterostructures.
8:00 PM - FF01.16.35
Defect Engineering in 2D Materials with Ion and Electron Beams
Paul Masih Das1,Marija Drndic1
University of Pennsylvania1
Show AbstractLarge-scale manipulation and structural modifications of two-dimensional (2D) materials for nanoelectronic and nanofluidic applications remain obstacles to their industrial-scale implementation. Here, I will discuss how focused ion and electron beams can be utilized to engineer defects and tailor the atomic, optoelectronic, and structural properties of monolayer and heterostructure 2D materials such as graphene, phosphorene, hexagonal boron nitride, and various transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs). A combination of aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (AC-STEM), Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, and density functional theory (DFT) is used to study the characteristics of 0-dimensional (0D) defects and other low-dimensional nanostructures such as nanoribbons, antidot arrays, and nanoporous membranes. The results shown here lend the way to the scalable fabrication and processing of 2D nanodevices.
8:00 PM - FF01.16.36
Large-Area Multiplexed Graphene Sensors for Detection of Ions in Electrolyte
Mantian Xue1,Charles Mackin1,Yiyue Luo1,Tomas Palacios1
Massachusetts Institute of Technology1
Show AbstractGraphene, an atomically thin material, is an excellent candidate for next generation sensing platform thanks to its unique electrical, optical, mechanical and chemical properties. Its all-surface structure gives it high sensitivity to the environment. However, it also makes graphene-based devices very sensitive to fabrication process. Small differences in graphene quality, such as surface contamination and defects, can lead to large variation in device behavior.
In this work, we developed a graphene-based sensor array functionalized with ion selective membranes (ISMs) that enables us to measure ion concentration in an electrolyte. With more than 200 functional devices per array, the system is able to detect ion concentration spanning over several orders of magnitude with a near-ideal Nernstian sensitivity, excellent selectivity, high reversibility and fast response time. The intrinsic variability in 2D material based sensor performance can be greatly mitigated by taking advantage of the large sample size and utilizing the redundancy in device response. Sensor redundancy helps to tight the 95% confidence intervals from ±50% to ±10%, while the reversibility can be increased from less than 80% to almost 95%.
This work uses an ion-selective functionalization based on a polyvinyl chloride based membrane with ionophores targeting specific ions, such as calcium, sodium and potassium. We chose these ions because their physiological importance. A material jetting 3D printer is used to print the ISMs with accurate control of the size and location. Several different ISMs can be deposited onto different regions of the sensing array, which allows for a multiplexed sensor array. By using statistical analysis techniques we are able to measure the concentration of each target ion within a complex background of interfering ions.
In summary, we developed a novel sensor platform that can simultaneously measure over 200 graphene-based multiplexed sensors to characterize the concentration of sodium, calcium and potassium ions in aqueous phase. By collecting data from a statistically significant sample size, this work presents a manufacturable and reliable technology that can be employed for a wide range of physiologic monitoring applications.
8:00 PM - FF01.16.37
Toward Disorder-Free Growth of Thin Metal Films on Graphene by Magnetron Sputtering
Nikolaos Pliatsikas1,Olle Andersson1,John Arvanitidis2,Dimitrios Christofilos2,Ivan Shtepliuk1,Ivan Ivanov1,Rositsa Yakimova1,Kostas Sarakinos1
Linköping University1,Aristotle University of Thessaloniki2
Show AbstractDeposition of metal contacts on graphene is a crucial step for the fabrication of a wide array of novel optoelectronic and sensing devices. Magnetron sputtering is a state-of-the-art versatile technique for large-scale thin metal film synthesis. However, its inherent tendency for generating energetic species (both neutrals and ions) that cause ballistic defects and disorder on the surface upon which they form a film, renders sputtering incompatible with processes where graphene is used as substrate. The objective of this study is to establish the effect of sputtering conditions, during growth of thin Ag films, on the structure and electronic properties of graphene. Films are grown on monolayer graphene synthesized by SiC sublimation of C-face 4H-SiC and by CVD deposition on Cu foils. We use top-view SEM from which we establish that the produced Ag films exhibit a pronounced 3D growth morphology that can be attributed to the weak interaction between Ag atoms and graphene. We also employ micro-Raman spectroscopy and define the graphene crystalline quality and the point-defect density as a function of the deposition parameters. The energetic sputtered species cause disorder, evidenced by the appearance of the defect-related D-band and inhomogeneous broadening of the characteristic Raman peaks due to charge and local strain fluctuations. We also find that the effect of the energetic deposition flux on the pristine graphene structure and electronic properties becomes less pronounced with increasing sputtering pressure. These findings suggest that it may be possible to facilitate disorder-free growth of thin metal films on graphene by magnetron sputtering if deposition parameters (e.g., sputtering pressure, target-to-substrate distance, magnetic field configuration) are carefully adjusted in a way that minimizes the energetic input from the sputtering flux to the growing surface.
8:00 PM - FF01.16.38
First-Principle Investigation of Twisted Black Phosphorus
Minwoong Joe1,Yisehak Gebredingle1,Changgu Lee1
Sungkyunkwan University1
Show AbstractBlack phosphorus is an intriguing material with intrinsic anisotropy induced by its unique puckered honeycomb structure. In bilayer or multi-layer black phosphorus, the system's anisotropy as a whole can be tuned by an interlayer twist angle, and thereby the material's electronic, optical, and mechanical properties. Thus, we here try to investigate the effect of interlayer twist angles or stacking orientations on twisted black phosphorus using first-principles calculations. The effects of twist angle on its band structure, phonon dispersion, mechanical property, etc. are presented. We discuss the mechanism of controlling electronic structures by twisting layers, and also, an effective way to handle the long-range Moire superlattice induced by incommensurate lattices in an arbitrary twist angle.
8:00 PM - FF01.16.39
Strain Engineering of 2D Materials for Integrated Photonic Devices
Rishi Maiti1,Chandraman Patil1,Ti Xie1,Haoyan Kang1,Sorger Volker1
George Washington University1
Show AbstractTriggered by the demands for high-performance computing requires much higher bandwidth density for inter-chip communication pushes the limit of device miniaturization. Hence, 2-dimensional (2D) materials have recently emerged as promising building blocks for photonics due to their number of fascinating features. Tunning of electronic and optical properties by engineering local strain is an exciting avenue for tailoring performance for 2D materials based integrated photonic device. Besides, continuous tuning of the strain, the ability to apply a spatially controllable strain by using a patterned substrate is even more crucial because it enables the realization of a graded bandgap semiconductor for the photonic integrated device. Here, we study the effect of large localized strain in the electronic band structure of a multilayer MoTe2by wrapping the 2D material around a non-planarized Silicon-on-insulator waveguide etched down to the buried oxide. Interestingly, induced tensile strain (4%) shifts the bandgap of MoTe2to about 0.8 eV obtained using DFT calculation, thus significantly increasing the absorption as compared to their pristine counterpart of bandgap (~1 eV). Here, the device is realized in a two-terminal in-plane electrode configuration without applying external gating, showing a high responsivity of (~0.5 A/W) and NEP of 90 pW/Hz0.5at -2 V at 1550 nm. Our device demonstrates a response rate of ~35 MHz which is limited by the low mobility (~1 cm2/Vs) of the MoTe2. The integration of a few-layer MoTe2on Si MRR as active photodetector is envisaged to offer a potential pathway toward the realization of integrated on-chip interconnects for Telecommunication band.
8:00 PM - FF01.16.40
Enhanced Carrier Transport of MoS2 through Metal-Semiconductor Interface Decorated by Monolayer h-BN
Hemendra Nath Jaiswal1,Maomao Liu2,Simran Shahi2,Sichen Wei1,Fei Yao1,Huamin Li2
University at Buffalo1,University at Buffalo, The State University of New York2
Show AbstractTwo-dimensional (2D) monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has been demonstrated as an excellent semiconductor material for future nanoelectronics because of the suitable bandgap, good intrinsic mobility, thermal velocity, and mean free path etc. To fully explore the potential of monolayer MoS2 for practical applications such as field-effect transistors, memories, photo-sensors, and solar cells, there is a critical need of metal-semiconductor contact engineering and optimization which can lead to the maximization of device performance. In this work, we exploited 2D monolayer hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) as a decorating layer at the metal-MoS2 interface, and demonstrated a significant improvement of the carrier transport through a quantum tunneling effect. Both monolayer MoS2 and h-BN were synthesized by using two-zone chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. The triangular domains of monolayer MoS2 were synthesized directly on SiO2/Si substrates and the continuous monolayer h-BN film was grown on copper foils. The field-effect transistor (FET) and transmission line measurement (TLM) devices were fabricated using electron beam lithography (EBL) and evaporation (10 nm Ti and 100 nm Au). Compared to the conventional MoS2/Ti/Au contact where the thermionic emission is the dominating mechanism, the MoS2/h-BN/Ti/Au contact shows the outstanding improvement of the carrier transport. For example, the on-current density was increased by two orders of magnitude, and the electron mobility was improved by ten times. These improvements can be attributed to the dominance of the quantum tunneling when the monolayer h-BN is inserted at the metal-semiconductor interface. Based on the temperature-dependent measurement, a lowering of the effective metal-semiconductor barrier height from ~60 to ~30 meV was induced by the monolayer h-BN decoration, and the reduction of the contact resistance was confirmed by the TLM technique. Our work has demonstrated the great potential of this novel contact engineering technique using the 2D monolayer insulator, which can be applied to other 2D materials and devices for broad applications.
8:00 PM - FF01.16.41
Asymmetry Behaviors on Bias Temperature Stress Instability of Multi-Layered MoS2 FETs and Their Understanding via Extraction of Subgap Density-of-States
Sung Hun Jin1,Seung Gi Seo1,Jin Heon Jeong1,Seung Yeob Kim1,Young Jun Byeon1,Sungju Choi2,Dae Hwan Kim2
Incheon National University1,Kookmin University2
Show AbstractFor the newly emerging IoT sensors and display applications, low dimensional semiconductors such transition metal dichalchogenides (TMDCs) can be one of appealing candidates beyond graphene because of their excellent electrical-switching-characteristics, together with novel mechanical, and optical properties. Among them, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has been regarded as one of the most promising materials. Until to this date, in-depth knowledge on MoS2 FETs in terms of electrical performance improvement, transport mechanism, back channel effects, etc have been accumulated through tremendous research activities. However, device reliability studies on MoS2 FETs have been limitedly reported. Thus, systematic investigation on device instability of MoS2 FETs under DC and pulsed mode operation and its comparison on instability behaviors, followed by understanding on the behind mechanism, are highly necessary in order to apply TMDC FETs to next-generation display platforms which are required for ultra-high definition, mechanical flexibility, electrical stability, and others.
Furthermore, for a quantitative understanding on gas adsorption effects on electrical performance of MoS2 FETs, which are regarded as one of main factors for instability of TMDCs, information on subgap density of states (DOS) in MoS2 layers without (or with) hydrophobic polymer (CYTOP) encapsulation is one of pre-requisite parameters. On the other hand, in a recent past, trap information on MoS2 FETs has been quantitatively analyzed by several techniques, whereas the previous reports for characterization of sub-gap traps for m-MoS2 FETs were limitedly addressed; (i) Dit characterization via Terman method, (ii) shallow traps nearby conduction band (Ec) via multi-frequency method, and (iii) deep level traps through hysteretic gate transfer characteristics, thereby entire characterization for sub-gap DOS was fundamentally limited by method itself and its characterization.
In this study, we investigated into device instability of MoS2 FETs associated with series of key parameters such as bias polarity, temperature, duty cycles, bias amplitude, and others. Asymmetry behaviors on bias stress instability under DC and pulsed mode operation were reproducibly observed and their mechanisms were systematically analyzed by using frame time dependency in pulsed mode operation, rationally supported by atomic and band models. Moreover, quantitative analysis on subgap states for MoS2 FETs before and after CYTOP encapsulation were performed by using optical charge-pumping capacitance-voltage spectroscopy. Based on extracted subgap DOS and their deconvolution with analytical model of acceptor (or donor) like states, all electrical parameters were systematically analyzed. Two times increase of field effect mobility (mFE) are strongly related with decrease of shallow-donor states (NSD). In addition, significant improvement of subthreshold swing (SS) and hysteresis gap (VHYS) are attributed to the reduction of tail states (NTA), along with decrease in mid-gap states (NMid). All systematic results in this work are highly anticipated to contribute to the understanding on device instability issues which are required for fulfilling the envisioned applications.
8:00 PM - FF01.16.42
Electronical Tuning of Complex Reflectivity with Graphene-Based Metasurface
Sangjun Han1,Junhyeong Kim1,Ju Young Kim1,Juho Park1,Min Seok Jang1
KAIST1
Show AbstractIn this work, we design a graphene-based metasurface for independent active modulation of amplitude and phase of mid-infrared light. This independent control over the phase and amplitude can be obtained by applying the alternating voltage to the two consecutive units of periodic graphene-gold multiscale structures (meta-atoms). In complex reflectivity plane, we are able to cover a large area of unit complex reflectivity square by only controlling the values of graphene Fermi energy in each set of meta-atoms.
The proposed structure can be analyzed with an effective surface admittance model [1]. For general multiscale structure with back-reflector, it is known that the reflectivity r and the effective admittance of the metasurface YS are related as r = –(YS+Ysub–Y0)/(YS+Ysub+Y0), where Ysub and Y0 are the admittance of the substrate and vacuum, respectively [1]. In this structure of alternating meta-atoms, the admittance of the pair (meta-molecule) is a serial connection of the half-admittances of each meta-atom YS1 and YS2: YS = 2YS1YS2/(YS1+YS2). The admittance of each meta-atom is predicted by a circuit model. The circuit model represents the effective conductivity of the meta-atom as a function of its structural parameters by taking the elements constituting the metasurface as corresponding circuit elements, and then calculating the admittance of the circuit connecting the elements. The gold bars array is represented by a serial connection of inductances and capacitances with the geometrical parameter of bars and slits. The array of graphene ribbons placed between the gold bars is treated with the effective admittance of the free-standing graphene ribbon array multiplied by the gain factor P/g, corresponding to the electric field amplification in the gap. In this way, we can approach the complex reflectivity of the metasurface from the viewpoint of its structural parameters, and optimize the whole structure. Further, by inducing the appropriate Fermi energy independently to each meta-atom of the metasurface, the reflected wavefront can be controlled in arbitrary manner (e.g. dynamic beam steering, focusing etc.)
[1] Kim, S., Jang, M. S., Brar, V. W., Mauser, K. W., Kim, L., & Atwater, H. A. (2018), “Electronically tunable perfect absorption in graphene.” Nano letters, 18(2), 971-979.
8:00 PM - FF01.16.43
One-Dimensional MoS2NT-SWCNT van der Waals Heterostructures as Efficient Hole Transport Layer in Perovskite Solar Cells
Yang Qian1,Seungju Seo1,Haosheng Lin1,Yongjia Zheng1,Esko Kaupinnen2,Jing Kong3,Rong Xiang1,Il Jeon1,Yutaka Matsuo1,4,Shigeo Maruyama1,5
The University of Tokyo1,Aalto University2,Massachusetts Institute of Technology3,Nagoya University4,National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology5
Show AbstractMoS2, along with other transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) nanomaterials, have been demonstrated to be effective in photovoltaic (PV) devices with various functions and structures. Interestingly, the TMDC-based electronic devices can be either vertical or lateral, showing the potential of fabricating TMDC-based PV devices with different dimensionality. Recently, we have synthesized a new class of 1-dimensional (1D) van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures by chemical vapor deposition, in which MoS2 nanotube (MoS2NT) is wrapping around single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) to form a MoS2NT-SWCNT interface [1]. The application of this kind of 1D vdW heterostructures can allow us to fabricate PV devices with 1D dimensionality.
In this research, we demonstrate the excellent hole-extraction ability of MoS2NT by applying MoS2NT-SWCNT to normal-type perovskite solar cells. The as-synthesized MoS2NT-SWCNT functions as both the hole transport layer and anode at the same time. Comparing with SWCNT, the wrapping of MoS2NT around SWCNT improved the power conversion efficiency (PCE) by almost 20%, owing to the substantial enhancement of the fill factor. A PCE of 15.0% has been achieved after the application of spiro-MeOTAD. The 1D vdW heterostructures are beneficial by a closer physical distance between layers for a better hole-transport ability than 2D vdW heterostructures. In addition, the integration of different materials in one substance can also allow easier fabrication than layer-stacking, and thus reduce the size of the device and the amount of used materials. The successful application of MoS2NT-SWCNT in perovskite solar cells are expected to ignite the application of 1D vdW heterostructures, as well as the application of SWCNT and TMDC based nanomaterials in PV devices.
[1] R. Xiang, T. Inoue, Y. Zheng, A. Kumamoto, Y. Qian, Y. Sato, M. Liu, D. Tang, D. Gokhale, J. Guo, K. Hisama, S. Yotsumoto, T. Ogamoto, H. Arai, Y. Kobayashi, H. Zhang, B. Hou, A. Anisimov, Y. Miyata, S. Okada, S. Chiashi, Y. Li, J. Kong, E. I. Kauppinen, Y. Ikuhara, K. Suenaga, S. Maruyama, "One-dimensional van der Waals heterostructures", (2019). [https://arxiv.org/abs/1807.06154] (submitted)
Symposium Organizers
Zakaria Al Balushi, University of California, Berkeley
Deep Jariwala, University of Pennsylvania
Olga Kazakova, National Physical Laboratory
Amber McCreary, National Institute of Standards and Technology
Symposium Support
Gold
AIXTRON SE
Silver
2D Crystal Consortium - Materials Innovation Platform (2DCC-MIP)
Bronze
Accurion Inc.
IOP Publishing Ltd - 2D Materials
Scienta Omicron, Inc.
FF01.17: Application of Contacts to 2D Materials
Session Chairs
Olga Kazakova
Hyeon Jin Shin
Thursday AM, December 05, 2019
Hynes, Level 3, Room 312
8:00 AM - FF01.17.01
Fabrication of 2D Lateral Metal/Semiconductor Junction via Selective Synthetic Integration of Transition-Metal-Carbide/Transition-Metal-Dichalcogenide
Seunghyuk Choi1,Haeju Choi1,Chaeyeon Shin1,Jaeho Jeon1,Jin-Hong Park1,Sungjoo Lee1,2
Sungkyunkwan University Advanced Institute of NanoTechnology1,Sungkyunkwan University2
Show AbstractFor real implementation of 2D material-based nanoscale device integration, the construction of a manufacturable and highly stable metal/semiconductor building block is critically required. To develop practical 2D material-based electronic and photonic devices, the formation of 2D lateral metal/semiconductor junction structures can overcome fundamental technical obstacles such as high contact resistance and limitation of channel length scaling via conventional vertical junction structures. However, a formation method of large-scale 2D lateral metal/semiconductor junction structure with sufficient levels of controllability and quality has not been demonstrated. We herein propose the formation of a scalable 2D metal/semiconductor Mo2C/MoS2 lateral junction structure fabricated via selective synthetic integration of large-scale metal (Mo2C)/semiconductor (MoS2) junction. We demonstrate that centimeter-scale metallic 2D MXene (Mo2C) can be synthesized from CVD-grown few-layer MoS2 with chemical conversion using CH4 and Cu catalyst. Further, a dimension-controlled Mo2C/MoS2 junction is fabricated by depositing a lithographically patterned SiO2 masking layer. Results show that while chemical conversion to Mo2C occurs in the uncovered MoS2 part, the MoS2 layer under the SiO2 masking layer is protected from chemical conversion so that a scalable Mo2C/MoS2 heterostructure is integrated down to the nanometer scale, exhibiting excellent resistance of contact resistance of 2.1 kΩ μm. This proposed manufacturable and highly stable 2D material-integrated metal/semiconductor junction structure will provide a scalable building block for the implementation of 2D material-based nanoscale device integration.
8:15 AM - FF01.17.02
Heterostructured Contacts to MoS2 Enhance the Catalytic Efficiency of Hydrogen Production
Joshua Pondick1,2,Yu Zhou1,2,Jose Silva3,John Woods1,2,David Hynek1,2,Grace Matthews4,Xin Shen1,2,Barbara Brena3,Shu Hu1,2,Moyses Araujo3,Judy Cha1,2
Yale University1,Yale West Campus2,Uppsala University3,North Carolina State University4
Show AbstractTwo-dimensional (2D) nanostructured transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are promising candidates for catalyzing the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). However, even though the free energy of hydrogen adsorption (△GH) is close to zero for many TMDs, experimental catalytic efficiencies have consistently fallen short of thermodynamic predictions. In order to investigate this disparity, the effect of the support substrate on the MoS2-catalyzed HER was investigated. It has been demonstrated that both heterostructured contacts and the support substrate can modulate the MoS2-catalyzed HER, but it is difficult to isolate and identify the specific interfacial effects that influence the catalytic efficiency. To address this challenge, we utilized an electrochemical microreactor capable of isolating individual interfacial effects to probe the catalytic efficiencies of MoS2 [1]. We show that heterostructured supports enhance the HER activity of monolayer MoS2 [2].
This talk will examine two possible mechanisms to explain the modulation of the HER activities. The first mechanism is that highly conductive support substrates are better than dielectric substrates because they can effectively screen mirror charges that may form during HER. Indeed, MoS2-WTe2 and MoS2-graphene heterostructures consistently outperformed MoS2 supported on SiO2, in agreement with our expectation. To further probe this mechanism, we placed MoS2 on substrates with dielectric constants ranging from 4 to 300. The catalytic efficiency of MoS2 decreased with increasing dielectric constant, supporting the idea that mirror charges can inhibit hydrogen production. However, the effect of substrates was proven minor compared to the effect of contact metals. Devices with Ni-graphite contacts significantly outperformed devices with Cr-graphite contacts regardless of the support dielectric constant. This suggests that the catalytic efficiency is largely determined by the second mechanism: charge injection. We attribute the increased activity of the Ni devices to lower contact resistance for electrons at the Ni-graphite interface than through the Cr-graphite interface. Thus, the enhanced HER from the MoS2-WTe2 and MoS2-graphene heterostructures is attributed to the efficient charge injection into MoS2 through large-area heterojunctions.
These results demonstrate the importance of interfacial design in TMD HER catalysts. The microreactor platform presents an unambiguous approach to probe interfacial effects in various electrocatalytic reactions.
[1] Y. Zhou, et al., Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1706076.
[2] Y. Zhou, J. V. Pondick, et al., Small 2019, 1900078.
8:30 AM - FF01.17.03
Conformal Wafer-Scale Formation of Patterned van der Waals (W, Mo)Te2 Electrodes with Ideal Schottky Barriers
Seunguk Song1,Yeoseon Sim1,Se-Yang Kim1,Jung Hwa Kim1,Inseon Oh1,Woong Ki Na2,Do Hee Lee1,Jaewon Wang1,Jinsung Kwak1,Hyeonsik Cheong2,Jung-Woo Yoo1,Zonghoon Lee1,Soon-Yong Kwon1
Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology1,Sogang University2
Show AbstractBeyond the silicon and compound semiconductor industries, two-dimensional van der Waals (2D vdW) materials have been predicted to be able to revolutionize electronics, photonics, and other industrial sectors since they possess many fascinating physical and electrical properties. However, 2D materials currently face challenges along the long-term road to commercialization, with increasing efforts being made to satisfy industrial needs. At this moment, the most critical issue for final 2D device performance is related to realizing good electrical contacts to 2D vdW semiconductors. In fact, most 3D (bulk) metals form non-Ohmic Schottky junctions to 2D vdW semiconductors, resulting in relatively high and bias-dependent contact resistances. Furthermore, the Fermi level at the metal-semiconductor junction (MSJ) is often pinned owing to several types of chemical interactions, and the Schottky-Mott rule generally provides incorrect prediction for the Schottky barrier height (SBH).
In this study, we not only performed the wafer-scale production of patterned transition metal (TM) ditellurides (e.g., WTe2 or MoTe2) on desired surfaces and positions with high electrical performance but also demonstrated the experimental formation of monolayer MoS2 FETs containing 2D WTe2/MoS2 vdW MSJs with almost perfect interfaces. We have designed simple and efficient methods to grow high-quality, stoichiometric TM ditellurides with electrical performances comparable to those of mechanically exfoliated flakes. The fabricated 2D (W, Mo)Te2/monolayer MoS2 vdW MSJs with close-to-perfect interfaces are free from significant disorder effects and Fermi level pinning on the interface, and their SBHs largely follow the trend of the Schottky-Mott limit. For example, the measured SBH (≈103.5 meV) of the WTe2/MoS2 interface was the lowest value experimentally observed for metal electrodes formed on monolayer MoS2 and was very close to the theoretical value (≈100 meV) calculated by the Schottky–Mott rule. Compared to the MSJs with conventional 3D metals, the fabricated 2D WTe2/MoS2 vdW MSJs exhibited a much improved electrical injection across the MSJs, which was attributed to the low SBH and depinning of the Fermi level at the interface. Employing position-controlled, patterned vdW contacts with ideal Schottky barriers provides the advantage of controlling the SBHs in a predictable manner. This ability to fabricate position-controlled, conformal vdW metals with different shapes affords new possibilities for the fabrication of multiple 2D nanoelectronics devices.
8:45 AM - FF01.17.04
A New Metal Transfer Process for van der Waals Contacts to Vertical Schottky-Junction Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Photovoltaics
Cora Went1,Joeson Wong1,Phillip Jahelka1,Michael Kelzenberg1,Souvik Biswas1,Harry Atwater1
California Institute of Technology1
Show AbstractTwo-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides are promising candidates for ultrathin optoelectronic devices due to their high absorption coefficients and intrinsically passivated surfaces1. To maintain these near-perfect surfaces, recent research has focused on fabricating van der Waals contacts that limit Fermi-level pinning at the metal-semiconductor interface2,3. Here, we develop a new, simple procedure for transferring metal contacts that does not require aligned lithography. Using this technique, we fabricate vertical Schottky-junction WS2 solar cells with template-stripped Ag bottom contacts, 15-nm-thick exfoliated WS2 absorber layers, and 20-nm-thick semitransparent Au transferred top contacts. Under laser illumination, we observe rectifying behavior and open-circuit voltage above 500 mV in devices with transferred contacts, in contrast to resistive behavior and open-circuit voltage below 15 mV in devices with evaporated contacts. Under one-sun illumination, we measure an open-circuit voltage of 256 mV, a short-circuit current density of 4.10 mA/cm2, and a fill factor of 0.44. We calculate a power conversion efficiency of 0.46%, comparable to what others have observed in ultrathin transition metal dichalcogenide photovoltaics. Guided by device simulations that predict power conversion efficiencies close to 9%, we fabricate and characterize further-optimized devices with transparent top contacts and metal work functions that are better aligned to the multilayer WS2 conduction and valence bands. Our one-sun measurements and device simulation results indicate that this metal transfer process could enable high-specific-power vertical Schottky-junction transition metal dichalcogenide photovoltaics, and we anticipate that this technique will lead to advances for two-dimensional devices more broadly.
References:
1. Jariwala, D., Davoyan, A. R., Wong, J. & Atwater, H. A. Van der Waals Materials for Atomically-Thin Photovoltaics: Promise and Outlook. ACS Photonics 4, 2962–2970 (2017).
2. Liu, Y. et al. Approaching the Schottky–Mott limit in van der Waals metal–semiconductor junctions. Nature 557, 696–700 (2018).
3. Wang, Y. et al. Van der Waals contacts between three-dimensional metals and two-dimensional semiconductors. Nature 568, 70–74 (2019).
9:00 AM - FF01.17.05
Ultra Clean van der Waals Contacts Using Indium Alloys on Two-Dimensional Semicondcutors
Manish Chhowalla1
University of Cambridge1
Show AbstractWe recently reported the realization of ultra-clean vdW contacts between three dimensional metals and single layer MoS2. Using scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) imaging, we show that the 3D metal and 2D MoS2 interface is atomically sharp with no detectable chemical interaction, suggesting van-der-Waals-type bonding between the metal and MoS2. We show that the contact resistance of indium electrodes is ~ 800 Ω-μm – amongst the lowest observed for metal electrodes on MoS2 and is translated into high performance FETs with mobility in excess of 160 cm2-V-s-1at room temperature without encapsulation. We have extended this work to other monolayer 2D semiconductors such as MoSe2, WSe2 and their p-n interfaces. We have also studied alloying of indium contacts with other metals to engineer the work function of the electrodes for facile electron and hole injection. I will describe our efforts on making good contacts on 2D semiconductors.
FF01.18: Scalable Nano-Manufacturing of 2D Materials
Session Chairs
Manish Chhowalla
Junqiao Wu
Thursday PM, December 05, 2019
Hynes, Level 3, Room 312
10:00 AM - FF01.18.01
The Solution to the Solution—Colloidal Suspension of 3D Architectures of 2D Materials
Jennifer DiStefano1,Vinayak Dravid1
Northwestern University1
Show AbstractFor years, solution processing has enabled researchers to employ transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) in fields not accessible with traditional solid-state routes and rigid substrates. Scalable synthesis and exfoliation, chemical functionalization, and hybridization are particularly promising advantages of solution-based methods for TMDs. Colloidal suspension allows for facile assembly of TMDs, often of a desired size and thickness, onto arbitrary substrates. Exploratory biomedical applications, from diagnostics to therapy, have benefited from this unprecedented access to 2D semiconductors in solution and resultant functionalization possibilities. Solution-based hybridization between TMDs and complementary materials has enabled developments in electrocatalysis, sensing, and battery technologies, demonstrating the true breadth of diverse fields these techniques can impact. However, some of the most interesting TMD structures, including heterostructures, are barred from these modification and assembly opportunities because existing solution-based synthesis and exfoliation approaches are not compatible with complex geometries. Here we introduce a platform to successfully transfer artificial two-dimensional heterostructures synthesized with solid-state deposition to an aqueous solution. This essential transfer generates a stable solution where heterostructures can be functionalized for a variety of new applications or transferred to other substrates to create hierarchical assemblies.
Recently, we reported unique nanoparticle@TMD core-shell architectures (e.g. Au@MoS2) and demonstrated their promising properties for electrocatalysis and optoelectronic devices. Subsequently, we have developed an approach to synthesize TMD core-shell heterostructures and utilize Au nanoparticles as functional vehicles to transfer these unusual structures into solution. We use a metal sulfurization process to synthesize Au@MoS2@WS2 structures on rigid substrates. High-resolution electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy confirm the complete conversion to MoS2 and WS2 and high crystallinity of the TMDs. We then suspend these particles in water and demonstrate MoS2/WS2 heterostructures in solution. These core-shell heterostructures exhibit exceptional natural stability and monodispersity in solution, making them viable in many applications. Additionally, we leverage this colloidal suspension to chemically functionalize the core-shell particles and further expand application opportunities.
This presentation will also cover two of the broad future avenues enabled by this research approach. On one hand, the solution of core-shell particles itself can be employed via chemical functionalization or hybridization with other functional materials. For instance, biomedicine is one particularly ripe area for this application. These particles could be functionalized to carry chemotherapy drugs, or the TMD/plasmonic Au core hybrid could be leveraged for photothermal cancer treatment. On the other hand, this new platform allows one to conveniently transfer the particles to any substrate, including flexible substrates incompatible with high temperature synthesis. Directed assembly into artificial lattices or unique patterns will be achievable to fully exploit the interplay between the heterostructure shell and plasmonic core. Thus, by introducing a broad platform to create colloidal suspensions of artificial structures, this work opens the door for advanced engineering and utilization of TMD heterostructures.
10:15 AM - FF01.18.02
3D Printed Microsupercapacitors from 2D Material Inks
Cecilia Mattevi1
Imperial College London1
Show AbstractMiniaturization over three-dimensions is very attractive for future on-chip technologies where device efficiencies need to be optimized over small footprints. This is a new challenge, as device miniaturization has been focused to achieve planar-geometries primarily.
Direct Ink Writing (Robocasting), is an additive manufacturing technique that brings the possibility of fabricating architectures with programmable design in the three-dimensions (3D) at different length scales.
Here, we demonstrate 3D printed electrodes for microsupercapacitors and energy conversion systems from highly concentrated, water-based 2D atomically thin material inks using robocasting. The inks are composed by highly concentrated atomically thin sheets of transition metal chalcogenides either exfoliated from bulk powders or obtained via direct synthesis in solution. By tailoring the rheology of our formulated inks, printability has been achieved along with mechanical robustness of the printed architectures.
The printed architectures, from woodpile to interdigitated electrodes, are extended over a few mm in the three-dimensions and present electrodes widths as small as 100 μm. The 3D printed microsupercapacitors show leading areal capacitance and energy density as compared to planar microsupercapacitors, and stability in different electrolytes.
10:45 AM - FF01.18.03
All-Printed Heterostructure Devices Made with Water-Based and Biocompatible 2D-Inks
Cinzia Casiraghi1
University of Manchester1
Show AbstractSolution processing of 2D materials [1] allows simple and low-cost techniques such as inkjet printing [2,3] to be used for fabrication of heterostructure of arbitrary complexity. However, the success of this technology is determined by the nature and quality of the inks used. Furthermore, these formulations must be suitable for all-inkjet printed heterostructure fabrication - the remixing of different 2D crystal gives rise to uncontrolled interfaces, resulting in poor performance and lack of reproducibility of the devices. In this work we show a general formulation engineering approach to achieve highly concentrated, and inkjet printable water-based 2D crystal formulations, which also provide optimal film formation for multi-stack fabrication [4]. Examples of all-inkjet printed heterostructures, such as arrays of photosensors [4], logic memory devices [4], capacitors [5] and transistors [5, 6] will be discussed.
[1] Coleman et al., Science 331, 568 (2011)
[2] Torrisi et al, ACS Nano 6, 2992 (2012)
[3] Finn et al. J. Mat. Chem. C 2,925 (2014)
[4] McManus et al, Nature Nanotechnology, doi:10.1038/nnano.2016.281 (2017)
[5] Worsley et al, ACS Nano, DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b06464
[6] Lu et al, ACS Nano, submitted
11:15 AM - FF01.18.04
Towards Large Scale Manufacturability of (Mostly) Electronic Devices with 2D Materials
Iuliana Radu1,Inge Asselberghs1,Cedric Huyghebaert1,Dennis Lin1,Benjamin Groeven1,Steven Brems1,Devin Verreck1,Quentin Smets1,Tom Schram1,Goutham Arutchelvan1,Surajit Sutar1
imec1
Show Abstract2D materials hold the promise for many interesting applications in electronics. In this talk, we will evaluate their potential towards continued transistor scaling and provide materials targets which enable device performance comparable or surpassing that of scaled Si transistors. While transistor scaling for digital applications is the most coveted for application, MX2 materials have lower mobility than Si when deposited on wafer. Other applications in electronic circuits which do not require very high mobility have to be considered. We will approach this from the perspective of system and device co-optimization and discuss possible applications which require transits with very low leakage.
At imec, we are building a 300mm-wafer platform 2D materials which is being used to assess experimentally the manufacturability of devices with MX2 channel. In this context, we have demonstrated full-wafer (300mm) growth of MoS2 and WS2 by MOCVD and worked on transferring these materials from the growth wafer to a device wafer. We will describe the integration flow we have developed in the imec CMOS fab.
While progress in many aspects of device fabrication with MX2 materials is encouraging, several steps still lack fundamental understanding and methods to solve them. We will outline these outstanding problems and detail current status of where potential showstoppers appear.
11:45 AM - FF01.18.05
Additive Manufacturing of Patterned 2D Semiconductor through Recyclable Masked Growth
Yunfan Guo1,Jing Kong1
Massachusetts Institute of Technology1
Show AbstractThe 2D van der Waals crystals have shown great promise as potential future electronic materials due to their atomically thin and smooth nature, highly tailorable electronic structure, and mass production compatibility through chemical synthesis. Electronic
devices, such as field effect transistors (FETs), from these materials require patterning and fabrication into desired structures.
Specifically, the scale up and future development of “2D-based electronics will inevitably require large numbers of fabrication steps in the patterning of 2D semiconductors, such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs). This is currently carried out via multiple steps of lithography, etching, and transfer. As 2D devices become more complex (e.g., numerous 2D materials, more layers, specific shapes, etc.), the patterning steps can become economically costly and time consuming. Here, we developed a method to directly synthesize a 2D semiconductor, monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), in arbitrary patterns on insulating SiO2/Si via seed-promoted chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and substrate engineering. This method shows the potential of using the prepatterned substrates as a master template for the repeated growth of monolayer MoS2 patterns. Our technique currently produces arbitrary monolayer MoS2 patterns at a spatial resolution of 2 μm with excellent homogeneity and transistor performance (room temperature electron mobility of 30 cm2 V−1 s−1 and on–off current ratio of 107). Extending this patterning method to other 2D materials can provide a facile method for the repeatable direct synthesis of 2D materials for future electronics and optoelectronics.
FF01.19: Fundamental Limits to Transport in 2D Materials
Session Chairs
Cinzia Casiraghi
Angela Hight Walker
Thursday PM, December 05, 2019
Hynes, Level 3, Room 312
1:30 PM - FF01.19.01
Approaching the Intrinsic Limit in Transition Metal Dichalcogenide van der Waals Heterostructures
James Hone1
Columbia University1
Show AbstractStudying the intrinsic behavior 2D materials requires attention to both external and internal sources of disorder. This talk will first review the techniques used to create clean heterostructures with hBN to reduce environmental disorder. In graphene, ten years of progress has led to device performance now rivaling he highest-quality GaAs-based heterostructures. On the other hand, semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are also limited by atomic defects within the crystalline layers, which requires efforts in synthesis and characterization of high purity crystals. This talk will present recent progress in synthesis of TMD crystals with dramatically lower defect density using a self-flux techniuqe. Combining higher crystal quality and clean encapsulation allows observation of greatly enhanced optical properties, including near-unity photoluminescence quantum yield, and long excited-state lifetime in TMD heterostructures. In addition, electronic transport measurements show improved carrier mobility and reveal many new details in magnetotransport measurements, including observation of fractional quantum Hall states in monolayer TMDs. These high-quality crystals also allow studies of twisted bilayer TMDs, which show the emergence of many-body correlated states.
Sample synthesis is supported under NSF DMR-1420634
Studies of magnetotransport in monolayer WSe2 are supported under DOE SC-0016703
Studies of twisted bilayer materials are supported under DOE DE-SC0019443
2:00 PM - FF01.19.02
Towards High-Mobility 2D Semiconductors
Yuanyue Liu1
The University of Texas at Austin1
Show AbstractOne of the major challenges that limits the development of 2D semiconductors is the low mobility of electrons/holes. Here using Boltzmann transport theory with the scattering rates determined from first principles, which allows us to accurately calculate the intrinsic (phonon-limited) mobility, we will present the intrinsic mobility for a variety of 2D semiconductors, including MX2 and monoelement ones. Moreover, we will discuss how the mobilties are related with underlying physical properties, causing the mobility difference across different materials, and (if time allows) how the strain and thickness would alter the mobility.
Ref: L. Cheng, Y. Liu, JACS, DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b07871
2:15 PM - FF01.19.03
Fundamental Limits of the Open Circuit Voltage in Ultrathin Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Photovoltaics Due to Band Tailing
Joeson Wong1,Cora Went1,Ben Cotts2,Stefan Omelchenko1,Alberto Salleo2,Harry Atwater1
California Institute of Technology1,Stanford University2
Show AbstractBand tails are ubiquitously observed at the band-edge of a semiconductor, often characterized by an exponential decay in absorption below the band gap. Here, we characterize for the first time these band tail states in various ultrathin (<20 nm) transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) photovoltaic devices using photocurrent spectroscopy. We attribute the origin of these tail states to both intrinsic disorder within the TMDC (e.g. MoS2, WS2, MoSe2, WSe2) layer as well as the surrounding electrostatic environment in the form of a built-in field. Using our experimental measurements of the band tail states, we further analyze their implications on the fundamental limits of open circuit voltage in ultrathin TMDC photovoltaics using optoelectronic reciprocity relations. We find that in addition to the external radiative efficiency of TMDCs, band tail states may reduce the achievable open circuit voltage by over 100 mV due to increased recombination and therefore sets the maximum efficiency of ultrathin TMDC photovoltaics.
FF01.20: Transport in 2D Materials and Heterostructures
Session Chairs
Cecilia Mattevi
Amalia Patane
Thursday PM, December 05, 2019
Hynes, Level 3, Room 312
3:00 PM - FF01.20.01
Anomalously Suppressed Lattice Thermal Conduction by Electron-Phonon Coupling in Tantalum Disulfide
Junqiao Wu1,2,Huili Liu1,2,Chao Yang3,Jiawang Hong3
University of California, Berkeley1,Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory2,Beijing Institute of Technology3
Show AbstractCharge and thermal transport in a crystal are carried by free electrons and phonons (quantized lattice vibration), the two most fundamental quasi-particles. Above the Debye temperature of the crystal, phonons mediated thermal conductivity (kL) is typically limited by mutual scattering of phonons, which results in kL decreasing with inverse temperature, whereas free electrons play negligible role in kL. We report an unusual case in a charge-density-wave single crystal, where kL is limited instead by phonon scattering with free electrons, resulting in a temperature-independent kL. In this system, the conventional phonon-phonon scattering is alleviated by its uniquely structured phonon dispersions, while unusually strong electron-phonon (e-ph) coupling arises from its Fermi surface strongly nested at wavevectors where phonons exhibit Kohn anomalies. The finding reveals new physics of thermal conduction, offers a unique platform to probe e-ph interactions, and provides potential ways to control heat flow in materials with free charge carriers.
3:30 PM - FF01.20.02
Thermal Conductivity of High-Quality Atomically Thin Boron Nitride and Its Thermal Expansion
Qiran Cai1,Declan Scullion2,Ying Chen1,Elton Santos2,Luhua Li1
Deakin University1,Queen's University Belfast2
Show AbstractHeat management becomes more and more critical, especially in miniaturized modern devices, so the exploration of highly thermally conductive materials with electrical insulation and favorable mechanical properties is of great importance. Here, we report that high-quality monolayer boron nitride (BN) has a thermal conductivity (κ) of 751 W/mK at room temperature. Although smaller than that of graphene, this value is larger than that of cubic boron nitride (cBN) and only second to those of diamond and lately discovered cubic boron arsenide (BAs). Monolayer BN has the second largest κ per unit weight among all semiconductors and insulators, just behind diamond, if density is considered. The κ of atomically thin BN decreases with increased thickness. Our large-scale molecular dynamic simulations using Green-Kubo formalism accurately reproduce this trend, and the density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal the main scattering mechanism. The thermal expansion coefficients (TECs) of monolayer to trilayer BN at 300 to 400 K are also experimentally measured, and the results are comparable to atomistic ab initio DFT calculations in a wider range of temperatures. Owing to its wide bandgap, high thermal conductivity, outstanding strength, good flexibility, and excellent thermal and chemical stability, atomically thin BN is a strong candidate for heat dissipation applications, especially in the next generation of flexible electronic devices.
3:45 PM - FF01.20.03
Hot Electron Transfer in Graphene/WS2 Heterostructures
Chiara Trovatello1,Giulia Piccinini2,3,Stiven Forti2,3,Filippo Fabbri2,3,Antonio Rossi4,5,2,Camilla Coletti2,3,Giulio Cerullo1,Stefano Dal Conte1
Polytechnic University of Milan1,Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia2,Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore3,University of California, Davis4,Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory5
Show AbstractStacking two-dimensional (2D) materials, like graphene (GR) and single layer transition metal dichalcogenides (1L-TMDs), has opened up unlimited possibilities to design and engineer new functional 2D van der Waals heterostructures (HSs).
Here we exploit ultrafast transient-reflection spectroscopy to optically investigate the charge transfer (CT) dynamics in a large area 1L-WS2/GR HS, with an unprecedented temporal resolution, i.e. sub-20fs, and across a broad energy range spectrally covering both A and B excitons of WS2 (1.8-2.5eV).
When the HS is excited with a photon energy of 2eV, above the optical gap of 1L-WS2 (1.98eV), the differential reflectivity signal, i.e. ΔR/R, is dominated A and B excitonic features of WS2. On the other hand, if carriers are photo-injected in the HS well below the WS2 bandgap, e.g. with 0.8eV photon energy, only graphene is actually excited. Nevertheless, the signal across A and B peaks appears immediately after excitation. This surprising result suggests an extremely fast CT from GR to WS2. Indeed, when WS2 alone is excited below bandgap with the same photon energy and fluence, no transient signal is detected.
The observed ultrafast charge transfer cannot be exclusively attributed to the direct excitation of new intermediate charge transfer states arising from the overlap of the graphene and the TMD bandstructures[1]. This is indicated by the excitation fluence dependence of the transient signal, which becomes strongly nonlinear at infrared excitation energies, revealing that the mechanism behind the observed ultrafast CT from graphene to the semiconductor is hot electron/hole transfer[2].
The timescale for the hot electron transfer is expected to be extremely short, below 50 femtoseconds[2]. The rise time of the A exciton dynamics is a direct estimation of the timescale for this process, and it is related both to the hot GR Fermi-Dirac distribution thermalization and the tunneling process, i.e. the time needed for hot electrons, exclusively excited in GR, to overcome the Schottky barrier and reach the semiconductor[3]. The extracted build-up of the A exciton transient signal, measured on the HS following a sub-20fs IR excitation at 1.3eV, is faster than 20 fs. This is the first direct measurement of the hot electron/hole transfer in time-domain.
Hot electron transfer is extremely promising for charge extraction at the HS interface, making this novel 2D HS suitable for the development of broadband and efficient low-dimensional photodetectors.
[1] Yuan, et al., Sci. Adv., 4 (2018)
[2] A. Tomadin, et al., Phys. Rev. B 88, 035430 (2013)
[3] Massicotte et al., Nat. Commun., 7, 12174 (2016)
4:00 PM - FF01.20.04
Spectroscopic Investigation of Electron Transfer from Monolayer MoS2 to Organic Conjugated Polymers
Christopher Petoukhoff1,Sofiia Kosar1,Ibrahim Bozkurt2,Manish Chhowalla3,Keshav Dani1
Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology1,Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey2,University of Cambridge3
Show AbstractOrganic/2D heterostructures have emerged as promising materials for ultrathin, large-area optoelectronic devices. Both organic and 2D semiconductors lack dangling bonds at their surfaces and interact via van der Waals forces, enabling their heterostructures to form ideal interfaces without the need for energy-intensive growth processes, such as molecular beam epitaxy. As such, ultrathin optoelectronic devices have been fabricated from organic/2D heterostructures including photovoltaics, photodetectors, and field-effect transistors, demonstrating large on-off ratios and anti-ambipolar behavior in the latter. Recently, organic conjugated polymer/2D heterostructures fabricated from the polymer, PTB7, and the 2D material, MoS2, have demonstrated the photovoltaic effect with record values of the photovoltaic figures of merit normalized to the device active layer thickness. Despite this, devices fabricated from organic/2D heterostructures have shown relatively low internal quantum efficiencies, suggesting non-ideal charge transport throughout their devices. Investigating charge transfer dynamics across organic/2D semiconductor interfaces at fundamental timescales is an important part of understanding how to improve the low internal quantum efficiency of these devices.
Here, we employ photoluminescence and femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopies to study the charge transfer dynamics in large-area, organic conjugated polymer/MoS2 heterostructures. The heterostructures were formed between chemical vapor deposited monolayer MoS2 thin-films and 3 different conjugated polymer films: P3HT, PCDTBT, and PTB7. These 3 polymers have been used extensively as electron donors in high-efficiency polymer:fullerene organic photovoltaics, and each form Type-II heterojunctions with MoS2. Although electron transfer was expected to occur from the polymers to MoS2, we show that electron transfer occurs in the opposite direction: from MoS2 to each of the conjugated polymers via polaron pair states. We show that electrons are transferred from MoS2 to P3HT within 9 ps, and from MoS2 to PCDTBT and PTB7 in under 120 fs. Despite this, we demonstrate that the P3HT/MoS2 heterostructure is the most efficient because the transferred charges have an order-of-magnitude increase in their lifetimes, leading to enhancement in the photoluminescence from P3HT. We propose that the differences in the lifetime of transferred charges arises from the crystallinity of the conjugated polymer films.
4:15 PM - FF01.20.05
Influence of Interfacial Morphology on Ultrafast Charge Separation in 0D/2D Mixed-Dimensional Heteorjunctions
Suyog Padgaonkar1,Mark Hersam1,Emily Weiss1
Northwestern University1
Show AbstractMixed-dimensional heterojunctions (MDHJs) combine the characteristics of component materials such as the discrete orbital energies of zero-dimensional (0D) molecules and the extended band structure of two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors. While MDHJs have shown promise for optoelectronic applications – such as photodetectors because their performance exceeds that of the individual components – increased understanding of fundamental mechanisms and time scales of charge separation at the interface would drive improved design of these systems. Here, comparison between two different type-II organic/2D MDHJs comprised of copper (Cu) and free base (H2) phthalocyanine (Pc) and monolayer MoS2 elucidates the influence of interfacial morphology on charge separation lifetimes in these systems. In particular, time-resolved optical spectroscopy reveals two ultrafast charge transfer processes from selective excitation of each component material: sub-picosecond photoinduced hole-transfer and sub-320 fs photoinduced electron-transfer processes at the interfaces of CuPc/MoS2 and H2Pc/MoS2 MDHJs. In CuPc/MoS2 heterojunctions, charge separation lasts as long as 70 ns, which is a factor of 17 longer than that in H2Pc/MoS2 heterojunctions and a factor of 40 longer than that in previously reported transition-metal dichalcogenide-based heterojunctions. Polarized Raman spectroscopy shows that preservation of the charge-separated state is attributed to the face-on orientation of CuPc on the MoS2 surface, which templates stacking of CuPc molecules and facilitates hole migration away from the interface, whereas H2Pc molecules adopt a mixed edge-on and face-on orientation. This work highlights the role of molecular structure in determining the interfacial geometry and, ultimately, charge-transfer dynamics in 0D/2D heterojunctions and suggests principles for the rational design of other organic/2D MDHJs.
4:30 PM - FF01.20.06
Unintentional n-Type Doping on Single Layer Nb-Doped MoS2 Observed by Scanning Nonlinear Dielectric Microscopy
Yasuo Cho1,Kohei Yamasue1
Tohoku University1
Show AbstractAtomically-thin layered semiconductors as exemplified by few-layer MoS2 and WSe2 are an emerging class of materials with their potential use for semiconductor devices [1, 2]. In this context, dominant carrier distribution on these materials and devices is one of the key electronic properties for understanding their electrical characteristics and improving device performance. In fact, recently, an unintentional electron doping effect in MoS2 has been reported, which suggests the difficulty in fabricating intrinsic and p-type atomically-thin MoS2 [3]. This effect is attributed to surface electron accumulation due to the formation of sulfur vacancies on the surface of MoS2 and therefore becomes dominant in atomically-thin layers due to their high surface-to-volume ratio [3]. In order to investigate the transition of dominant carrier polarity on atomically-thin MoS2 layers, here we perform the nanoscale carrier distribution imaging on atomically-thin natural and Nb-doped MoS2 including single layer areas. By using a microwave-based scanning probe microscopy method called scanning nonlinear dielectric microscopy (SNDM) [4], we actually visualize unintentional n-type transition confined on single layer Nb-doped MoS2, even though Nb-doped MoS2 is nominally expected to be p-type in contrast to natural MoS2 with n-type dominant carriers.
SNDM allows nanoscale dominant carrier distribution imaging through the detection of differential capacitance induced by small ac-bias voltage (so-called dC/dV imaging). As the polarity of dC/dV is inverted depending on the polarity of dominant carriers, we can identify n- or p-type on the local area below the tip. We have already succeeded in the detection of single layer MoS2 [5], because SNDM is exceptionally sensitive to tiny dC/dV. In this study, we used novel intermittent contact SNDM with boxcar integration, which will be described elsewhere [6], to obtain higher S/N ratio than that in the conventional intermittent contact SNDM. The samples were natural and Nb-doped MoS2 on SiO2/Si substrates prepared by the mechanical exfoliation with so-called Scotch tape method. The measurement was performed in air at room temperature using a commercial scanning probe microscopy system (Bruker, Icon) integrated with a lab-made SNDM setup. As expected, for natural MoS2, n-type contrast were seen even on few-layer MoS2 including a single layer area. In contrast, we found that single layer Nb-doped MoS2 showed unintentional n-type contrast, while multilayer areas were seen p-type. This unintentional electron doping effect was reproducibly observed on the single layer areas of other Nb-doped MoS2 samples. In addition, unlike the multilayer areas, those with a few to several layer number often showed negligible dC/dV signal level. These results are reasonable if considering the counter doping effect depending on the surface-to-volume (S/V) ratio discussed in Ref. [5]. The effect does not manifest for multilayers with a low S/V ratio, but, for few-layers, it is balanced with Nb-doping, and then overcompensates it in single layer areas with the highest S/V ratio. This implies the difficulty in p-type conduction on our as-prepared MoS2 samples. The results here indicate that SNDM gives direct information on nanoscale carrier distribution on the areas with different stacking layers, which will provide a clue to controlling carrier types and doping levels in atomically-thin layered semiconductors.
References:
[1] B. Radisavljevic et al., Nature Nanotechno. 6, 147 (2011).
[2] K. F. Mak, C. Lee, J. Hone, J. Shan, and T. F. Heinz, Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 136805 (2010).
[3] M. D. Siao et al., Nature Commun. 9, 1442 (2018).
[4] Y. Cho, A. Kirihara, and T. Saeki, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 6, 2297 (1996).
[5] K. Yamasue and Y. Cho, Appl. Phys. Lett. 112, 243102 (2018).
[6] K. Yamasue and Y. Cho, (in preparation).
4:45 PM - FF01.20.07
Rigid-Lattice Moiré vs Atomic Reconstruction in van der Waals Heterostructures
Matthew Rosenberger1,Hsun Jen Chuang1,Madeleine Phillips1,Vladimir Oleshko2,Kathleen McCreary1,Saujan Sivaram1,C. Stephen Hellberg1,Berend Jonker1
U.S. Naval Research Laboratory1,National Institute of Standards and Technology2
Show AbstractVan der Waals layered materials, such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), are an exciting class of materials with weak interlayer bonding which enables one to create so-called van der Waals heterostructures (vdWH). One promising attribute of vdWH is control over the twist angle between layers, which leads to the formation of moiré patterns that enable tuning of vdWH properties. In the case of TMD vdWH, moiré patterns have been used to explain unique optoelectronic behavior of these structures. However, the moiré theory used to explain the behavior of TMD vdWH have only considered the constituent layers as rigid lattices and have not allowed for atomic-level reconstruction, i.e. rearrangement of the atoms with the layers. The existence of atomic-level reconstruction would have a significant impact on the electronic and optoelectronic properties and would fundamentally change our theoretical understanding of these systems. Here, we present experimental proof of atomic-level reconstruction in twisted TMD vdWH, which is a significant departure from the rigid-lattice moiré theory. Using conductive atomic force microscopy (CAFM), we probe the nanometer-scale electronic behavior of twisted MoSe2/WSe2 and MoS2/WS2 heterostructures and show that, for twist angles around 1° or less, large domains of constant electronic behavior form rather than a continuously varying pattern of electronic behavior, as expected from conventional moiré theory. We find that the stacking arrangement (H-type or R-type) has a profound impact on the reconstruction behavior. We use transmission electron microscopy to corroborate the presence of atomic reconstruction, to demonstrate commensurate stacking within the reconstructed domains, and to demonstrate a transition from atomic reconstruction at small twist angles (≤ 1°) to a rigid-lattice moiré pattern for larger angles (≥ 3°). We use density functional theory (DFT) calculations to predict the low-energy stacking configurations of the heterostructures and to calculate the band structures of the low-energy stacking configurations. Agreement between CAFM and DFT enables us to assign stacking arrangements to the different reconstructed domains. Finally, we show that the difference in calculated bandgaps between heterostructures with H-type and R-type stacking agree with photoluminescence measurements of reconstructed heterostructures of both types. These results provide fundamental insight into the behavior of this exciting class of semiconductor heterostructure.
FF01.21: Poster Session IV: Beyond Graphene 2D Materials—Synthesis, Properties and Device Applications IV
Session Chairs
Zakaria Al Balushi
Deep Jariwala
Olga Kazakova
Amber McCreary
Friday AM, December 06, 2019
Hynes, Level 1, Hall B
8:00 PM - FF01.10.21
Characterization of Interlayer Tunneling Junctions in Two-Dimensional Material Heterostructures via High-Throughput Computations
Adam Pfeifle1,Panchapakesan Ganesh2,Marcelo Kuroda1
Auburn University1,Oak Ridge National Laboratory2
Show AbstractFollowing the isolation of individual graphene layers, several other two-dimensional (2D) materials have been discovered, including boron-nitride (BN), phosphorene, and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) [1]. These 2D materials lack dangling bonds allowing for their seamless stacking to create multilayered heterostructures preserving their sharp interfaces [2]. The physical properties of these multilayer structures, including out-of-plane tunneling rates, may be tailored via composition and stacking order. As thousands of 2D materials have been isolated or predicted to be stable [3], the number of heterostructures that can be formed grows very rapidly. Here we develop methodology to characterize carrier transport in heterostructures formed with 2D materials. Our approach efficiently combines high-throughput first principles calculations and ballistic quantum transport. Our workflow generates vertical heterostructures with low-strain epitaxial mismatches between layers. Their geometries and electronic properties are obtained via first principles calculations within the density functional theory. Ballistic transport methodology based on the Landauer formalism employs representations of the electronic structure formed by projections of pseudo-atomic orbitals for efficient computations [4]. In particular, we analyze the modulation of the tunneling current as a function of strain perpendicular to the basal plane [5,6] for a variety of heterostructures based on graphene electrodes, and boron-nitride or transition metal dichalcogenides as tunneling barriers. Results are rationalized in terms of composition, stacking order and orientations. For the same number of layers, BN junctions exhibit larger tunneling currents than TMDs as its smaller thickness counterweights its larger band gap. We find, however, that the interlayer tunneling current of TMDs are more susceptible to mechanical strain than BN ones. We also compare results for the case of bulk electrodes and discuss virtues and limitations of approximations employed in this description. The results of this work may prove useful to the study of novel physical phenomena such as charge and spin transport in tunneling heterostructures based on 2D materials. This work has been partially supported by the NSF DMR-1848344.
[1] Novoselov et al., PNAS 102, 10451 (2005)
[2] Geim and Grigorieva, Nature 499, 419 (2013)
[3] Mounet et al., Nature Nanotechnology 13, 246 (2018)
[4] M. Buongiorno-Nardelli et al, Comp. Mat. Sci. 136, 76 (2017)
[5] Nayak et al., Nature Communications 5, 3731 (2014)
[6] Fu et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 103, 183105 (2013)
8:00 PM - FF01.21.01
TiO2 Nanowires/Ti3C2 MXene Based Multi-Functional Sensors with High Sensitivity and Ultrafast Response
Seong Jun Kim1,Shuvra Mondal1,2,Choon-Gi Choi1,2
Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute1,University of Science and Technology2
Show AbstractTi3C2 MXene, a new class of two-dimensional transition metal carbides has attracted much attention as a sensing material due to its high surface-to-volume ratios and excellent electrical conductivity. Furthermore, the presence of surface terminated functional group such as oxide (-O) and hydroxyl (-OH) onto the Ti3C2 MXene provides reaction sites for water absorption. Recently, many studies have been investigated to understand the charge transfer mechanism when water molecules were sorption in MXene surface or intercalation between the MXene nanosheets for improving response speed and sensitivity. However, the electrical response to water vapor absorption that determines the performance of the humidity sensor can still be limited due to the high electrical conductivity of MXene. Therefore, it is required to study the novel MXene structure which can improve the sensor performance by maximizing the electrical change while the water vapor or moisture is adsorbed on the film surface.
In this work, we synthesized TiO2 nanowires/Ti3C2 MXene composites by facile solution process manipulating of concentration of NaOH solution. As a result, the density of TiO2 nanowires increased in proportion to the concentration of NaOH solution and formed a network on the surface and interlayers of Ti3C2 MXene. The sensing performance of TiO2 nanowires (NWs)/Ti3C2 MXene composites based humidity sensor was evaluated under relative humidity condition from 20 to 80 %. As a result, it showed a high sensitivity and fast response compared with pristine Ti3C2 MXene-based sensor. In addition, piezoresistive pressure sensor was fabricated by coating TiO2 NWs/ Ti3C2 MXene on cotton fabric. Thereafter, the performance of the device evaluated over a wide pressure range of 0.33 to 63.1 kPa. As a result, our sensor showed high sensitivity of 2.5 kPa-1 with excellent linearity. In addition, it exhibited an ultrafast response speed with a rise time of ~13 ms and decay time of ~17 ms. This study opens up a new avenue of two-dimensional layered hybrid materials for applications of advanced contact and non-contact electronic devices.
Acknowledgement
This work was partly supported by Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI) grant (19ZB1100) funded by the Korean government and Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) grant funded by the Korea government (MOTIE) (20181510102340, Development of a real-time detection system for unidentified RCS leakage less than 0.5 gpm).
8:00 PM - FF01.21.02
Effect of Gamma-Ray Irradiation on MoS2 Investigated by Raman and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
Burcu Ozden1,Min Khalan2,Minseo Park2,Choi Wonbong3
Penn State Abington1,Auburn University2,University of North Texas3
Show AbstractRecently, molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) has attracted great attention for diverse applications due to its material properties. It is thought that these material properties soon will make MoS2 attractive for the development of radiation-hard electronics. Therefore, for the first time, we studied the effect of gamma-ray (γ-ray) irradiation on the crystal quality of a few-layered MoS2 by using Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques. The γ-ray irradiation dose of 120Mrad was applied to 3.2, 4.5, and 5.2 nm thick MoS2 films which were grown on Si by using a two-step synthesis method (sputtering of Mo, followed by sulphurisation). Before γ-ray irradiation, three active Raman modes (E1g A1g) was detected. After γ-ray irradiation, the Raman peaks attributed to the E1g and A1g modes almost disappeared. The dramatic decrease in the S2p peak accompanied by an increase in the O1s peak and the change in the Mo3d3/2 binding energy from what is known for stoichiometric MoS2 to that for native Mo oxide was observed in the XPS spectra. In conclusion, dramatic chemical changes in the MoS2 films after irradiation is believed to be related to the fact that S vacancies are formed due to γ-ray irradiation, which subsequently transforms MoS2 to a native MoOx.
8:00 PM - FF01.21.03
A Semimetallic Two-Dimensional ZnSb with Remarkably High Hole Mobility
Wonchul Shin1,2,Chang Il Kwon3,Jun Sung Kim3,In Chung1,2
Seoul National University1,Institute for Basic Science (IBS)2,Pohang University of Science and Technology3
Show AbstractThe discovery of exotic electronic properties of graphene has led to extensive research efforts to find new functional two-dimensional (2D) materials. For example, transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) compounds are an excellent candidate for various electronic devices due to their thickness-tunable band gap. However, their relative low carrier mobility limits their applications. Recently, honeycomb-like monolayer materials composed of main group elements such as GeP3 and antimonene were reported to exhibit high carrier mobility. However, this property is only observable in epitaxially grown samples on specific substrates. Here, we present a new structure-type, metastable 2D ZnSb which exhibits remarkably high carrier mobility. The structure features unique two atom-thick Zn-Sb honeycomb layers stacked along the out-of-plane direction. This compound can be only achievable by topotactic chemical reaction we developed. Temperature-dependent electrical resistivity and Hall effect measurements on single crystalline 2D ZnSb show p-type metallic conduction with hole mobility of ~400 cm2V-1s-1 at room temperature. A new 2D ZnSb is readily cleavable to form a few layer-thick nanosheets by various irradiation techniques. This new phase shows completely different crystal structure and physical properties from a well-known three-dimensional semiconducting polymorph.
8:00 PM - FF01.21.04
Ultras-Senstive Graphene-Barristor Biosensor
Naebong Jeung1,Jun-Ho Lee1,Do-Hyun Park1,In-Chul Choi1,Honjeong Yu2,Hakho Lee2,Hyun-Jong Chung1
Konkuk University1,Massachusetts General Hospital2
Show AbstractWe present a new, highly sensitive biosensing approach using a graphene-based barristor [1]. The sensor is formed by interfacing graphene with semiconductor. The resulting Schottky barrier (between graphene and semiconductor) is highly susceptible to the device surface condition; binding of target biological molecules can turn on the device with very large signal gain. This mechanism makes the barristor far superior to conventional graphene FET sensors that are based on the charge-density modulation[2]. To prove the concept, we fabricated n-type barristor sensors and used them to detect DNA molecules. With target DNA binding, the height of the Schottky barrier increases, leading to the decrease in device currents. Even at very low DNA concentrations (~1 aM), we observed more than 40% changes in the device conductance. The technology may open up a new material and device concept for ultrasensitive biosensing.
8:00 PM - FF01.21.06
Mass Production of 2D ZnO Nanosheets Using Recyclable AAO Template
Jiyu Sun1,Pu-Xian Gao1
University of Connecticut1
Show AbstractTwo-dimensional (2D) ZnO nanostructures are becoming more popular due to their properties such as nanometer-scale thickness, high surface to volume ratio, and good mechanical stability 1. However, current strategies are usually limited to low production rate, complicated method, and high cost. Here in this study, we report a high-yield method to synthesize large-area ZnO 2D nanosheets by utilizing recyclable anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template. ZnO nanosheets were synthesized by microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis method without using seeding layer, with a large lateral size and nanometer thickness. ZnO nanosheets could be obtained by a sonication process, with a yield of 3mg/cm2 in 3 hours. XRD analysis indicated the formation of ZnO nanosheets exposed with (100) facets and the successful doping of Al. During electron microscopy imaging, an ultrathin morphology was observed with good wrinkling flexibility. Besides, due to the intactness of the template after nanosheet transferring using polymer, the AAO template can be cyclically utilized as the substrate for repetitive growth of ZnO nanosheets, which further reduces the cost and waste. Various application demonstrations are conducted based on this ZnO nanosheets, including gas sensor, thermochemical CO2 hydrogenation, and photocatalysis. Owing to its ultrathin 2D morphology with abundant amounts of active sites and defects, a higher sensitivity and a short response time toward ppb–level gas detection may be obtained, and a higher conversion efficiency of CO2 hydrogenation is achieved 2-3. High binding energies between gas molecules and oxygen vacancies existing in the exposed ZnO (100) facets lead to large surface reconstructions, which make a contribution to the gas sensing properties and CO2 hydrogenation. Furthermore, the highly exposed surface of nanosheets also facilitates gas sensing and catalysis performance. The demonstrated method here enables a new path to the high-yield synthesis of 2D ZnO for applications in energy-related field and beyond.
Reference
1. Gaddam, Venkateswarlu, et al. "Morphology controlled synthesis of Al doped ZnO nanosheets on Al alloy substrate by low-temperature solution growth method." RSC Advances5.18 (2015): 13519-13524.
2. Yuan, Hongye, et al. "ZnO Nanosheets Abundant in Oxygen Vacancies Derived from Metal–Organic Frameworks for ppb–Level Gas Sensing." Advanced Materials 31.11 (2019): 1807161.
3. Geng, Zhigang, et al. "Oxygen vacancies in ZnO nanosheets enhance CO2 electrochemical reduction to CO." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 57.21 (2018): 6054-6059.
8:00 PM - FF01.21.07
Highly Efficient Luminescence from Large Scale TMDC by Minimizing Optical Loss
Chansoo Kim1,Seungju Seo1,Beomseok Kang1,Jeehwan Kim1
Massachusetts Institute of Technology1
Show AbstractSince the discovery of graphene in 2004, two dimensional (2D) materials have led an intensive attention because of their unique physics and new device architectures. Nevertheless, there was limitation over having large-scale, monolayer 2D materials because it is extremely difficult to control the kinetic of 2D materials during the growth. Especially, it is mandatory to have monolayer of transition dichalcogenides (TMDCs) for optoelectronic applications as multilayer 2D materials have indirect band gap which involving phonon loss. In addition, since 2D materials themselves do not have sufficient external quantum efficiency (EQE), we cannot expect highly efficient luminescence from 2D material-based optoelectronics. Thus, it has been required to develop an alternative approach for 2D materials-based optoelectronics.
Here, we propose an interesting approach for highly efficient luminescence from large scale TMDCs by effectively engineering optical loss. Last year, we reported a new approach to make large scale, monolayer of the TMDC, called layer-resolved splitting. This approach enables us to have large-scale monolayer-by-monolayer stacking with pristine interface as it does not accompany any polymer residue and chemical contamination at the interface. Therefore, it minimizes the optical loss through interface interference. In addition, we successfully engineer additional optical loss by incorporating distributed bragg reflector (DBR) structures with TMDCs since DBR has broad reflection band and phase shift of DBR is close to zero. Thus, we can observe the improvement of photoluminescence in TMDC/DBR structure using layer-resolved splitting process. We strongly believe that this process will lead a new opportunity for highly efficient 2D material-based LED optoelectronic applications.
8:00 PM - FF01.21.08
Symmetry-Dependent Electron-Phonon Coupling in Black Phosphorus Revealed by Resonance Raman Spectroscopy
Nannan Mao1,Xingzhi Wang2,Yuxuan Lin1,Liangbo Liang3,Jing Kong1,William Tisdale1
Massachusetts Institute of Technology1,Boston University2,Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)3
Show AbstractCrystals with low symmetry and low dimensionality have drawn tremendous fundamental and practical interest, since such a strongly quantum confined anisotropic system gives rise to many novel and complicated many-body interactions. Black phosphorus (BP), a two-dimensional elemental semiconductor, is a representative member of such low-symmetric nanomaterials. With the highly anisotropic electronic structure and phonon dispersions, black phosphorus has been an excellent platform for understanding the rule of symmetry related multi-particle interactions. Here, we investigated the electron-phonon coupling in few-layer and bulk BP using polarization-dependent resonance Raman spectroscopy with 16 laser lines. The in-plane Ag2 mode, which shows larger intrinsic resonance effect than the out-of-plane Ag1 mode when excitation polarization is along the armchair direction, demonstrating symmetry-dependent electron-phonon coupling effect in BP. This understanding is further supported by the quantum perturbation theory and first-principles calculations on the anisotropic electron distributions. Moreover, the comparison of intrinsic resonance effects along two crystalline orientations allow us to resolve the existing controversies on the physical origin of Raman anomaly in BP and its dependence on excitation energy, sample thickness, phonon modes, and crystalline orientation.
8:00 PM - FF01.21.09
Ultraclean van der Waals Contact for Spintronic Devices
Yan Wang1,Guang Yang1,Manish Chhowalla1
University of Cambridge1
Show AbstractGraphene has been demonstrated to be promising for spintronic devices due to its intrinsically low spin orbit interaction1. Although long spin relaxation lengths (> 2µm) have been experimentally achieved with graphene, the degree of polarized carrier injection still low (< 10%) due to scattering at the contact/graphene interface2. Ferromagnetic electrodes such as cobalt are most commonly used for injecting spin-polarized electrons into non-ferromagnetic graphene. Recently, atomic resolution scanning transmission electron microscope studies on metal/2D material interfaces have revealed that defects are created during metal deposition3,4. This has led the studies of inserting tunnel barriers such as h-BN5, MgO6, and TiO27 between Co and graphene layers for improving the spin injection efficiency. Here, we report results from our recent work on realizing ultra-clean van der Waals contacts using Indium electrodes for spintronics. Specifically, we use 3 – 10 nm indium to achieve defect-free contact, then deposit ferromagnetic Co layers on top. Annealing of the contacts leads to ferromagnetic In/Co alloy with defect free interface with graphene that can be used to inject spin polarized carriers with high efficiency.
References:
1. Gmitra, M., Konschuh, S., Ertler, C., Ambrosch-Draxl, C. & Fabian, J. Band-structure topologies of graphene: Spin-orbit coupling effects from first principles. Phys. Rev. B 80, 235431 (2009).
2. Tombros, N., Jozsa, C., Popinciuc, M., Jonkman, H. T. & van Wees, B. J. Electronic spin transport and spin precession in single graphene layers at room temperature. Nature 448, 571–574 (2007).
3. Wang, Y. et al. Van der Waals contacts between three-dimensional metals and two-dimensional semiconductors. Nature 568, 70 (2019).
4. Liu, Y. et al. Approaching the Schottky–Mott limit in van der Waals metal–semiconductor junctions. Nature 557, 696 (2018).
5. Gurram, M. et al. Spin transport in fully hexagonal boron nitride encapsulated graphene. Phys. Rev. B 93, 115441 (2016).
6. Han, W. et al. Tunneling Spin Injection into Single Layer Graphene. Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 167202 (2010).
7. Dankert, A. & Dash, S. P. Electrical gate control of spin current in van der Waals heterostructures at room temperature. Nat. Commun. 8, 16093 (2017).
8:00 PM - FF01.21.10
WSe2/h-BN Heterostructure Memristor Devices Stacked by Quasi-Dry Transfer Process
Beom-Seok Kang1,Chansoo Kim1,Jeehwan Kim1
Massachusetts Institute of Technology1
Show AbstractMemristors is are a great promising candidate for a next-generation nonvolatile memory due to its their small footprint, low power consumption, thus, suitable for handling tremendous data set such as learning neural-networks. At the early stage, memristor devices was were fabricated with titanium dioxide (TiO2) controlling movement of oxygen vacancies, nowadays, for improved performance and various applications, several materials such as organic polymer and ferroelectric thin film haven been widely studied s been suggested as a switching medium. Recently, memristors utilizing two-dimensional (2D) layered material based memristors, which are atomically thin, flexible and easily heterogeneously integrated, for example, MoS2, MoTe2, h-BN have also shown their feasibility as they are atomically thin, flexible and easily heterogenous integrated, successfully making 2D layered material them as a promising switching medium for atomically thin, flexible, and vertically stackable memristor.
In this study, we propose a memristor device architecture consisting of report WSe2/h-BN heterostructure showing low leakage current, pristine interface, and, pristine interface, memristor devices. stable filament formation in switching mediums, which are key factors for stable memristor operation. Our main approach for them is engineering material combination with pristine interface. As h-BN itself has low leakage current properties and WSe2 itself has stable filament formation, we have found out that WSe2/h-BN heterostructures have much large memory window (on/off ratio of ~104) and stable switching operation (over 100 times of repeatable cycling). Heterogenous material combination often generates interfacial issues, however, heterostructure on large area was successfully fabricated exploiting advantages of each materials; low leakage current of h-BN and repeatable switching of WSe2. These improved characteristics were also estimated with several devices fabricated in same process bawe could achieve high-quality interface by using our quasi-dry transfer process. We recently developed a quasi-dry transfer, allowing us large-scale 2D materials with pristine interface because the quasi-dry transfer does not accompany any chemical contamination at the interface during the process. Thus, we successfully engineer material combination with maintaining the properties of each material for stable switching behavior. We strongly believe that WSe2/h-BN heterostructures by the quasi-dry transfer has a strong potential for stable memristors.
8:00 PM - FF01.21.11
Optically Coupled 2D/Organic Synaptic Device for Simplified Weight in Neuromorphic Computing
Beom-Seok Kang1,Ji-Hye Lim2,Jin-Hong Park2,Jeehwan Kim1
Massachusetts Institute of Technology1,Sungkyunkwan University2
Show AbstractNeuromorphic computing supported by synaptic devices, which mimics the structure and functions of neural networks at the hardware-level, is one of emerging candidates for the next generation cognitive computing. Although synaptic devices in artificial neural networks (ANN) feature small device footprints and reduced energy consumption, it has been challenging to find an optimal synaptic device for large-scale neuromorphic computing due to stochastic and unpredictable nature in conductance update. Also, for the synaptic device to be used as analog synaptic weight facilitating a simple multiply-accumulate (MAC) operation, it is required to have two synaptic devices to represent one weight since synaptic devices merely possesses positive conductance value, which can be expressed as weight = G+ - G-.
Here, we propose a 2D/Organic heterostructure synaptic device coupled with an optical source, which enables to solely represent each weight in neural networks without having two synaptic devices. Our key approach for the function is controlling reverse current by engineering i) symmetry of Metal-WSe2 contact and ii) input pulse characteristics and postsynaptic voltages. We have figured out that amount of photo-generated carrier diffusion is proportional to the symmetry of Metal-WSe2 contact. Less symmetric contact causes more asymmetric photo-generated carrier diffusion, making the reverse current and negative conductance possible. Also, direction of the diffusion from WSe2 to Metal is opposite to the direction of carrier injection from metal to WSe2, thus, balancing of them offers a way to control the polarity of conductance. By changing input pulses and postsynaptic voltage, we successfully balanced two types of carrier flows and gradually changed conductance states from negative to positive, which can be directly used as a weight without constituting conventional weight = G+ - G- cell. We believe that optically coupled 2D/organic synaptic device will further revolutionize the current neuromorphic computing system in the way that it cuts the size of crossbar circuit in half and thus provides an energy-efficient platform for post von Neumann Computing.
8:00 PM - FF01.21.12
Towards Large Scale MoTe2 Layers Grown by MBE
Zuzanna Ogorzalek1,Adam Kwiatkowski1,Krzysztof Korona1,Slawomir Kret2,Krzysztof Morawiec2,Johannes Binder1,Dariusz Wasik1,Jakub Polaczynski2,Bartlomiej Seredynski1,Janusz Sadowski1,2,3,Wojciech Pacuski1,Marta Gryglas-Borysiewicz1
University of Warsaw1,Institute of Physics PAS2,Lund University3
Show AbstractMoTe2 belongs to transition metal dichalcogenides - materials, which have been intensively studied for the last few years. They provide a rare occasion to test relativistic physics with low energy excitations in condensed matter experiments. The unusual properties of the charge carriers, which are chiral, helical and have a linear E(k) dependence lead to many interesting physical phenomena such as chiral anomaly [1], extremely large positive magnetoresistance [2, 3, 4], or the planar Hall effect [1, 5]. The most commonly used methods to obtain MoTe2 layers, beside exfoliation from natural crystals [6] are the flux method [3, 4, 7] and chemical vapour transport [8]. Currently, Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) technique comes into play [9, 10, 11, 12] giving the perspectives to combine different phases of MoTe2 and to grow heterostructures and hybrid structures.
In this paper we present the results of structural, optical and transport investigations of MoTe2 thin layers. The samples were prepared on Al2O3 and SI-GaAs [111B] substrates which both, at the appropriate growth temperature, allow us to obtain 2H and 1T’ polytypes of MoTe2 (as evidenced with Raman scattering) as well as other phases, e.g. Mo6Te6. Controlling the growth conditions allows to modify sample morphologies from regular 2D planes, through 3D precipitations to nanowires as studied in-situ with RHEED images, and ex-situ by TEM and SEM microscopy. Transport measurement were performed on large, millimeter-size Hall bars with metal (Ti/Au or In) contacts deposited via shadow masks. The resistance of the samples was measured in the temperature range 300 K – 1.5 K revealing either an increase of the resistivity for semiconducting samples or a very weak temperature dependence, showing significant disorder for the samples with the metallic phases. In the latter case, for high concentation (n ~ 1●1016 cm-2) several monolayer sample, the low value of carrier mobility (2 cm2/Vs) and a linear magnetoresistance up to 12 T revealed sample inhomogeneity. Furthermore, we have observed that the poor stability of the MoTe2 layers can be improved by different capping layers.
[1] S. Nandy et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 176804 (2017)
[2] P. S. Alekseev et al. Phys.Rev. B97, 8, 085109 (2018)
[3] F. C. Chen et al, Phys. Rev. B 94, 235154 (2016)
[4] X. Luo et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 109, 102601 (2016)
[5] A. A. Burkov et al., Phys. Rev. B 96, 041110(R) (2017)
[6] I. G. Lezama et al., Crystals. 2D Mater. 1 (2), 021002 (2014)
[7] S. Thirupathaiah et al., Phys. Rev. B 95, 241105(R) (2017)
[8] K. Deng et al., Nature Physics 12, 1105 (2016)
[9] S. Tang et al., APL Materials 6, 026601 (2018)
[10] A. Roy et al., ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8 (11) (2016)
[11] Y. Yu et al., Carbon 115 (2017)
[12] S. Vishwanath et al., Journal of Crystal Growth 482 (2017)
* corresponding author: mgryglas@fuw.edu.pl
This research was supported by NCN Opus 2017/27/B/ST5/02284
8:00 PM - FF01.21.13
Performance Study of van der Waals Density Functionals Using Group-IV Monochalcogenides
NFN Sri Ranga Jai Likith1,Cristian Ciobanu1
Colorado School of Mines1
Show AbstractWithin density functional theory (DFT), several methods have been developed in order to capture van der Waals interactions. Some popular density functionals used to study systems where van der Waals forces play an important role in determining the structure are the optB86b, optB88, PBE+D2, PBE+D3, PBE+TS, and PBE+TS+SCS functionals. In this study, we screen compounds of the form AX (where A: C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb; X: S, Se, Te) in 6 different prototype van der Waals layered quasi-2D structures by first performing structural relaxation, then checking for dynamic stability for those compounds that remained quasi-2D after the relaxation, and then computing the piezoelectric tensor values (eij) for the dynamically stable structures. We perform this screening using each of the 6 van der Waals density functionals mentioned above, and thus, compare the performance and reliability of these functionals. Our results will aid future computational studies in choosing the best van der Waals density functional based on specific needs and resources at hand.
8:00 PM - FF01.21.14
Variable Temperature STM Study of Black Phosphorus
Ben St Laurent1,Hannah Bell1,Christine Caputo1,Shawna Hollen1
University of New Hampshire1
Show AbstractWhile the high carrier mobility and tunable band gap of black phosphorus make it promising for device applications, a better understanding of native defects is needed for black phosphorus to reach its full potential. The native defects, which are primarily phosphorus vacancies, alter the electronic properties and expedite the degradation of black phosphorus in air. This poster will present a series of scanning tunneling microscopy experiments studying how the surface of black phosphorus changes with temperature. Varying the temperature for imaging allows us to investigate defect mobility in the lattice. The vacancies have been theorized to be highly mobile at room temperature, but become locked into place as the temperature drops. This study has also led to the observation of 5nm stripes on the surface. These stripes are periodic, and their prominence has a strong dependence on both temperature and tunneling bias.
8:00 PM - FF01.21.15
Hyperspectral Analysis of MoS2/WS2 Heterostructures
Peter Lisker1,Erik Einarsson1
University at Buffalo1
Show AbstractHyperspectral imaging is a powerful tool to connect spectral and spatial information. Raman spectroscopy is widely used to obtain rich information about 2D materials. Here we report on the combination of these methods. We grew transition metal dichalogenide (TMD) heterobilayers of WS2 on top of MoS2 by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). We then used Raman mapping to create a hyperspectral image of the pristine heterobilayer, in which each pixel contains an entire Raman spectrum. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the hyperspectral data revealed subtle changes in the characteristic MoS2 E12g and A1g peaks, which can be used to characterize the number of layers. Based on our analysis, we identified MoS2 monolayer regions, WS2 monolayer regions, and MoS2/WS2 heterobilayers. This not only confirmed the direct growth of heterobilayers by CVD, but also revealed that WS2 preferentially grows on monolayer regions of MoS2, but not on multilayer regions.
8:00 PM - FF01.21.16
Degradation Study of WSe2 via Raman Spectroscopy and Photoluminescence Imaging
Makarand Wadagave1,Burcu Ozden1
The Pennsylvania State University1
Show AbstractSemiconducting two-dimensional materials (2DMs) such as WSe2(Tungsten Diselenide)have attracted significant attention due to their unique optoelectronic properties. However, such materials can be vulnerable to optical degradation under ambient conditions, yet a systematic study does not exist in the literature. The degradation study of WSe2 is essential to understand the applications of these materials in non-specialized operation conditions. In this study, we investigate the degradation of free-standing WSe2 due to humidity under ambient conditions by performing Raman spectroscopy and photoluminescence imaging over a 6-month period between June 2019 and December 2019. The findings of this study will provide fundamental insight into the degradation of WSe2 and inspire their application in optoelectronics under harsh conditions.
8:00 PM - FF01.21.17
Simple Liquid Phase Intercalation and Exfoliation of MoO3 Rods into Nanosheets and Nanotubes and Conversion to MoS2
Pavithra B1,Ravishanakar Narayanan1
Indian Institute of Science1
Show AbstractTwo dimensional(2D) nano-materials are interesting due their distinct properties like high specific surface area which make them suitable for catalytic and many other applications. One of the well-known layered oxides, MoO3 exists in stable orthorhombic a-MoO3 structure which involves stacking of MoO6 octahedra bilayers along the [010] direction. Electronic and optical properties of layered MoO3 can be tuned via ion or molecule intercalation between the layers, followed by exfoliation to form 2D nanosheets. A simple room temperature method for the exfoliation of MoO3 has been developed, which involves the intercalation of oleylamine. Starting from MoO3 rods, different systems and morphologies like MoO(3-x) – Oleylamine hybrid, MoO(3-x) nanosheets and MoO(3-x) nanotubes have been produced. α-MoO3 rods have been synthesized by the hydrothermal method as already reported. 2D-MoO3 layers have been realized via liquid phase exfoliation of Oleylamine intercalated MoO(3-x) hybrid. Following that, exfoliated sheets roll up to form nanotubes upon removal of Oleylamine. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) has been extensively used to understand the morphology and structure of initial rods, the intermediate stages of intercalation, hybrid structure, completely exfoliated MoO3 sheets and tubes. Structural and compositional information have been also obtained using Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and X-Ray Diffraction. The intercalation of Oleyamine into the Van der Waals gap of MoO3 rods results in the reduction of Mo to +5 state and creation of oxygen vacancies to produce MoO(3-x)– amine hybrid. The resulting sheets and tubes are also of non-stoichiometric, amorphous MoO(3-x). The amorphous MoO(3-x) sheets and tubes have been heated in ex situ in a furnace in both oxygen and inert atmosphere. MoO(3-x) recrystallizes to form orthorhombic, stoichiometric MoO3 at around 500°C in oxygen atmosphere. Electrochromic properties of amorphous MoO(3-x) –oleylamine hybrids were studied. Furthermore, Au/MoO3 hybrids have been obtained via the wet-chemical growth of ultrathin Au nanowires on the exfoliated sheets.
We have converted the MoO3 rods into MoS2, a widely used catalytic material, by a comparatively low temperature method. Transmission Electron Microscopy study shows that the MoS2 spheres formed comprises of 4-8 ultrathin nanosheet stacked together. The mechanism of conversion from MoO3 to MoS2 has been understood by a series of time-dependent experiments. Since they contain a lot of exposed edges which are active towards catalysis, this material can act as a very good candidate as an electro-catalyst for H2 evolution reaction.
8:00 PM - FF01.21.18
GeS Field Effect Transistor for High Temperature Applications
Matteo Chiesa1,Srinivasa Tamalampudi1,Raman Sankar2,Ibraheem Almansouri3,Jin-You Lu1
Khalifa University of Science and Technology1,Academica Sinica2,Laboratory for Energy and NanoScience (LENS)3
Show AbstractIntrinsic crystal defects play a major role in tailoring the electrical and optical properties of two-dimensional (2D) materials. Here, we probe the impact of planar crystal defects on the electrical characteristics of germanium sulfide (GeS) field effect transistor (FET) at different operating temperatures varying from 300 to 575 K. Our results show that the measured mobility of the GeS field effect transistor was 0.04 × 10–3 cm2/(V s) at 300 K, and this value reached 58 × 10–3 cm2/(V s) at 575 K. It is important to note that the mobility of GeS FET at elevated temperatures in this study is greater than the mobilities in the recently reported GeS photodetector studies. Furthermore, evidence that the threshold voltage (Vth) decreases and carrier concentration increases with increasing temperature in the GeS channel is provided. We demonstrate an Arrhenius-like relation of the carrier transport as a function of temperature, a behavior that we attribute to nearest-neighbor-hopping (NNH) conduction. The existence of planar defects is revealed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) while density functional theory (DFT) analysis supports the hypothesis that the formation of localized energy states governs hopping conduction. This study reports hopping conduction at the temperature above 300 K for the first time, whereas previous investigations on 2D materials have reported a hopping mechanism in the low-temperature (<200 K) range. These observations give insight into the fundamental charge conduction mechanisms at high temperature in other 2D materials systems which are expected to aid in the development of applications for harsh environments..
8:00 PM - FF01.21.19
Wafer Scale Synthesis of Transition Metal Telluride Thin Films
David Hynek1,Ben Davis2,John Woods1,Milad Yarali1,Joshua Pondick1,Pengzi Liu1,Sajad Yazdani1,Yujun Xie1,Lei Wang1,Serrae Reed1,Nicholas Strandwitz2,Judy Cha1
Yale University1,Lehigh University2
Show AbstractTwo-dimensional materials have attracted much attention over the past decade due to their unique van der Waals (vdW) interlayer bonding that gives rise to interesting physical phenomena that can be accessed through monolayer isolation and synthesis of heterostructures. Recently, transition metal tellurides of the form XTe2 (X: Mo, W) have shown novel electronic properties, such as large magnetoresistance1, superconductivity2,3, quantum spin Hall states4, and the predicted type-II Weyl semi-metal state5,6, which are attractive for applications ranging from chemical sensing to quantum computing. One of the biggest challenges to vdW bonded materials is the lack of industrially scalable synthesis methods to create large scale, stable structures on substrates that are easily integrable in modern microfabrication processes.
Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is an industrially scalable technique that produces epitaxially grown films with uniform stoichiometry and thickness. In this work, ALD is used to deposit transition metal oxide films, which are then converted into wafer-scale transition metal tellurides using a vapor-phase annealing process. By controlling the reaction parameters and choice of substrates, we show that control over film morphology and phase can be achieved, leading to substantial improvements in crystalline quality. Additionally, we developed an in situ encapsulation layer for the synthesized transition metal tellurides and studied the effects of the encapsulation layers on growth kinetics and protection against oxidation.
(1) Ali, M. N. et al. Large, Non-Saturating Magnetoresistance in WTe2. Nature 2014, 514 (7521), 205–208.
(2) Fatemi, V. et al. Electrically Tunable Low-Density Superconductivity in a Monolayer Topological Insulator. Science 2018, 362 (6417), 926–929.
(3) Luo, X. et al. T D-MoTe2 : A Possible Topological Superconductor. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2016, 109, 102601.
(4) Wu, S. et al. Observation of the Quantum Spin Hall Effect up to 100 Kelvin in a Monolayer Crystal. Science 2018, 359 (6371), 76–79.
(5) Qian, X. et al. Quantum Spin Hall Effect in Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides. Science 2014, 346 (6215), 1344–1347.
(6) Soluyanov, A. A. et al. Type-II Weyl Semimetals. Nature 2015, 527 (7579), 495–498.
8:00 PM - FF01.21.20
Slot Antennas for Graphene Mid-IR Photodetectors
Jordan Goldstein1,Dirk Englund1
Massachusetts Institute of Technology1
Show AbstractMid-infrared imaging has a wide range of applications, such as night vision, surveillance, and remote chemical
sensing. However, the current options for mid-IR imagers leave much to be desired, with cooled detectors
offering excellent performance at the cost of power, size and system complexity, while uncooled bolometers
struggle with slow response times and low detectivity. Graphene is a promising alternative mid-IR sensitive
optoelectronic material due to its broadband absorption, strong electrical response and wide process
compatibility, but its low absorption for normally incident light poses a challenge in designing high efficiency
devices. We propose to couple the graphene with metal slot antennas, compact resonators which capture
specific wavelengths of light and significantly enhance the free space to graphene light coupling efficiency.
Additionally, since the antennas’ footprints are much smaller than their absorption cross sections, multiple
antennas with different resonant frequencies can be placed in close proximity, allowing broadband and
spectrally selective photodetection. Here we present simulations and a model confirming the validity of our approach as well
as measurements of slot antennas demonstrating consistency between simulated and measured
optical properties. We will also discuss how the antenna absorbers can be engineered into actual
photodetectors as well as paths forward for integrating the technology with electronics. This research paves the
way towards establishing graphene as a viable mid-IR sensing technology, improving upon the response time of
bolometers and adding spectral selectivity while maintaining similar detectivities.
8:00 PM - FF01.21.21
Synthesis, Crystal Growth and Characterization of Tetrel-Pnictide van der Waals Materials
Justin Mark1,2,Brennan McBride1,Bingheng Ji1,Shannon Lee1,2,Kirill Kovnir1,2
Iowa State University of Science and Technology1,Ames Laboratory2
Show AbstractElemental P and As crystallize in layered structures; exfoliation of these structures using tape gave rise to novel 2D materials, phosphorene and arsenene. When pnictogens, such as P and As, are combined with light tetrels, Si and Ge, the resulting binary compounds are layered van der Waals materials. Strong covalent tetrel-pnictide bonding is found within the layer. The layers are terminated by the three-coordinated pnictogen atoms which have an electron lone pair pointed towards the electron lone pairs on atoms terminating neighboring layers. The repulsion of the electron lone pairs is responsible for the two-dimensional crystal structure with weak van der Waals type interactions between the layers. Strongly anisotropic bonding makes such materials not only easy to exfoliate but also stable against oxidation, unlike phosphorene-like materials. Strongly anisotropic and fascinating properties were predicted computationally and observed experimentally for this class of materials and their individual layers. Tetrel-pnictides have been shown to have several promising applications which include thermoelectrics, batteries, photovoltaics, optics, and superconductivity. To further expand the boundary of known tetrel-pnictide systems and their characterization, a deeper understanding of their synthesis and crystal growth is required. In this work we specifically focus on binary and ternary 2D tetrel-pnictide synthesis and characterization. Solid state synthesis involving elements, binary precursors, and metal flux has yielded several new 2D tetrel-pnictide phases, which exhibit complex structural motifs, inherently influencing their physical properties. Further complexity can be added to these structures through doping of framework atoms or cations in the layers, allowing for the tuning of desired properties.
8:00 PM - FF01.21.22
Two-Dimensional MoTe2/Pentacene as Highly Efficient Type II Heterostructure
Yu Jin Jang1,Jin Cheol Park1,Minh Tran1,Meeree Kim1,Hyoyoung Lee1,Ji-Hee Kim1,Young Hee Lee1
Sungkyunkwan University1
Show AbstractAtomically-thin transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have been recognized as a promising platform for the next generation photovoltaics on the basis of a tunable bandgap, large absorption coefficients, weak exciton-phonon coupling, and short distances for carrier extraction. However, photovoltaic efficiencies which have been practically obtained to date from various TMD heterostructures remained below 5% and this raises the question of a new design of two-dimensional (2D) heterostructures in terms of composition or configuration. Herein, we propose to construct a type II heterojunction between MoTe2 and pentacene as n- and p- type materials, respectively. Two semiconductors in the heterostructure produced excitons under illumination ranging from visible (Vis) to near-infrared (NIR) light and the staggered band alignment facilitated the charge separation at the interface. By carefully monitoring the ground state bleach (GSB) and photo induced absorption (PIA) signals of the heterostructure as a function of time with transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS), we found that the number of electrons and holes generated and extracted from the heterostructure was increased over the single materials and intervalley scattering occurring on longer timescales confirmed the charge transfer between two layers. This observation will provide a clue to the fabrication of 2D photovoltaic devices which breaks the efficiency limit.
8:00 PM - FF01.21.23
Aligned Growth of Monolayer WS2 with Engineered Band Structure and Morphology Derived by Quartz Substrate
Tianran Li1,Jingwei Wang1,Chun Cheng1
Southern University of Science and Technology1
Show AbstractControlled growth of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) is important for the applications in next-generation electronics and optoelectronics. Apart from the growth conditions, the growth substrate plays a crucial role such as in orientation regulation, band structure and morphology engineering. In this work, we report aligned growth of monolayer tungsten disulfide (WS2) with engineered band structure and morphology on single crystal quartz substrate. The bandgap of epitaxial WS2 was significantly expanded due to the built-in strain. By decreasing the temperature, the increased strain could further modulate the band structure and a direct-indirect transition in monolayer WS2 could be achieved at liquid nitrogen temperature. Moreover, the unique lattice arrangement of quartz facilitates the anisotropic diffusion of precursor monomer and results in trapezoidal-like WS2 which is confirmed by our density functional theory simulation. This work not only contributes to the controlled growth of TMDCs but also provide an effective approach to engineer the band structure and morphology of 2D materials.
8:00 PM - FF01.21.24
Strong Carrier-Induced Electric Double Layer for Engineering Electronic Properties of Indium Selenide Field-Effect Transistors
Chih-Yi Cheng1,Wei-Liang Pai2,Yi-Hsun Chen1,Shao-Yu Chen3,Raman Sankar2,Fang-Cheng Chou2,Chun-Wei Chen2,Chi-Te Liang2,Wei-Hua Wang1
Academia Sinica1,National Taiwan University2,Monash University3
Show AbstractTwo-dimensional (2D) semiconductors feature high surface-to-volume ratio, offering an ideal platform for exploring unique surface and interfacial interactions [1]. An ionic liquid (IL) can be used in an electrostatic gating technique for effectively achieving high carrier density regime in 2D semiconductors by creating an electric double layer (EDL) at the semiconductor/IL interfaces [2-3]. The EDL arises when an IL gate voltage is applied and mobile ions accumulate at the interfaces, which attract charge carriers to the interface. However, it is rarely discussed whether the charge carrier confined in atomically thin 2D semiconductors can alter the electrostatic coupling at the solid/liquid interfaces. In this work, we systematically study the electrostatic coupling at the interface between the layered indium selenide (InSe) and the IL. We observe an anomalous temperature dependence of the transport behavior when the IL undergoes phase transition. Interestingly, the conductivity of the InSe devices interfaced with the IL enhances by a factor of 2 and the field-effect mobility reaches 1,200 cm2/Vs when the IL is around glass transition point (Tg). By the correlation of capacitance and transport behavior, we attribute the carrier density enhancement to a strong carrier-induced EDL when the ion motion greatly decreases around Tg. The observation of the distinct carrier-induced EDL in the InSe devices suggests novel functionalities to control the electronic transport in the 2D-semiconductor/IL hybrid systems.
[1] Thomas Mueller and Ermin Mali, npj 2D Materials and Applications, 2, 29 (2018).
[2] Ye, Jianting, et al. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108, 13002 (2011).
[3] Zhang, Yijin, et al. Nano letters 12, 1136 (2012).
8:00 PM - FF01.21.25
Synthesis of MoS2 on Epitaxial Graphene by Chemical Vapor Deposition
Tais Feijo1,3,Gabriel Soares1,2,João Lopes3,Claudio Radtke1
UFRGS1,PGMICRO-UFRGS2,Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik, Leibniz-Institut im Forschungsverbund Berlin3
Show AbstractStacking 2D crystals on the top of each other allows for the creation of van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures with new properties and functionalities[1]. As an example, MoS2 (semiconductor) and graphene (conductor) can be combined to form metal-semiconductor junctions exhibiting an atomically thin Schottky barrier [2]. Moreover, the MoS2/graphene structure can be used in hydrogen evolution reaction for clean energy applications [3]. However, before this material system can be implemented into different applications, it is mandatory to achieve its controlled synthesis at wafer-scale. For this, gaining an in-depth understanding of the mechanisms underlying 2D monolayer growth, as well as the effects of processing of the resulting heterostructure on its physico-chemical properties is crucial. The aim of this work is to investigate the basic mechanisms underlying the growth of MoS2 by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on epitaxial graphene (EG) on SiC, taking into account the influence of the number of graphene layers, and the MoS2 growth temperature. MoS2 was grown on EG templates which were synthesized via Si sublimation [4] on on-axis and off-axis SiC(0001) substrates. The use of SiC substrates with different miscuts permits to obtain different graphene coverage over the (0001) surface terraces (monolayer coverage for on-axis SiC; few-layer coverage for off-axis SiC). The MoS2 growth is done in a CVD reactor using solid precursors of MoO3 and S. Growth temperatures within the 500-700oC range with a fixed 40 min long temperature ramp were used. Raman spectroscopy, Near edge X ray Absorption Fine structure (NEXAFS), X Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to characterize the MoS2/EG/SiC(0001) samples. Interestingly, we will show that MoS2 prepared on few-layer thick EG on off-axis SiC(0001) at different temperatures exhibits an improved surface morphology with the growth proceeding mostly in a layer-by-layer manner without the formation of 3D particles. The latter effect is usually observed when MoS2 is performed on monolayer-thick EG, and it is probably related to a higher atomic corrugation of monolayer EG in comparison to few-layer EG.. The EG corrugation as well as the MoS2 crystalline structure for different samples were probed by NEXAFS measurements of the S(L) and C (K) edges . They were complemented by XPS analyses, which allowed to determine the chemical environment of C, Mo and S in the MoS2/graphene heterostructures.
[1] A. K. Geim et al., Nature, 499, 419 (2013).
[2] A. Behranginia et al. Small 13, 1604301 (2017).
[3] C. Tan, et. al., Chem. Rev. 117, 6225 (2017).
[4] M.H. Oliveira, Jr., Appl. Phys. Lett. 99, 111901 (2011).
8:00 PM - FF01.21.26
Rapidly Dissolvable Transient Field-Effect Transistors Based on Phosphorene
Min-Kyu Song1,Seok Daniel Namgung1,Taehoon Sung1,Jaehun Lee2,Misong Ju2,Ki Tae Nam2,Yoon-Sik Lee2,Jang-Yeon Kwon1
Yonsei University1,Seoul National University2
Show AbstractTransient electronics has received great attention as new generation of human implantable device that physically disappear after operation time in physiological condition. Many applications including biosensors, RF antennas and memories have been reported since its first demonstration in 2012. However, dissolution rate of silicon nanomembrane which has mostly been used as an active material in transient devices is quiet low ranging from a few days to weeks. In order to minimize physical damage caused by residue from dissolvable devices, dissolution time of the devices should be minimized. Phosphorene, atomically thin layers of black phosphorus, has been regarded as a promising candidate for a new semiconductor material due to its outstanding intrinsic properties including high mobility and tunable bandgap. In addition, phosphorene is attractive for biomedical applications because of its nontoxicity of final degradation products, phosphoric acid. We found that phosphorene dissolves rapidly in physiological condition due to its high reactivity to water and oxygen. From this context, we suggested phosphorene as an active material for transient electronics.
In this work, we fabricated biodegradable and biocompatible field-effect transistors based on phosphorene that rapidly disappears in biofluid within 36 hours. Combined use of phosphorene, peptide insulator, and molybdenum enables rapid dissolution of the devices. The devices exhibit high field effect mobility up to 468 cm2V-1s-1 which is over 400 times higher than that of ZnO based field effect transistors and comparable to that of Si NM based field effect transistors.
We examined biodegradability of phosphorene using AFM and Raman spectroscopy. Dissolution rate of phosphorene was found to be 1.65 nm/hour in phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.4, 37 °C), which is about 8.8 times faster than that of Si nanomembrane in the same condition. Phosphorene with thickness of 30~40 nm disappears within 1 day due to its highly reactive nature to oxygen which has been regarded as a nettlesome barrier of phosphorene. Furthermore, we assessed the cytotoxicity of phosphorene by LIVE/DEAD viability assay to verify its feasibility to be applied in biomedical devices. After incubated with phosphorene, NIH 3T3 fibroblast cells showed viability of over 90 % up to phosphorene concentration of 50 μgmL-1.
In conclusion, we not only realized the transient device that meets two criteria, fast dissolution and high performance, but opened new application possibility of phosphorene to bio implantable electronic devices platform.
8:00 PM - FF01.21.27
Versatile Doping of Black Phosphorus and Functional Junction Structure Formation
Jingyuan Jia1,Tun Cao1
Dalian University of Technology1
Show AbstractBlack phosphorus (BP) was recently rediscovered as being a layered two-dimensional (2D) semiconductor material that is potentially useful as the active material in future nanoscale devices. The electronic properties of atomically thin BP can be controlled by external gating or by chemical doping. Here, we demonstrate the versatile doping control of black phosphorus (BP) using an ionic liquid (EMIM:TFSI) as a surface charge acceptor for a wide range of electronic and optoelectronic device applications. BP following EMIM:TFSI doping achieves a high hole density of up to 1013 cm−2 without impurity injection, which represents a degenerate doping level. Furthermore, this doping effect can be reversibly removed through immersion in isopropanol and the electrical performance of BP devices is able to recover and approach the pristine state (cyclic process). Using a selective-area doping technique, both lateral junction structures and self-aligned source/drain BP field-effect transistors (FETs) are fabricated through a poly(methyl methacrylate) pattern method. The BP lateral junction devices show ideal rectifying behavior. Self-aligned BP FETs with channel lengths as low as 60 nm are presented, using a process similar to the conventional CMOS gate first process. Such FETs demonstrate the potential for fabricating nanoscale BP electronic devices.
8:00 PM - FF01.21.28
Controlled Synthesis of Vertically-Oriented MoS2 Flakes by Chemical Vapor Deposition—Morphological Evolution and Growth Mechanism
Talal Al Tahtamouni1,Fadi Kamand1
Qatar University1
Show AbstractUnderstanding the growth mechanism and morphological evolution is the key to control the growth of layered two-dimensional materials using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) approach. Herein, we report the CVD synthesis of vertically-oriented MoS2 flakes from the conventional precursors of MoO3 and S powder. Using different amounts of S powder in the CVD process, different morphologies and structures of MoS2 were obtained. A hypothesis based on two competing pathways of reactions is proposed to explain the growth mechanism and morphological evolution of the MoS2 nanostructures. In addition, catalytic activities of the vertically-oriented MoS2 flakes are tested for photoelectrochemical water splitting performance. Our results open the door to promote the process for the design of other transition metal dichalcogenide materials or complex structures in various applications.
8:00 PM - FF01.21.29
2D Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs) Nanopatterning by Block Copolymer Lithography
Taeyeong Yun1,Inho Kim1,Sang Ouk Kim1
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology1
Show AbstractStructure engineering method is highly necessary for the various applications of 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs). We demonstrate edge-exposed 2D polycrystalline MoS2 nanomesh thin film through conventional block copolymer (BCP) nanopatterning. Metal nanomesh is deposited by e-beam evaporation on BCP template and then, MoS2 nanomesh thin film is directly fabricated through sulfurization of pre-deposited molybdenum nanomesh without any etching process. Our approach could be easily applicable not only to other metal sulfides and metal oxides but also to other structures of TMD thin film such as nanodots, nanorods array through various BCP nanopatterning. Because edge site of MoS2 is active for NO2 sensing, our edge-exposed MoS2 nanomesh represents 7-fold enhanced sensitivity to NO2 gas molecule compared to film structure as well as shows superior reversibility even under 80 % relative humidity environment. This structure engineering method could expand a novel applications of 2D TMD materials with optimal structure controllability.
8:00 PM - FF01.21.30
Dose-Dependent Proton Beam Irradiation Effect on WSe2 Ambipolar Field Effect Transistors
Jiwon Shin1,Kyungjune Cho1,TaeYoung Kim1,Jinsu Pak1,Jae-Keun Kim1,Seungjun Chung2,Woong-Ki Hong3,Takhee Lee1
Seoul National University1,Korea Institute of Science and Technology2,Korea Basic Science Institute3
Show AbstractTwo-dimensional (2D) transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have gained significant attention as one of the candidates for next-generation semiconductor materials due to their unique mechanical and electronic properties. For applications in various integrated devices, it is important to control the properties of 2D TMDs materials.
In this work, the irradiation effect of high energy proton beams on tungsten diselenide (WSe2) ambipolar field-effect transistors(FETs) were investigated. We measured the electrical characteristics of the fabricated WSe2 FETs before and after the 10 MeV proton beam irradiation with different doses of 1012, 1013, 1014, and 1015 cm-2. For low dose conditions (1012, 1013, and 1014 cm-2), the threshold voltages shifted to the negative gate voltage direction, and the current in the hole and electron accumulation regimes decreased and increased, respectively. However, the trends were opposite for the high dose condition (1015 cm-2); the threshold voltages shifted to the positive gate voltage direction, and the current in the hole and electron accumulation regimes increased and decreased, respectively. Also, we measured the physicochemical properties of the WSe2 flakes by X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectroscopy. There was no noticeable difference in XPS and Raman spectra on the WSe2 flakes before and after the proton beam irradiation. These phenomena can be explained by the combined effect of proton irradiation-induced traps and the applied gate bias condition. Specifically, irradiation-induced positive oxide traps in SiO2 dielectric play a role in enhancing electron accumulation and reducing hole accumulation in the WSe2 channel, whereas the irradiation-induced holes near the WSe2/SiO2 interface act as electron trapping sites, with enhancing hole accumulation and reducing electron accumulation in the WSe2 channel. This study may provide a method to control the electrical properties of WSe2 FETs through proton beam irradiation. Furthermore, it is hoped that this study will contribute to a deeper understanding of the influence of high-energy proton beams on ambipolar WSe2-based nanoelectronic devices and be helpful for the application of the TMD-based devices in harsh radiation environments such as space.
8:00 PM - FF01.21.31
Selective Defect Formation in Hexagonal Boron Nitride by Boron Gettering Chemical Vapor Deposition
Irfan Haider Abidi1,Zhengtang Luo2,Barbaros Oezyilmaz1
National University of Singapore1,The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology2
Show AbstractLuminescent defect-centers in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) have emerged as a promising 2D-source of single photon emitters (SPEs) due to their high brightness and robust operation at room temperature. The ability to create such emitters with well-defined optical properties is a cornerstone towards their integration into on-chip photonic architectures. Here, we report an effective approach to fabricate hBN single photon emitters (SPEs) with desired emission properties in two isolated spectral regions via the manipulation of boron diffusion through copper during atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD)—a process we term gettering. Using the gettering technique we deterministically place the resulting zero-phonon line (ZPL) between the regions 550-600 nm or from 600-650 nm, paving the way for hBN SPEs with tailored emission properties across a broad spectral range. Our ability to control defect formation during hBN growth provides a simple and cost effective means to improve the crystallinity of CVD hBN films, and lower defect density making it applicable to hBN growth for a wide-range of applications. Our results are important to understand defect formation of quantum emitters in hBN and deploy them for scalable photonic technologies.
8:00 PM - FF01.21.32
Broadband Photodetector Based on MoS2 Nanostructures—2D MoS2/1D WS2 and 2D MoS2/3D Polyaniline for High Photoresponsive Properties
Manika Khanuja1,Nahid Chaudhary1
Jamia Millia Islamia1
Show Abstract2D materials emerged as a new class of high-performance semiconductors for optoelectronics but with limited photoresponsivity. Herein, we have successfully synthesized pure MoS2 nanosheets, MoS2-Polyaniline (PANI) hybrid structure and 2D MoS2/1D WS2 heterostructure for their application in photodetector. The morphology was confirmed using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealing nanosheets of MoS2, hybrid structure of MoS2-PANI and 2D/1D MoS2/WS2. The interlayer spacing of MoS2 in MoS2-PANI hybrid structure is increased from 0.68 nm to 0.75 nm. The samples were further characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Uv-vis and Raman spectroscopy. The obtained samples were drop casted over silicon substrate followed by deposition of silver electrode to fabricate optical sensor. The fabricated optical sensors were studied at three different wavelengths of laser (λex): 635 nm (red), 785 nm (infra-red) and 1064 nm (near infra-red). The calculated photoresponsivity (Rp) of MoS2 nanosheets was found to be 23.8 µA/W at laser wavelength of 635 nm (red), whereas MoS2-PANI hybrid structure showed maximum (Rp) = 25 A/W at 785 nm (infra-red). The optical response of 2D MoS2/1D WS2 based photodetector showed (Rp) in a broadband range from the visible to the near-infrared (600-1065 nm, yield a (Rp) = 15 µA/W and high specific detectivity (D*) = 24 x 106 jones at λex = 785 nm). The photoresponsice properties of all samples were also studied as a function of optical power density and follows the simple power law [1-2].
Reference:
1. Chaudhary, N.; Khanuja, M.; Islam, S., Hydrothermal synthesis of MoS2 nanosheets for multiple wavelength optical sensing applications. Sens. Actuator A-Phys. 2018, 277, 190-198.
2. Chaudhary, N.; Khanuja, M.; Islam, S., Broadband photodetector based on 3D architect of MoS2-PANI hybrid structure for high photoresponsive properties. Polymers 2019, 165, 168-173.
8:00 PM - FF01.21.34
Three-Dimensional Architected Graphene Lattices from Additively-Manufactured Polymer Templates
Juveiriah M. Ashraf1,Jing Fu1,Kin Liao1,Vincent Chan1,Rashid K. Abu Al-Rub1
Khalifa University of Science and Technology1
Show AbstractTwo-dimensional (2D) materials offer unique properties as atomically thin layers and, when structured to be in a three-dimensional (3D) form, they exhibit exceptional material qualities. Graphene is one such material with exceedingly novel properties with 3D porous graphene foams adding to their functionality. However, controlled synthesis of 3D foams from 2D materials into engineered structures is currently still a challenge. With the recent advances in many key technological fields, the need for lightweight and multi-functional materials is becoming highly imperative. Triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) are edge-free cellular architectures with locally net zero curvature that divide a volume into two non-intersecting spaces. Their low density and yet high surface area have enabled them to be used as lightweight cellular materials, heat sinks, catalytic converters, and feed spacers. Integrating graphene into TPMS to form 3D architected lattices of the 2D material is expected to offer unprecedented thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties that could be exploited in a spectrum of engineering applications. Since processes like chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and atomic layer deposition (ALD) are highly substrate-, temperature- and shape-specific, it is difficult to synthesize 3D foams or coat complex lattice structures of TPMS with 2D materials like graphene using these techniques. For example, there is a minimum pore size needed to create free-standing graphene after removing the metal template used in CVD processes, otherwise the graphene foam collapses. Conformal or step coverage is also an issue in most physical vapor deposition (PVD) process like thermal evaporation. In this project, a facile, scalable and lab environment-friendly, synthesis method for novel 3D graphene foams has been developed using additively-manufactured polymer-based TPMS as the initial sacrificial template. Stereolithography (SLA) was employed to 3D print high resolution Gyroid (a type of TPMS) cubes of length 2 cm, which were dip-coated with graphene oxide (GO) solution followed by drying and thermal etching of the polymer scaffold. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and micro computed tomography (micro-CT) scans showed high shape retention of the complex TPMS architectures and low shrinkage after burnout of the polymer template, rendering the developed coating process to be used for structures of any morphology with a large range of pore sizes. Chemical reduction of the GO foams was done by adding one volume percent of hydrazine hydrate to the starting GO solution, and this was verified by an X-ray diffraction (XRD) peak at 20o along with a Raman response at 1358 cm-1 (D peak), 1591 cm-1 (G peak) and 2696 cm-1 (2D peak) which correspond to reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The 3D graphene foams have been tested for their thermal, electrical and mechanical properties, and evaluated for their electromagnetic interference (EMI)/shielding capability.
8:00 PM - FF01.21.35
Thickness-Dependent Optical Bandgap and Electrical Transport Properties in InSe Thin Films Grown by Pulsed-Laser Deposition
Dingheng Zheng1,Junichi Shiogai1,Kohei Fujiwara1,Atsushi Tsukazaki1
Tohoku University1
Show AbstractThe reduction of dimensionality leads to an emergence of exotic physical properties, which are absent in the bulk form of two-dimensional (2D) layered materials [1]. Up to now, many layered materials such as graphene and chalcogenides have been reported to exhibit interesting number-of-layers dependence of electronic structures and physical phenomena [2–4], providing a rich playground to explore possibility in optical or electrical device functionality at low dimensional limit.
Layered indium selenide (InSe) is one of the potential candidates for atomically-thin optoelectronic devices because of its high mobility originating from a small effective mass of electron and a wide variation of optical bandgap by thickness tuning as exemplified in mechanically-exfoliated flakes [5]. However, such thickness dependent optical properties of InSe have not been addressed in thin film form by applying deposition techniques. In this study, we have grown layered InSe thin films on insulating Al2O3(0001) and InP(111) substrates by pulsed-laser deposition (PLD). By taking advantage of the precise thickness controllability of PLD, systematic thickness dependences are investigated on optical bandgap and electrical transport properties [6]. With decreasing the film thickness of InSe on Al2O3 from 145 to 1 nm, a systematic blue shift of absorption edges from about 1.4 to 3.3 eV is observed in optical transmittance spectra. Such blue shift can be ascribed to a band structure modification with bandgap broadening, as observed in an earlier report of photoluminescence studies in exfoliated flakes [5].
For the electrical transport measurements, InSe films grown on Al2O3 show a large resistivity beyond the measurement limit. In contrast, the films on InP exhibit a n-type conduction. The sheet conductance of InSe on InP increases with increasing the films thickness, which we ascribed to an enhanced mobility from 230 cm2V−1s−1 at 1 nm to 730 cm2V−1s−1 at 146 nm. Our demonstration of the PLD growth of layered InSe thin films and their thickness dependent optical and electrical properties should establish a platform to investigate novel device functionalities beyond graphene by applying thin film growth technique to 2D materials.
[1] A. K. Geim and K. S. Novoselov, Nature Mater. 6, 183 (2007). [2] Q. Wang, et al., Chin. Phys. Lett. 29, 037402 (2012). [3] K. F. Mak, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 136805 (2010). [4] B. Huang, et al., Nature, 546, 270 (2017). [5] D. A. Bandurin, et al., Nat. Nanotechnol. 12, 223 (2017). [6] D. Zheng et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 113, 253501 (2018).
8:00 PM - FF01.21.37
Simultaneous Exfoliation and Deposition of Graphene and Phosphorene Through Bipolar Electrochemistry
Iman Khakpour1,Amin Rabiei Baboukani1,Vadym Drozd1,Anis Allagui2,Chunlei Wang1
Florida International University1,University of Sharjah2
Show AbstractAfter the discovery of the extraordinary properties of graphene, two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted a growing interest due to their unique properties such as high surface area and charge carrier mobility. Different methods have been reported to prepare these materials, such as chemical vapor deposition, mechanical, chemical and electrochemical exfoliation. Most methods have disadvantages like having multistep and expensive process and using environmentally hazardous chemicals.
In this study, we used bipolar electrochemistry concept to design a cost-efficient, eco-friendly, single step, and controllable process for exfoliating and depositing 2D materials directly on conductive substrates. This method has been used for the formation of phosphorene, graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and their composites. Various materials characterization techniques have been used to study the properties of deposited materials. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and galvanostatic charge-discharge tests have been carried out to evaluate the electrochemical performance of the materials as electrodes for double layer capacitors. The results showed high areal capacitance of 1.932 mF cm-2 for rGO and 1.550 mF cm-2 for phosphorene at a scan rate of 2mV s-1. From the frequency point of view, the capacitors showed very fast responses and cutoff frequency as high as 1820 Hz which is promising for being used in AC filtering applications. The materials synthesis technique and characterization will be addressed in details at the conference.
Keywords: Bipolar electrochemistry, graphene, phosphorene, exfoliation, supercapacitor, AC filter
8:00 PM - FF01.21.38
Laser-Sculptured Ultrathin Transition Metal Carbide Layers for Energy Storage and Energy Harvesting Applications
Xining Zang1
Massachusetts Institute of Technology1
Show AbstractUltrathin transition metal carbides with high capacity, high surface area, and high conductivity are a promising family of materials for applications from energy storage to catalysis. However, large-scale, cost-effective, and precursor-free methods are lacking to prepare ultrathin carbides. Herein, we demonstrate a direct pattern method to manufacture ultrathin carbides (MoCx, WCx, and CoCx) on versatile substrates using a CO2 laser. The Laser-sculptured polycrystalline carbides (macroporous, 10~20 nm wall thickness, ~10 nm crystallinity) show high energy storage capability, hierarchical porous structure, and higher thermal resilience than Mxenes and other laser-ablated carbon materials. A flexible supercapacitor made of MoCx demonstrates a wide temperature range (-50~ 300 oC). Furthermore, the sculptured microstructures endow the carbide network with enhanced visible light absorption providing high solar energy harvesting efficiency (~ 72 %) for steam generation. The laser-based, scalable, resilient, and low-cost manufacturing process presents an approach for construction of multi-dimensional carbides and their subsequent applications.
8:00 PM - FF01.21.40
Interface Dynamics in Monolayer Transition Metal Dichalcogenides under Applied Bias
Akshay Murthy1,Teodor Stanev1,Roberto Reis1,Shiqiang Hao1,Christopher Wolverton1,Nathaniel Stern1,Vinayak Dravid1
Northwestern University1
Show AbstractStemming from their intriguing optical and electronic properties, monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) and their heterostructures offer unique next-generation and flexible device architectures. These systems have been explored to construct atomically thin diodes, photovoltaic cells, and memory devices. Despite the performance and functionalities in these devices being largely dictated by interfacial charge transport, the microscopic origins of various realizable macroscopic properties in these systems remain unclear. Further, the eventual practical deployment of these devices requires monolayer TMDs to operate under prolonged applied bias, which raises some concerns over long-term stability and reliability. While pre and post-operational TEM analysis is useful for identifying structural flaws or non-uniformities, in situ TEM offers a pathway for gaining a mechanistic understanding of intermediary phenomena through direct imaging of the atomic structure when subjected to an external stimuli. In this study, we explore the mass transport dynamics at monolayer MoS2 grain boundaries (GBs) as a function of a lateral electric field. Though these GBs offer significant potential for future memristive and light emitting structures, previous reports have also indicated that these interfaces serve as regions of localized heating and are prone to oxidation and overall damage. Because such deleterious aspects are quite disruptive to device performance, we seek to understand the localized thermal spikes and attempt to establish links between applied electric field and grain boundary-mediated atomic diffusion. The observance of this mass transport phenomena and the resultant formation of porous regions help explain the non-uniform heating profile previously exhibited along grain boundaries. Through ongoing work using this in situ biasing platform, we aim to probe various types of TMD interfaces in order to more accurately model the complex atomic scale interactions giving rise to measurable properties.
8:00 PM - FF01.21.41
Graphene-hBN Barristor Spectroscope
Tae-Young Jeong1,Jun-Ho Lee1,Hyun-Jong Chung1,You-Shin No1
Konkuk University1
Show AbstractGraphene is a zero-gap semiconductor whose Fermi energy can be adjusted by an applied electric field. When a semiconductor directly contacts with graphene, the graphene-semiconductor interface forms a Schottky barrier, which offers opportunities to control barrier height and subsequently flow of current. A barrister, utilizing these unique properties, is a device that enables a high On/Off ratio (e.g. switching ratio ~105) by adjusting the Schottky barrier height, which has been highly challenging for conventional Graphene FETs (GFETs).
This study reports a Graphene/hBN/Metal vertical nanostructure on a SiO2/Si substrate. Conceptually, the incident light in visible frequencies with enough energy E = hfincidnet on the Graphene/hBN junction can excite electron and hole carriers so that they can either tunnel through or overcome the given Schottky barrier. In experiment, we used an excitation laser with wavelength of 488 nm to provide the external energy on the vertical junction structure. Then we slowly varied the gate voltage and observed gradual decrease in the photocurrent. When the gate voltage reached a certain point, we observed the turn-off the photocurrent (i.e., current-off point). Using this current-off point as an indicator, we calculated the Fermi energy of graphene (EF) at given gate voltage. When the lasers with different wavelengths (i.e., different energies) were used, we were also able to find different current-off point and subsequently the Fermi energies. The Fermi energy difference (DE) between two experiment with different lasers was estimated (e.g., EF,488nm vs. EF,532nm, EF,520nm), which corresponds the energy difference the incident light. In this proof-of-concept experiment, we successfully demonstrated a new nanoscale spectroscopic device that can analyze unknown incident wavelengths.
8:00 PM - FF01.21.42
Insights into Chemical Vapor Deposition of Hexagonal Boron Nitride (h-BN) via Themodynamic Control for 2D Electronics Applications
Ankit Rao1,Abhishek Mishra1,Srinivasan Raghavan1
Indian Institute of Science1
Show AbstractHexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) has been established as the preferred substrate for nanodevices based on 2-dimensional (2D) materials owing to its atomically flat interface, excellent thermal conductivity and suitable dielectric characteristics. Thus, there is a fundamental requirement to manufacture wafer scale h-BN for large area applications and the most scalable method is chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The current approaches for CVD growth of h-BN are by and large empirical due to which there is lack of control over the deposition. Our research involves thermodynamic control of the B-N-H system by identifying the appropriate windows of process parameters for controlled growth of h-BN. The system consists of ammonia borane (BH3-NH3) as the precursor for CVD growth of h-BN over copper (Cu) substrate. Within the thermodynamic windows, the control over gas phase supersaturation would allow better kinetic control over crystal growth. Thermodynamic control is exercised over gas phase supersaturation by use of carrier gases such as hydrogen (H2) and argon (Ar) and by controlling the precursor flux via a simple vaporizer setup, which allows tuning of the supersaturation and partial pressures of the gases in the chamber.
We report control over grain size and number of layers, from multilayer films to monolayer to partially covered films with uniformity across a large area. We obtain high degree of control by regulating the supersaturation and tuning the gas phase chemistry via variation of the H2, Ar partial pressures and the precursor chemistry. The growth of h-BN layers is accompanied with undesired nanocrystalline BN (n-BN) particles due to the precursor chemistry and post-growth copper deposits which degrade the film quality and these particles show preferential nucleation at defect sites. We observe a significant reduction in n-BN particles by reduction in the precursor partial pressure via change in the carrier hydrogen partial pressure, which indicates the effect of supersaturation on the surface chemistry. Also, preferential nucleation at location of defects is seen which can be attributed to the energetic potential difference at various sites of the surface which is of thermodynamic nature as the energy barrier for nucleation at different sites are finite at a supersaturation value. Thus, the effect of growth parameters on the quality of hBN film deposited via CVD is observed with change in partial pressures and flux of precursor. The quality of film significantly changes with change in gas phase chemistry all other parameters being same, and this can be attributed to the fact that partial pressure of reactants have an exponential effect on supersaturation. Thus, we report controllable and scalable growth of h-BN over large areas by implementing thermodynamic control.
8:00 PM - FF01.21.45
Case Study on the Stability of Exfoliated II-VI Layered Hybrid Materials
Jeremy Feldblyum1,Mengwen Yan1,Sean Collins2
University at Albany, State University of New York1,University of Cambridge2
Show AbstractThe successful isolation of two-dimensional (2D) materials such as graphene and MoS2 has fueled the search for other van der Waals materials with distinct functional properties. However, reducing the dimensionality of these materials often leads to undesired structural and chemical degradation, especially in the presence of air. In this presentation, we provide a case study in the factors governing the structural and chemical stability of a new class of exfoliated 2D materials known as II-VI layered hybrids (LHs). II-VI LHs are 2D, quantum-confined semiconductors capped by organic ligands, which stabilize the bound, 2D inorganic layer. We show here that of exfoliated ZnSe(butylamine) and ZnSe(octylamine) are susceptible to oxidation, but in a manner highly dependent on a variety of factors including exfoliation conditions, ligand identity, and air exposure time. We show that appropriate selection of these parameters can kinetically stabilize these metastable 2D materials that are otherwise prone to degradation when exposed to ambient conditions.
8:00 PM - FF01.21.46
Dirac-Like Linear Bands in a Non-Honeycomb Lattice of a Surface Alloy
Sudipta Roy Barman1,Pampa Sadhukhan1,Dhanshree Pandey2,3,Vipin Kumar Singh1,Shuvam Sarkar1,Abhishek Rai1,Kuntala Bhattacharya4,Aparna Chakrabarti2,3
UGC-DAE Consortium for Scientific Research1,Homi Bhaba National Institute2,Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology3,Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology4
Show AbstractSince the discovery of graphene, fabrication of atomically thin two dimensional (2D) materials with nontrivial band topology has attracted enormous attention primarily because of their dissipationless conduction. This led to the discovery of a family of 2D quantum materials with exotic properties; for example, to mention a few are stanene, silicene, aluminene, borophene and phosphorene. In particular, the prediction of stanene, a buckled tin honeycomb layer, to be a quantum spin Hall insulator with Dirac cone-like linear energy dispersion and a large gap of 0.3 eV has stirred up efforts to realize it on substrates. Gold is an interesting substrate for stanene growth that also exhibits a Rashba spin-orbit split surface state. However, both experimental as well as theoretical studies of Sn growth on Au(111) show formation of Au-Sn surface alloy. Here, we first establish that surface alloying in Sn/Au(111) using core-level photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy and low energy electron diffraction. The composition and the surface symmetries of these surface alloys at room and elevated temperatures are AuSn with p(3x3)R150 at substrate temperature TS= 300 K and Au2Sn described by the matrix (2113) at TS = 400 K that transforms to (√3x√3)R300 phase at 493 K. Angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy demonstrates unexpected occurrence of a linear band resembling Dirac cone at the zone-center of Au2Sn surface alloy with the (2113) surface structure. This band disperses linearly over a wide binding energy range starting from 1.5 eV at k||= 0.2A-1 to the Fermi level, where the two branches of Λ meet at the Γ point. It is also observed using a different photon energy of 23 eV (He Iβ) where the dispersion is very similar to that taken with 21.2 (He I) eV photon energy indicating that it is surface related. Moreover, as expected for a Dirac cone, it is unaffected by the variation of the azimuthal angle e.g. from the Γ-M direction to the Γ-K direction. The magnitude of the slopes (dEB/dk||) of the left and the right branches are essentially same, 6.9±0.1 and 6.9±0.1, respectively, and the calculated Fermi velocity turns out to be 1.05x106 m/s, which is very similar to that of graphene (1x106 m/s). Importantly, it is only for the (2113) surface, the linear bands occur and the results of our density functional theory based calculations for different possible atomic arrangements to simulate these bands will also be discussed. Importantly, here the linear bands meet at the Fermi level at the Γ point in a non-hexgonal lattice in a surface alloy with Fermi velocity comparable to graphene, which might have potential application is high speed electronic devices.
8:00 PM - FF01.21.48
Mechanical and Conductivity Study of the 3D Printed PBAT/PLA/Graphene Nanocomposites
Da Hyun Choo1,Zhehua Xiang2,Xianghao Zuo3,Miriam Rafailovich3
Kent School1,Lawrence Woodmere Academy2,Stony Brook University3
Show Abstract
The research focuses on ways to adjust the mechanical properties of polymers that can potentially replace non-degradable, petroleum based plastics using PBAT, PLA and H-5 graphene. PBAT and PLA are both biodegradable and highly expected with the improvements in thermal and electrical conductivities by adding graphene, in which 3D printing technique is adapted to orient the H-5 platelets into a uniform direction. In this study, the concentration of PBAT and PLA was kept as 3:1 while the graphene concentrations were changed from 8% to 20%. Mechanical properties such as impact toughness and tensile properties as well as the thermal and electrical conductivity were studied to show the performance of the blends. The results were compared with the previously hot-pressed samples with the same formulations.
The impact strength of the printed sample was observed comparable to the molded samples, while significant increases in the Young’s modulus, tensile strength and elongation at break were obtained for the printed samples during the tensile tests.
In thermal conductivity test, the testings were done in two directions: 3D print vertical direction and 3D print printing direction to compare with the molded samples. The results showed that the thermal conductivity depended a lot on the measuring direction. For the vertical direction, the thermal conductivity results were not as good as the molded ones. However, for the printing direction, the results were observed to be higher than the molded samples.
For the electrical conductivity test, both printed and molded samples initially showed extremely small conductivity. When the concentration of H-5 went to 16 percent, the value of printed samples went up to 339 s/m and approximately doubled when the concentration went to 20 percent, which is around 50 times higher than that of the molded samples.
SEM images were used to observe the graphene dispersions in the polymer blends matrix. The high magnitude images of the created nanocomposites showed that graphene particles demonstrate a constant direction, indicating the possibility of enhancement of the mechanical and electrical conductivity. From the TEM images, we can clearly see the regularized orientation of the graphene platelets, further proved the rearrangement of the directions of graphene platelets during the extruding process of 3D printing.
In conclusion, the mechanical and conductivity were enhanced during the 3D printing procedure and can meet the demands of electrical appliances. The results indicated the possibility of engineering biodegradable, high-performance polymeric materials.
8:00 PM - FF01.21.49
Transition Metal Enhanced Carrier Transport in Two-Dimensional Semiconducting Crystals
Maomao Liu1,Simran Shahi1,Hemendra Nath Jaiswal1,Sichen Wei2,Fei Yao2,Huamin Li1
New York State University at Buffalo1,University at Buffalo, The State University of New York2
Show AbstractTwo-dimensional (2D) semiconducting crystals such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have been considered as promising semiconductor channel materials for future nanoelectronic devices. Theoretical models predict that among various semiconducting TMDs, WS2has the highest electron mobility and the best transistor performance including the highest on/off ratios and on-current densities. However, for the practical application such as complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor logic circuits, it is urgently needed to improve carrier transport efficiency along the in-plane channel and through the metal-semiconductor interface. In this work, we report a significantly improved carrier transport in few-layer WS2field-effect transistors (FETs) by exploiting transition metals as dopants and metal contacts. Cu was chosen due to its high diffusion coefficient and compatibility in MEMS/NEMS processing. Cu-doped WS2was synthesized by introducing Cu during the chemical transport interaction, and Cu-contact WS2devices were prepared by evaporating a 2-nm-thick Cu layer at the metal-semiconductor interface. Compared to pristine-WS2FETs, both the Cu-doped and Cu-contact WS2devices show the outstanding increases in carrier mobilities, on/off ratios, on-current densities, transconductances, and subthreshold swings. The metal-semiconductor contact condition was also improved from Schottky to Ohmic due to an outstanding reduction of the contact barrier height and thus the contact resistance. We also carried out a statistical study with over 20 devices for each kind, and the results were consistent and repeatable. Our work has demonstrated the great potential of applying transition metals to improve the carrier transport of semiconducting TMDs in various device applications.
8:00 PM - FF01.21.50
Pristine and Metal-Doped Hexagonal Boron Nitride Films on Centimeter Scale by Atomic Layer Deposition
René Weißing1,Daniel Stadler1,Matthias Grosch1,Anja Sutorius1,Sanjay Mathur1
University of Cologne1
Show AbstractHexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) with its atomically flat structure, excellent stability and large band gap energy (~ 6 eV) is an ideal insulator for 2D electronics. Fabrication of h-BN thin films is mainly limited to exfoliation of multi-layer or bulk crystals, however the size of h-BN crystals are limited to few millimeters. Consequently, mechanical exfoliation and chemical transfer procedures typically deliver h-BN flakes of several tens of micrometers that come along with significant interfacial impurities, defects and low production capacity that limits the use of h-BN on large scale. Therefore, the vapor phase methods ALD and CVD are promising alternatives to grow h-BN monolayers and multilayers as demonstrated for several metallic substrates (e.g., Au, Cu, Ni. Co). Nevertheless, epitaxial growth of unidirectionally aligned h-BN domains has been challenging due to excessive nucleation and 3-fold symmetry of h-BN lattice that results in twin boundaries. Therefore, we have developed vacuum-based processes to grow h-BN monolayers on centimeter scale Cu(111) substrates relevant for electronic applications. The synthetic access was achieved by two complementary half-reactions of B and N precursors (ALD) and via thermal decomposition and surface nucleation of single-source precursors such as amino boranes and borazine (CVD). We have recently investigated the growth of h-BN by CVD of solid ammonia-borane (BH3<-NH3) that sublimes at 100 °C and is thermally decomposed (dehydrogenated) on the substrate surface at elevated temperature (700-900 °C) to nucleate h-BN domains. Also, the CVD of borazine (B3N3H6) on Cu(111) showed the growth of large BN crystals that show a pronounced tendency of lateral diffusion to grow into coherent h-BN domains.
8:00 PM - FF01.21.51
Molecular Routes to Two-Dimensional Metal Disulfides MS2 (M = Mo, W)
Matthias Grosch1,Veronika Brune1,Corinna Hegemann1,Sanjay Mathur1,René Weißing1
University of Cologne1
Show AbstractThe ever-growing interest in van der Waals materials like two-dimensional transition metal disulfides (TMDSs) demands a matching supply of these materials. TMDS complexes containing group VI metal ions are attractive starting materials for 2D materials that offer great potential for low-power electronics, especially because of their favorable layered structures and promising electro-optical properties. For this we introduce an entirely novel class of molecular precursors: [MIV(SEtN(Me)EtS)2] (MIV = MoIV, WIV). Tungsten and molybdenum complexes of dianionic tridentate pincer type ligands (HSEt)2NMe produced air-stable monomeric disulfide complexes, [W(SEtN(Me)EtS)2] and [Mo(SEtN(Me)EtS)2], displaying W and Mo centers in distorted octahedral environment of 4 S and 2 N donor atoms. We then used these volatile and cleanly decomposing precursors in chemical vapor deposition for the creation of large area crystalline MoS2 and WS2 thin films. As-prepared films were subjected to atomic scale imaging and x-ray analysis to confirm the synthesis of phase-pure MX2 materials. New ligands presented in this work open up a new molecular route to precursor engineering for 2D transition metal disulfides and allow an efficient approach towards the synthesis of scalable van der Waals heterostructured materials.
8:00 PM - FF01.21.52
N-Doped CVD-Grown MoSe2 Field Effect Transistors by Two-Step Doping Process
Seongin Hong1,Haewon Cho1,Junwoo Park1,Jun Hong Park2,Sunkook Kim1
1) School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering Sungkyunkwan University1,2) School of Materials Science & Engineering Gyeongsang National University2
Show AbstractTwo-dimensional (2D) layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have been considered the next-generation semiconductor materials for potential sensor applications due to their intriguing mechanical, electrical and optical properties. Molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2), one of TMDs, has recently attracted attention for high performance photosensor applications owing to its superior photoresponsivity. In addition, since the bandgap of MoSe2 is smaller than it of MoS2, wide excitation wavelength range as well as excellent electrical conductivity can be obtained in MoSe2 field-effect transistors (FETs). However, chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-grown MoSe2 FETs randomly exhibit n-type, p-type, or ambipolar characteristics due to the unexpected defect generated during the growth of MoSe2 by uncontrolled growth condition. Here, two-step doping method with n-type doping effect was developed to achieve unipolar n-type MoSe2 FETs and its long-term stability. After the two-step doping process on MoSe2 FETs using oxygen plasma treatment (1st step) and Al2O3 layer deposition (2nd step), n-type, p-type and ambipolar MoSe2 FETs are all converted to unipolar n-type MoSe2 with enhanced electrical properties and stability. Field effect mobility of n-doped MoSe2 was improved from 12.23 to 31.57 cm2V-1s-1, 3 times larger Ion/Ioff without any degradation for 21 days. The enhancement is attributed to fixed positive charges in Al2O3 layer and electrically-insulating oxidation on the top-surface of MoSe2 by oxygen plasma treatment. The results suggest that the two-step methods will be a novel process to achieve n-type doping effect with high-performance and stability for various sensor applications.
8:00 PM - FF01.21.53
Tuning Band Splitting and van-Hove Singularities in Twisted-Bilayer Graphene Superlattices
Francisco Sanchez-Ochoa1,Cecilia Noguez1
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México1
Show AbstractTwisted-bilayer graphene (TBLG) is a new kind of two-dimensional material where new physical phenomena arise because of the interlayer potential modulation as a function of the different relative orientations between layers. This arbitrary orientation in TBLG is characterized by the relative angle of rotation and the stacking pattern (AA, AB). The interlayer interaction could change the electronic band structure drastically as compared to one G layer. Here, we discuss the effective band structures calculated from the projection of supercell electronic-states on a G primitive cell. These effective band structures are obtained by unfolding the bands that are calculated using density functional theory [1]. The results show that the major changes in the electronic states of G are along the K-M path in the irreducible Brillouin zone of primitive cell; meanwhile, the other two paths Γ-K and Γ-M show a split of the π band for higher energies in the valence band. In the K-M path, we observe the appearance of electronic band gaps approaching the Fermi level when the angle between monolayers is small. These band gaps give rise to van Hove singularities in the density of states with a uniform distribution of discrete electronic states, like Rydberg-like series. These results provide the first theoretical evidence of the discretization of the band structure in a set of well-ordered electronic states and are in fair agreement with experimental observations [2–4]. These electronic states can be responsible for new conduction channels, which might be essential for the realization of new optoelectronic devices based on G [5,6].
1. Sanchez-Ochoa, F.; et al. Unfolding method for periodic twisted systems with commensurate Moiré patterns. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 2019. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-648X/ab44f0
2. Li, G.; et al. Observation of van Hove singularities in twisted graphene layers. Nat. Phys. 2009 6, 109.
3. Yan, W.; et al. Angle-dependent van Hove singularities in a slightly twisted graphene bilayer. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2012 109, 126801.
4. Moon, P.; et al. Optical absorption in twisted bilayer graphene. Phys. Rev. B 2013 87, 205404.
5. Cao, Y.; et al. Unconventional superconductivity in magic-angle graphene superlattices. Nature 2018 556, 43.
6. Cao, Y.; et al. Correlated insulator behaviour at half-filling in magic-angle graphene superlattices. Nature 2018 556, 80.
8:00 PM - FF01.21.56
Chemiresistive Sensing of Ambient CO2 by Metal-Organic Frameworks
Jinhu Dou1,Mircea Dincă1
Massachusetts Institute of Technology1
Show AbstractA growing demand for indoor atmosphere monitoring relies critically on the ability to reliably and quantitatively detect carbon dioxide. Widespread adoption of CO2 sensors requires vastly improved materials and approaches because selective sensing of CO2 under ambient conditions, where relative humidity (RH) and other atmosphere contaminants provide a complex scenario, is particularly challenging. This report describes an ambient CO2 chemiresistor platform based on nanoporous, electrically conducting two-dimensional metal–organic frameworks (2D MOFs). The CO2 chemiresistive sensitivity of 2D MOFs is attained through the incorporation of imino-semiquinonate moieties, i.e., well-defined N-heteroatom functionalization. The best performance is obtained with Cu3(hexaiminobenzene)2, Cu3HIB2, which shows selective and robust ambient CO2 sensing properties at practically relevant levels (400–2500 ppm). The observed ambient CO2 sensitivity is nearly RH-independent in the range 10–80% RH. Cu3HIB2 shows higher sensitivity over a broader RH range than any other known chemiresistor. Characterization of the CO2-MOF interaction through a combination of in situ optical spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations evidence autogenously generated hydrated adsorption sites and a charge trapping mechanism as responsible for the intriguing CO2 sensing properties of Cu3HIB2.
8:00 PM - FF01.21.57
Electronic and Magnetic Properties of Vertically Aligned Bi-/Tri-Layered Graphene
Sekhar Ray1
University of South Africa1
Show AbstractSaturation magnetization (Ms) of pristine bi-/tri-layered graphene (denoted as – FLG) is enhanced by over four (4) and thirty-four (34) times to 13.94 × 10−4 and 118.62 × 10−4 emu g−1, respectively, as compared to pristine FLGs (Ms of 3.47 × 10−4 emu g−1), via plasma-based-hydrogenation (known as graphone) and nitrogenation (known as N-graphene) reactions, respectively. However, upon organo-silane treatment on FLG (known as siliphene), the saturation magnetization is reduced by over thirty (30) times to 0.11 × 10−4 emu g−1, as compared to pristine FLG. Synchrotron based X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy measurements have been carried out to investigate the electronic structure and the underlying mechanism responsible for the variation of magnetic properties. For graphone, the free spin available via the conversion of the sp2 → sp3 hybridized structure and the possibility of unpaired electrons from induced defects are the likely mechanism for ferromagnetic ordering. During nitrogenation, the Fermi level of FLGs is shifted upwards due to the formation of a graphitic like extra π-electron that makes the structure electron-rich, thereby, enhancing the magnetic coupling between magnetic moments. On the other hand, during the formation of siliphene, substitution of the C-atom in FLG by a Si-atom occurs and relaxes out the graphene plane to form Si–C tetrahedral sp3-bonding with a non-magnetic atomic arrangement showing no spin polarization phenomena and thereby reducing the magnetization. Thus, plasma functionalization offers a simple yet facile route to control the magnetic properties of the graphene systems and has potential implications for spintronic applications.
8:00 PM - FF01.21.58
Monitoring the Low Doping Regime in Graphene—Comparison of Gated Raman Spectroscopy and Transport Measurements
Zhuofa Chen1,Nathan Ullberg1,Mounika Vutukuru1,David Barton1,Anna Swan1
Boston University1
Show AbstractIdentifying charge density fluctuations and impurities in graphene is vital for high-quality graphene-based devices. The benchmark method to determine the quality of a graphene-based device is the electrical transport measurement which requires labor-intensive and time-consuming device fabrication process. Existing optical methods using Raman spectroscopy only work for graphene with doping levels higher than ~1012 cm-2. These optical techniques include Raman G peak shift [1], Raman 2D peak shift [2], and 2D versus G frequency charge vector [3]. For high purity samples, e.g., suspended graphene, Boron nitride/graphene/Boron nitride heterostructures, and graphene deposited on octadecyltrimethoxysilane (OTMS), more precise optical methods still need to be developed to estimate the doping level of graphene. Here, we developed an optical probe that can evaluate the doping level and charge fluctuation in graphene in the range from 1010 cm-2 to 1012 cm-2 by using the split in the Raman 2D peak which appears at low doping levels.
Clean graphene samples were prepared on OTMS self-assembled monolayers. By comparing the Raman spatial mapping of the Raman 2D peak split with other Raman parameters (such as G peak frequency, G peak width, 2D peak frequency, 2D peak width, the 2D vs G frequency strain and charge vectors, and ratio of 2D over G peak intensity), the 2D peak split was found to have 10 times larger variation on graphene exfoliated on a OTMS treated substrate (charge density around 5×1011 cm-2), which means much higher sensitivity to charge variation.
In order to quantify the relationship between the 2D peak-split and doping level, we electrostatically biased the graphene to induce a known charge density while measuring the 2D Raman response. We fabricated Graphene Field Effect Transistors (GFETs) and measure the transport curve to find the reference charge neutrality point (CNP), the charge density fluctuations, and the mobility. The cleanest graphene devices on OTMS-treated substrates had an accidental doping of 3.6×1011cm-2, a charge fluctuation of 2.2×1011cm-2, and a mobility of ~1.7×104 cm2/Vs, as deduced from fitting two-point probe transport measurements. Electrostatically gated Raman measurements combined with transport measurements were used to correlate the 2D peak-split with the charge density on graphene with high precision. We found that the Raman 2D peak-split is inversely proportional to the charge density at low doping levels, i.e., a lower charge density results in a larger 2D peak-split [4]. The 2D peak-split can differentiate charge densities down to 2×1010cm-2 per wavenumber of the 2D peak-split, two orders of magnitude higher precision than using G peak frequency and width, or the 2D versus G frequency charge vector [3].
In conclusion, we sought an optical probe (Raman spectroscopy) that can be used to evaluate the low charge density and the low charge fluctuations across a graphene sample without the fabrication or processing steps necessary for transport measurements. The Raman 2D peak-split was found to correlate with charge density with high precision (2×1010 cm-2 per 2D peak-split wavenumber). Our work provides a simple and non-invasive optical method to quantify the doping level of graphene from 1010 cm-2 to 1012 cm-2, two orders of magnitude higher precision than previously reported optical methods. The 2D peak-split method provides a platform for estimating the doping levels and the quality of a graphene sample before building a high-quality graphene device.
Reference:
[1] Pisana, S.; et al. Nat Mater 2007, 6 (3), 198-201.
[2] Das, A.; et al. Nat Nanotechnol 2008, 3 (4), 210-215.
[3] Lee, J. E.; et al. Nat Commun 2012, 3.
[4] Chen, Z., Ullberg, N., Vutukuru, M., Barton, D. and Swan, A.K., 2019. Monitoring the low doping regime in graphene using Raman 2D peak-splits: Comparison of gated Raman and transport measurements. arXiv preprint arXiv:1908.10961.
Symposium Organizers
Zakaria Al Balushi, University of California, Berkeley
Deep Jariwala, University of Pennsylvania
Olga Kazakova, National Physical Laboratory
Amber McCreary, National Institute of Standards and Technology
Symposium Support
Gold
AIXTRON SE
Silver
2D Crystal Consortium - Materials Innovation Platform (2DCC-MIP)
Bronze
Accurion Inc.
IOP Publishing Ltd - 2D Materials
Scienta Omicron, Inc.
FF01.22: 2D Photodetectors and Photovoltaics
Session Chairs
Sanjay Behura
Olga Kazakova
Friday AM, December 06, 2019
Hynes, Level 3, Room 312
8:15 AM - FF01.22.01
Carrier Transport Dynamics in 2D Semiconductor High-Speed Photodetectors
Jianbo Gao1,Exian Liu1,Peijian Wang2,Hao Zeng2
Clemson University1,State University of New York at Buffalo2
Show AbstractDespite that 2D semiconductors have promising optoelectronic and electronic applications, our fundamental understanding of its carrier transport dynamics is still in its infancy. In general, it remains challenging to unravel the carrier transport properties in devices since they are altered in the presence of defects/impurities or trap states. An ultrafast probe or high quantum efficiency device (the ratio between electrons collected to photon number), or both, are required to elicit carrier transport properties before significant carrier trapping into trap states and recombination occur.
In this work, we integrate black phosphorus and WS2 in an ultra-high-speed photodetector structure with sub-25 ps response time to study the carrier transport dynamics. We elucidate the nature of transport mechanisms in different temporal regimes: pre-trapping and band-like transport in early time up to nanoseconds, followed by multiple trapping and release (MTR) hopping transport. In addition to demonstrating visible and infrared high-speed photodetectors, our study reveals the fundamental device physics, leading to device performance manipulation.
8:30 AM - FF01.22.02
Highly Sensitive Broad-Spectrum Photodetector Fabricated with Integration of MoS2 with Mo2C Multi-Gratings
Jaeho Jeon1,Young Jae Kim1,Chaeyeon Shin1,Seunghyuk Choi1,Jin-Hong Park1,Sungjoo Lee1,2
Sungkyunkwan University Advanced Institute of NanoTechnology1,Sungkyunkwan University2
Show AbstractBroad-spectrum photodetection with high sensitivity through a single photodetector device is required for optical communications, wide-spectral switches, and memory storage applications. To achieve the highly sensitive photodetection in the wide spectral range, various 2D materials and heterojunction structures have been studied, however, limited absorption rate of 2D materials have still been retained as the critical huddle to achieve a sensitive photodetection in broad-spectral range. Herein, we propose a novel 2D hybrid structure consisting of semiconducting MoS2 film integrated with metallic Mo2C multi-gratings of various grating periods (400, 600, 800, and 1000 nm), which provides high responsivity (R > 103 A/W) and distinctive photodetection (light-to-dark current ratio > 102) over a broad spectral range (405 nm – 1310 nm). The grating of metallic Mo2C produces plasmonic resonance, which provides hot carriers to the MoS2 channel. By adjusting the grating period of Mo2C (400 - 1000 nm), we can control the optimal photoresponse of light, from visible to NIR. The proposed photodetector with a novel 2D hybrid structure achieved a highly sensitive and broad spectral detectable photodetector devices and pave the way to achieving innovative future photodetector applications.
8:45 AM - FF01.22.03
Ambient Effects on Photogating in MoS2 Photodetectors
Paola Barbara1,Peize Han1,Eli Adler1,Yijing Liu1,Luke St. Marie1,Abdel El Fatimy1,2,Scott Melis1,Edward Van Keuren1
Georgetown University1,Ecole Centrale Casablanca2
Show AbstractTransition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have emerged as promising materials for optoelectronic applications due to their strong light absorption, their direct bandgap for semiconducting monolayers and their suitability for flexible substrates. Although photodetectors based on TMDs have shown remarkable performance, devices with high responsivity and detectivity are usually hindered by slow response times. Here we study the photogating mechanism yielding high responsivity in MoS2 phototransistors and we show that, for wavelengths sufficiently short to create excitons in the MoS2, light illumination causes desorption of gas adsorbates1,2.
1. P. Han, E. R. Adler, Y. Liu, L. St Marie, A. El Fatimy, S. Melis, E. Van Keuren and P. Barbara, Ambient effects on photogating in MoS2 photodetectors, Nanotechnology 30, 284004 (2019).
2. P. Han, L. St. Marie, Q. X. Wang, N. Quirk, A. El Fatimy, M. Ishigami and P. Barbara, Highly sensitive MoS2 photodetectors with graphene contacts, Nanotechnology 29, 20LT01 (2018)
9:00 AM - FF01.22.04
Searching for Transformative Materials Beyond Graphene—The Rise of Indium Selenide
Amalia Patane1
University of Nottingham1
Show AbstractThe search for transformative materials beyond traditional covalent semiconductors, such as Si, has led to fast growing activities on new two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors and the exciting growing development of the metal chalcogenide indium selenide, InSe. This 2D crystal exhibits strong covalent atomic bonds in the layer plane and van der Waals (vdW) attraction between the layers, enabling the isolation of high-quality stable thin films down to the atomic monolayer thickness. The science and technology of 2D InSe represent a rapidly developing and vibrant field with breakthroughs emerging from both experiment and theory. InSe has a near band edge absorption that increases with decreasing layer thickness; high photoresponsivity from the infrared (IR) to the ultra-violet (UV) spectral range; a low mass conduction band electrons and high electron mobility even in atomically thin films, larger than in Si-based field effect transistors (FETs); high mechanical strength; a strain-sensitive band structure; a density of states with 1D van Hove singularities, etc In this talk, I will present recent research on this new 2D system [1-5] and discuss emerging activities with prospects for digital electronics and photonics.
[1] M. Bhuiyan et al., Advanced Functional Materials 1805491 (2019).
[2] D. G. Hopkinson et al., ACS Nano (2019).
[3] J. Hamer et al., Nano Letters 18, 3950 (2018).
[4] D.A. Bandurin et al., Nature Nanotechnology 12, 223, (2017).
[5] Z.R. Kudrynskyi et al., Physical Review Letters 119, 157701 (2017).
9:45 AM - FF01.22.06
2D/3D Schottky-Junction Photovoltaics Realized by the Direct CVD Growth of vdW 2D PtSe2 Layers on 3D Silicon
Mashiyat Sumaiya Shawkat1,Hee-Suk Chung2,Durjoy Dev1,Sonali Das1,Tania Roy1,Yeonwoong Jung1
University of Central Florida1,Korea Basic Science Institute2
Show AbstractA variety of new two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals (vdW) crystals have recently been explored following extensive studies on 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs). Amongst them, noble metals-based 2D crystals such as 2D platinum (Pt) diselenide (PtSe2) are particularly promising owing to their distinct advantages over conventional 2D TMDs offering higher carrier mobility, superior air stability, semiconducting-to-metallic transition, and lower growth temperature. Despite these projected property and manufacturing merits, much of their electrical properties have remained largely unexplored, significantly limiting their applications for electronic devices. For example, the strong metallic nature of 2D PtSe2 layers projects a new type of metal/semiconductor Schottky junction based on 2D/3D vdW heterostructures of “mixed dimensionality” when they are interfaced with three-dimensional (3D) semiconductors. Herein, we report a new type of 2D/3Ds Schottky junction devices based on vertically-aligned metallic 2D PtSe2 layers integrated on Si wafers. We directly grew 2D PtSe2 layers of controlled orientation and carrier transport characteristics via a low-temperature chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process and investigated 2D PtSe2/3D Si Schottky junction properties. We found a comprehensive set of material parameters which decisively confirm the presence of excellent Schottky junctions, i.e., high rectification ratio (> 103), small ideality factor (~1.9), and temperature-dependent variation of Schottky barrier heights. Additionally, we observed strong photovoltaic effects in the 2D PtSe2/Si Schottky junction devices and extended them to realize flexible photovoltaic devices by direct growth of 2D PtSe2 on thin (~20 µm) Si wafer. This study is believed to significantly broaden the versatility of 2D PtSe2 layers in practical and futuristic electronic devices.
FF01.23: Modulating New Functionalitites in 2D Materials
Session Chairs
Zakaria Al Balushi
Amin Azizi
Friday PM, December 06, 2019
Hynes, Level 3, Room 312
10:30 AM - FF01.23.01
Transition Metal Di-Sulfide Alloys for Phase-Change Photonic Functionality
Yifei Li1,Akshay Singh1,Heshan Yu2,Haowei Xu1,Jian Zhou3,Ichiro Takeuchi2,Ju Li1,Rafael Jaramillo1
Massachusetts Institute of Technology1,University of Maryland2,Xi’an Jiaotong University3
Show AbstractTransition metal dichalcogenides (TMD) exist in several polymorphs including 2H (usually semiconducting), and 1T/1T’ (usually semi-metallic). Our theoretical calculations and experimental measurements show that TMDs are optically-dense and can feature a difference in near-infrared (NIR) refractive index greater than 1 between phases (delta n>1), which is comparable to established phase-change materials (PCMs). Martensitic phase-change behavior has been observed in TMDs and can be triggered non-thermally, and transformation strains are expected to be low due to the layered crystal structures. We suggest that TMDs may be useful as low-power, low-fatigue active materials to control light in integrated photonic circuits.
Among TMDs, sulfides are promising for photonics applications because they present the lowest optical loss and the highest material stability. Sadly, sulfide TMDs also have higher phase-change energy barriers than selenides or tellurides. This problem may be solved by designing sulfide TMD alloys that are thermodynamically-adjacent to phase boundaries. We use density-functional theory (DFT) and related methods to calculate free energy-composition diagrams at finite temperature for polymorphs in the MoS2-TiS2-ZrS2 system. Our calculations predict that the free energy of hypothesized phase-change alloys lies slightly above the convex hull. This highlights the need to process TMD alloys at low temperature, to avoid phase separation. Low temperature processing is also essential to integrated TMD films with integrated photonic circuits.
We fabricate large-area sulfide TMD pure-phase and alloy thin films by metal sputtering followed by sulfurization in H2S-containing atmospheres in a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) furnace. This two-step method combined with combinatorial sputtering enables rapid exploration of composition space and phase boundaries. By controlling CVD furnace gas conditions we are able to lower the processing temperature for large-area alloy thin films below 600 °C. We characterize the sulfide TMD alloy films by electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and infrared spectroscopy. We measure the phase boundaries, quantify the extent of phase separation, and identify optimal compositions for photonics applications.
[1] Singh, A., Li, Y., et al. Near-infrared optical properties and proposed phase-change usefulness of transition metal disulfides. Available at: https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.09740.
10:45 AM - FF01.23.02
Giant Negative Electrostriction in CuInP2S6—Linking Theory and Experiments
Sabine Neumayer1,Eugene Eliseev2,John Brehm3,Panchapakesan Ganesh1,Lei Tao3,Andrew O'Hara3,Michael Susner4,Michael McGuire1,Stephen Jesse1,Sergei Kalinin1,Anna Morozovska2,Sokrates Pantelides3,Petro Maksymovych1,Nina Balke1
Oak Ridge National Laboratory1,National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine2,Vanderbilt University3,Air Force Research Laboratory4
Show AbstractThe scientific interest in van-der-Waals (vdW) crystal CuInP2S6 originates from its many useful material properties such as ferroelectricity. The layered structure allows for easy exfoliation into ultrathin flakes and vdW interfaces can be utilized to create heterostructures with 2D materials such as MoS2 or graphene. Most notably, electrostrictive coefficients in this material have been found to be very large and negative, meaning that the crystal expands in an electric field oriented antiparallel to the spontaneous polarization in CuInP2S6. However, the magnitude of the electrostrictive coefficient and resulting piezoelectric response has been source of confusion. The Q33 and d33 extracted from XRD data using Landau-Ginzburg-Devonshire calculations are -3.2 m4/C2 and -85 pm/V, respectively, making the electromechanical output of CuInP2S6 comparable or even outperforming ferroelectric perovskites [1]. On the other hand, d33 extracted from density functional theory (DFT) as derivative of the polarization vs. stress yields only around -16 pm/V [2]. In this work we demonstrate how the boundary conditions of DFT, in particular clamping of lattice parameters are in agreement with experimental conditions in piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) measurements on CuInP2S6 surfaces where similar d33 values are observed. In contrast, PFM on CuInP2S6 capacitors with µm sized top electrodes resembles an unclamped setup and shows piezoresponse in agreement with the predicted -85 pm/V. Having achieved excellent agreement, we have unraveled the intrinsic origin of the negative electrostriction, which is linked to proximate chemical interactions between the vdW layers and the resulting anharmonicity of the potential well for polar Cu displacement.
[1] Neumayer et al, PRM 3, 024401 (2019)
[2] Brehm et al, under review
11:00 AM - FF01.23.03
Lithium Intercalation as a Reversible Structural Switch in WTe2
Philipp Muscher1,2,William C. Chueh1,Aaron Lindenberg1,2
Stanford University1,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory2
Show AbstractWTe2 is a transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) with remarkable structural properties, featuring broken inversion symmetry, quasi 1-dimensional W-W chains and out-of-plane distortions of the covalent layers. This so-called Td structure has been linked to WTe2’s unique physical properties such as its large, non-saturating magnetoresistance and it being a topological semimetal with type II Weyl points. Here, we demonstrate fast and highly reversible lithium intercalation into WTe2 using an electrochemical platform with compositional control over a single flake. Our in-situ X-ray and optical studies, combined with DFT calculations, show that lithium intercalation is a powerful tool for tuning the properties of WTe2. In particular, Li0.5WTe2 is a vastly expanded form of the initial structure with a polytype that is not otherwise observed in common TMDs.
11:15 AM - FF01.23.04
Manipulation of Topological Properties in Weyl Semimetal
Jun Xiao1,2,Ying Wang3,Philipp Muscher1,Siqi Wang3,Edbert Sie1,2,Clara Nyby1,2,Xiang Zhang3,Aaron Lindenberg1,2
Stanford University1,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory2,University of California, Berkeley3
Show AbstractQuantum materials with novel phases of matter are the key building blocks of energy efficient quantum electronics and powerful quantum computation. Exploiting control of those materials is fascinating to achieve new functionalities and information algorithm in future quantum devices. Quantum nanomaterials like layered materials, has revealed many exotic properties such as extremely large magnetoresistance (MR)1, type-II Weyl electron transport and diverging Berry curvature2,3. On the other hand, the nature of layered materials leads to ultra large tunability of physical properties via external stimuli.
Here we report the manipulation of topological properties in Weyl semimetal based on layered materials. With such experimental control and various characterization means, we observed substantial modulation in optical and electrical responses. The observations indicate such changes are closely associated with the variation of topological property. Our findings highlight the potential for the realization of topological devices based on layered quantum materials.
1. Ali, M. N. et al. Large, non-saturating magnetoresistance in WTe2. Nature 514, 205–8 (2014).
2. Soluyanov, A. A. et al. Type-II Weyl semimetals. Nature 527, 495 (2015).
3. Armitage, N. P., Mele, E. J. & Vishwanath, A. Weyl and Dirac semimetals in three-dimensional solids. Rev. Mod. Phys. 90, 15001 (2018).
11:30 AM - FF01.23.05
Modulating the Functions of MoS2/MoTe2 van der Waals Heterostructure via Thickness Variation
Ngoc Thanh Duong1,2,Minhee Yun3,Seong Chu Lim1,2,Mun Seok Jeong1,2
Sungkyunkwan University1,Institute for Basic Science2,University of Pittsburgh3
Show AbstractThe atomically thin and dangling bond-free 2D semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) provides another alternative for the post-Si technologies. In the case of a Si device, the performance is predominantly dominated by doping, which changes the Fermi level, contact resistance, threshold voltage, and electrical conductivity. Fortunately, TMDs exhibit thickness-modulated band structures. Depending on the layer thickness, the position of the Fermi level changes, which implies that the effect of doping in the TMD can be observed by controlling the number of layers.
In this study, various functions have been realized in MoS2/MoTe2 van der Waals heterostructures via controlling the thickness and carrier concentration of MoTe2. Thickness-dependent work function of MoTe2 was confirmed by Kelvin probe force microscope (KPFM) measurement. The 2L MoS2/Few-layer (FL) MoTe2 device could transform from a p–n forward diode into a Zener diode through the electrostatic gating effect. Moreover, the multi-layer MoS2/multi-layer MoTe2 device can be modulated between backward diode characteristic and forward diode characteristic with a rectification ratio up to 103 at room temperature.
Furthermore, many-valued logic (MVL) devices, which have more than three different logic states, are expected to provide higher efficiency than binary logic devices. MVL devices can help reduce the interconnection density and the number of transistors in logic circuits. For example, to create a ternary logic circuit, more than nine single transistors are used. In addition, we introduce a multi-valued inverter composed of 2L MoS2/ FL MoTe2 heterostructure showing three truth states (ternary inverter). In particular, our ternary inverter can be transformed to binary using simple laser irradiation. Our work also significantly benefits the electronics research, which follows the Moore’s law and beyond.
11:45 AM - FF01.23.06
Atomically-Precise Moiré Fringes in 2D van der Waals Heterostructures of Graphene and Hexagonal Boron Nitride
Sanjay Behura1,Songwei Che1,Phong Nguyen1,Chen Wang1,Rousan Debbarma1,Michael Seacrist2,Vikas Berry1
University of Illinois at Chicago1,MEMC LLC2
Show AbstractThe van der Waals force-bound heterostructures of isostructural and isoelectronic graphene and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) offer a platform for fundamental phenomena evolving from the resultant Moiré superlattices. Such phenomena in two-dimensional (2D) planar sp2 lattice stacks of graphene/h-BN or graphene/h-BN/graphene or h-BN/graphene/h-BN are sensitive to their atomic-scale assembly. Current techniques rely on physical or chemical transfer of both h-BN and graphene to build the 2D sandwich heterostructure circuits. These transfer-steps not only introduce the interfacial polymeric and metallic heteroatom impurities but also creates random or mis-aligned regions in the 2D-heterostructures. Here, we report Moiré fringes in the graphene and h-BN heterostructures developed through direct stacking of graphene and h-BN via a bottom-up all-chemical vapor deposition (CVD) strategy. Polycrystalline layer of h-BN is first synthesized via a surface chemical-interaction guided process on silicon-based gate-dielectric substrate. Then the graphene layer is grown via grain-boundary diffusion of catalytically produced carbon radicals through a polycrystalline metal film on h-BN. Finally, removing the thin metal film (and any graphene on it) results in graphene/h-BN heterostructures with a sharp, defect-free, and atomically-precise interfaces; as confirmed by scanning resonant Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies. The directly-grown, van der Waals bound graphene/h-BN heterostructures exhibit Moiré fringes with a periodic pitch of ≈10 Å at a rotation angle of 16o. Further, the low-temperature transport measurements reveal the charge carrier mobility of 100 cm2v-1s-1, 2-orders of magnitude higher than the graphene/h-BN heterostructure produced via co-segregation process. Futuristically, this all-CVD direct-growth strategy will be a transformative approach for scalable production of van der Waals heterostructures to realize complex 2D circuitry and fundamental physics phenomena.
FF01.24: Fundamental Properties in 2D Material
Session Chairs
Zakaria Al Balushi
Amber McCreary
Friday PM, December 06, 2019
Hynes, Level 3, Room 312
1:45 PM - FF01.24.01
Induced Atomic Ordering in Two-Dimensional Alloys
Amin Azizi1,Mehmet Dogan1,2,Jeffrey Cain1,2,Rahmatollah Eskandari1,Xuanze Yu1,Emily Glazer1,Marvin Cohen1,2,Alex Zettl1,2
University of California, Berkeley1,Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory2
Show AbstractSemiconductor alloys enable fabrication of materials with continuously tunable properties such as lattice constant, bandgap, and carrier mobility, and has been a key strategy for property engineering throughout the history of semiconductor devices. However, it has long been an open question whether the atoms in the lattice of a multispecies alloy are randomly distributed or ordered in some way. The answer is fundamentally important, as the electronic, optical, thermal, and mechanical properties of alloys can be significantly affected by the presence of ordering. Ordering in semiconductor alloys has been studied, but most of the reports have been limited to reciprocal space, such as diffraction techniques. Two-dimensional (2D) materials provide an ideal playground to directly visualize potential ordering in semiconductor alloys. However, 2D TMD semiconductor alloys reported to date have mostly been random. Here, we demonstrate experimental observation of atomic ordering in a monolayer semiconductor alloy and suggest a strategy to control ordering in 2D semiconductor alloys. Additionally, combined with theoretical calculations, we demonstrate how the induced atomic ordering can notably modify the bandgap of the monolayer alloy with respect to its random counterpart.
2:00 PM - FF01.24.02
Defects and New Phases in Inorganic Two-Dimensional Materials—Insights from Multi-Scale Atomistic Simulations
Arkady Krasheninnikov1
Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf1
Show AbstractAs compared to bulk solids, large surface-to-volume ratio of two-dimensional (2D) materials makes many of them particularly prone to defect formation due to the interaction with the environment. At the same time, this opens new opportunities for post-synthesis introduction of impurities into these systems by, e.g., vapor deposition, development of new phases and thus tailoring their properties. In my talk, I will present the results of our recent theoretical studies of defects (native and irradiation-induced) in 2D systems obtained in close collaboration with several experimental transmission electron and scanning tunneling microscopy groups [1,2,4]. I will further discuss defect- and impurity-mediated engineering of the electronic structure of 2D molybdenum dichalcogenides by introducing transition metal atoms using ion beams and atom deposition at elevated temperatures [3]. Finally, I touch upon the intercalation of Li and other alkali metal atoms into bilayer graphene [4] and MoS2 [5].
1. T. Lehnert, M. Ghorbani-Asl, J. Köster, Z. Lee, A.V. Krasheninnikov, and U. Kaiser ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2 (2019) 3262.
2. P. M. Coelho, H.-P. Komsa, K. Lasek, V. Kalappattil, J. Karthikeyan, M.-H. Phan, A.V Krasheninnikov, and M. Batzill, Adv. El. Mater. 5 (2019) 1900044.
3. J. Karthikeyan, H.-P. Komsa, M. Batzill, and A.V. Krasheninnikov, submitted to Nano Letters.
4. M. Kühne, F. Börrnert, S. Fecher, M. Ghorbani-Asl, J. Biskupek, D. Samuelis, A. V. Krasheninnikov, U. Kaiser, and J.H. Smet, Nature 564 (2018) 234.
5. I. Chepkasov, M. Ghorbani-Asl, and A.V. Krasheninnikov, to be published.
2:15 PM - FF01.24.03
Extrinsic and Dynamic Edge States of Two-Dimensional Lead Halide Perovskites
Enzheng Shi1,Letian Dou1
Purdue University1
Show AbstractAs a new family of two-dimensional semiconductor materials, organic inorganic 2D halide perovskites have drawn significant attention in the past few years. Edges of 2D halide perovskites are found to exhibit unusual properties such as enhanced photoluminescence lifetime and reduced photoluminescence emission energy. In this talk, I will present the formation mechanism and the dynamic nature of edge states on the exfoliated 2D halide perovskites thin crystals. In contrast to other 2D materials, the edge states in 2D perovskites are extrinsic and can be triggered by moisture with a concentration of as low as ~ 0.5 ppm. High-resolution atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy characterizations reveal the width of the low-energy states is ~ 40 nm wide. Temperature-dependent photoluminescence study suggests the edge states are a combination of several lower-energy states. Importantly, we demonstrate that the charge carriers on the dynamically formed edge states are not only long-lived, but also highly mobile and can be conducted along the edges effectively with high mobilities of 5.4-7.0 cm2V-1s-1. This work provides significant insights on the origin of the edge states in 2D perovskites and provides routes to manipulate their optical and electrical properties through controlling their edges.
2:30 PM - FF01.24.04
Liquid-Mediated Strain Relaxation in 2D Materials
Humberto Batiz Guerrero1,2,Daryl Chrzan1,2
University of California, Berkeley1,Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory2
Show AbstractDue to its low dimensionality, properties in 2D materials are predicted to be more sensitive to strain than in their 3D counterparts. Specifically, in the case of few-layers transition metal dichalcogenides, the direct or indirect nature of the band gap, as well as its value, can be strain engineered [1]. Recently, a solvent evaporation-mediated decoupling process was demonstrated [2]. In this process, the strain within a WSe2 grown on amorphous silica that arises from thermal expansion mismatch is released by the evaporation of an acetone droplet that initially covers the WSe2 sample. A model for this strain release process is proposed and studied. The model assumes that the frictional forces between the WSe2 film and the substrate stabilize the strain within the film. As the droplet evaporates, the triple point, i.e. where the air, acetone, WSe2 meet, is lifted from the substrate, thereby reducing the friction force and enabling strain relaxation. Taking into account the elastic, interfacial, and substrate-film interaction energies, a functional for the energy of the system is constructed and the differential equations governing the configuration of the system are derived, with the in- and out- of-plane displacements of the film being the relavant variables. A numerical approach is used to solve the resulting highly-nonlinear equations. The dynamics of the system are computed in an adiabatic manner. In this way, it is possible to gain insight about how the process could be enhanced. Theoretical understanding of a process that allows controlled strain release can potentially allow the processing of new devices with novel and interesting optoelectronical properties.
[1] Rafael Roldan, Andres Castellanos-Gomez, Emmanuele Cappelluti, and Francisco Guinea. Strain engineering in semiconducting two-dimensional crystals. J. Phys. Condens. Matter, 27(31), 2015.
[2] Hyungjin Kim, Geun Ho Ahn, Joy Cho, Matin Amani, James P. Mastandrea, Catherine K. Groschner, Der-Hsien Lien, Yingbo Zhao, Joel W. Ager, Mary C. Scott, Daryl C. Chrzan, and Ali Javey. Synthetic WSe2 monolayers with high photoluminescence quantum yield . Sci. Adv., 5(1):eaau4728, 2019.
This work was supported within the Electronic Materials Program at LBNL by the Director, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Materials Sciences and Engineering Division of the U.S. Department of Energy, under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231.
2:45 PM - FF01.24.05
Plasmon Free Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Using Metallic 2D Materials
Yan Wang4,Xiuju Song1,2,3,Fang Zhao5,Jieun Yang4,Wenjing Zhang2,Manish Chhowalla4,1
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey1,Shenzhen University2,The University of Manchester3,University of Cambridge4,Princeton University5
Show AbstractTwo dimensional (2D) materials-based plasmon free surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is an emerging field in non-destructive analysis1-3. However, impeded by the low density of states (DOS), an inferior detection sensitivity is frequently encountered due to the low enhancement factor of most 2D materials. Metallic transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) could be ideal plasmon free SERS substrates because of their abundant DOS near the Fermi level. However, the absence of controllable synthesis of metallic 2D TMDs has hindered their study as SERS substrates. Here, we realize controllable synthesis of ultra-thin metallic 2D niobium disulfide (NbS2) (<2.5 nm) with large domain size (>160 μm). We have explored the SERS performance of as-obtained NbS2, which shows a detection limit down to 10-14 mol/L and an enhancement factor of up to ~106. The enhancement mechanism was studied in-depth by density functional theory, which suggested a strong correlation between the SERS performance and DOS near the Fermi level. NbS2 features most abundant DOS and strongest binding energy with probe molecules as compared with other 2D materials such as graphene, 1T phase MoS2 and 2H phase MoS2. The large DOS increases the intermolecular charge transfer probability and thus induces prominent Raman enhancement. To extend the results to practical application, the resulting NbS2-based plasmon free SERS substrates were applied for distinguishing different types of red wines.
References:
[1] Ling, X., et al. Can Graphene Be Used as a Substrate for Raman Enhancement? Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 553–561.
[2] Tan, Y., et al. Two-Dimensional Heterostructure as a Platform for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering. Nano Lett. 2017, 17, 2621–2626.
[3] Ling, X., et al. "Raman enhancement effect on two-dimensional layered materials: graphene, h-BN and MoS2." Nano Lett. 2014, 14, 3033-3040.
[4]Xiuju, S.et. al. Plasmon free surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy using metallic 2D materials. ACS Nano, 2019.
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3:00 PM - FF01.24.06
Using Computations to Resolve Discrepancies in the Reported Optical Properties of Two-Dimensional Black Phosphorous
Thierry Tsafack1,Stephen Bartolucci1,Joshua Maurer1
U.S. Army Futures Command, Combat Capability Development Command1
Show AbstractTwo-dimensional black phosphorous, phosphorene, is an ideal candidate for flexible opto-electronics because it possesses a direct and tunable band gap, a high carrier mobility and a negative Poisson’s ratio. The band gap and photoluminescence emission maxima vary as a function of the number of phosphorene layers. Multiple experimental studies have reported a wide range of values for the photoluminescence emission maxima as a function of number of phosphorene layers. This disagreement limits our understanding of phosphorene’s optical properties, which are critical to many of the potential applications for this material. These discrepancies may be a result of oxidation altering the photoluminescent properties. To understand these differences, we have created computational models that allow us to understand the effects of oxidation and number of layers on the optical properties of phosphorene. Many-body perturbation theory in conjunction with both the Bethe-Salpeter-Equation (BSE) and the Green’s function screened potential (GW) have been used to derive absorption spectra that include excitonic and other many-body effects. These studies allow us to understand how oxidation level and layer number affect phosphorene’s absorption spectra, which, in turn, provides useful insights into phosphorene’s photoluminescence excitation and emission maxima.
FF01.25: Novel Applications of 2D Materials
Session Chairs
Zakaria Al Balushi
Amber McCreary
Friday PM, December 06, 2019
Hynes, Level 3, Room 312
3:30 PM - FF01.25.01
2D Transition Metal Carbide (MXene) Thin Film for EMI Shielding and Heating Applications
Chong Min Koo1,2
Korea Institute of Science and Technology1,Korea University2
Show AbstractMXenes are a family of 2D transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides with the general formula Mn 1XnTx (n = 1, 2, or 3; M = transition metal, e.g. Ti, Nb, Mo; X = C and/or N; T = surface termination, e.g. –OH, –F, –O). Unlike other 2D materials, MXenes offer an attractive combination of high electronic conductivity (~5000 S/cm), hydrophilicity, and processability. Transition metal carbide (MXene) have been considered as an effective EMI shielding material since we reported the outstanding EMI shielding effectiveness of MXenes (60dB at 10mm) in 2016. However, still it is lack of understanding EMI shielding behavior of MXene materials, especially, at the atom-scale thickness, because it is hard to make uniform atom-thick film. In this presentation, we present the EMI shielding behavior of MXene thin film with atom-level thickness, which was prepared through a self-assembly method. Monolayer-thick MXene film offers 20% shielding ability and a 24 layer film of 55 nm thickness demonstrates 99% shielding (20dB) and extraordinarily large specific shielding effectiveness per unit areal density (SSE/t = 3.89*106 dB cm2 /g), revealing that MXene is very good for ultra-thin film shielding applications. Additionally, it will be demonstrated that, due to good shape-adaptability, easy processabililty and low sheet resistance, MXene thin films is very good for wearable heating device application.
3:45 PM - FF01.25.02
Enhancement of the Superconducting Transition Temperature through the Formation of 2D Molybdenum Carbide/Disulfide Heterostacks
Fu Zhang1,Yanfu Lu1,Wenkai Zheng2,Lavish Pabbi1,Kazunori Fujisawa1,Ana Laura Elias1,Eric Hudson1,Susan Sinnott1,Luis Balicas1,Mauricio Terrones1
Pennsylvania State University1,Florida State University2
Show AbstractTwo dimensional (2D) crystals beyond graphene exhibit promising functionalities in catalysts, optoelectronics and electronics. Recently, renascent transition metal carbides (TMCs, e.g. molybdenum carbide) show nontrivial superconductivity even when scaled down to few layers thin samples. Conjugation between 2D superconducting TMCs and semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs, e.g. MoS2) needs to be realized for the next-generation logic circuits. In this work, high quality superconducting 2D α-phase molybdenum carbide (Mo2C) flakes were synthesized on molten copper, and used to produce 2D molybdenum carbide/disulfide heterostructures having atomically sharp interfaces through a gas phase reaction. Through aberration corrected transmission electron microscopy (AC-TEM) we found that the 2D molybdenum carbide crystal undergoes a series of structural phase-transitions between phases α-γ’-γ phases upon sulfurization. Hybrid systems, such as the g’-phase, exhibit superconductivity with a higher critical temperature (Tc) than the original Mo2C compound, transitioning into the metallic g-phase upon increasing the sulfur content. This study demonstrates the stabilization of 2D γ-MoC and γ’- MoC1-x using Mo2C as the precursor, and provides an alternative way to enhance the superconductivity molybdenum carbides via a phase-transition in the carbide (or nitride in future) systems. Such atomically sharp superconductor/semiconductor heterojunctions are critical for functional electronic components.
4:00 PM - FF01.25.03
Characteristics of Gas Sensor Based on Molybdenum Disulfide/Graphene van der Waals Heterostructure
Shoji Maeda1,Ryota Isu1,Christopher Perini2,Daiju Terasawa3,Akira Fukuda3,Masatoshi Koyama1,Akira Fujimoto1,Yoshiyuki Harada1,Kazuto Koike1,Mitsuaki Yano1,Eric Vogel2
Osaka Institute of Technology1,Georgia Institute of Technology2,Hyogo College of Medicine3
Show AbstractGraphene and 2-dimensional (2D) materials such as transition-metal dichalcogenide (TMD) provide a wide range of unique electrical and optical properties. Such 2D gas-sensing materials possess structural advantages, for example, a high surface-to-volume ratio and the tunable functionality of the surface for decoration species. Therefore, they have attracted immense interest as new gas-sensing materials. In particular, the resistance of the device decreases when the n-type 2D sensing layer is exposed to reducing gases such as H2. Besides, van der Waals heterostructures(vdWH) consisting of graphene and TMD [1] also are fascinating a lot of researchers working on 2D materials. A MoS2/graphene vdWH is reported to show a significant change in resistance upon exposure to 1 ppm NO2, originating from the modulation of the Schottky barrier height at the interface [2]. The purpose of our study is to synthesize large-area MoS2 on SiO2/Si substrate. Furthermore, we make the transistors and the vdWH consisting of graphene and MoS2, which transduces gas-molecules adsorption on the surface and the interface into a change of the resistance.
In order to control the number of MoS2 layers and grow large-area MoS2, 1 nm Mo layer was deposited on SiO2/Si substrates by e-beam evaporation. The Mo films were then directly sulfurized in a furnace at 900 degrees for an hour. The grown large-area MoS2 films showed E12g Raman peak at 383.0 cm-1 and A1g one at 406.9 cm-1. This corresponds to a peak separation 23.9 cm-1 of 3 layers MoS2 [3]. We fabricated the MoS2 transistors and examined the back-gate voltage and the drain one (VD) dependences of the drain current (ID). We confirmed the linearity of VD–ID characteristics less than VD = 10 V. Moreover, we extracted the field-effect mobility for a transistor with gate length/width = 100 μm /100 μm, but the value was much smaller than that of a previous study [4], resulting from the poor crystallinity of our MoS2. However, this suggests our MoS2 has a lot of adsorbed sites and is of advantage to adsorb more gas molecules.
We employed chemical vapor deposited (CVD) single-layer graphene and MoS2/Graphene vdWH for gas-sensing. We put the devices on a sample stage heated at 200 degree C in a sealed test chamber and measured the resistance by flowing 1000 ppm H2, 100 ppm NO and 100 ppm NH3, respectively. NO gas becomes oxidizing NO2 gas in the air. These flow rates of these gases and dry air gas were adjusted with a mass flow controller. In the case of CVD graphene, the change rate in resistance was just about 3 % for these gases. These results are corresponding to previous research [5]. On the other hand, the change rate in resistance of MoS2/graphene vdWH was approximately 20% for H2 and NO gases. Furthermore, by increasing the flow rate of the NO gas from 10 ppm through 100 ppm, a step-like change of the resistance was observed, and we confirmed the change of the resistance responded to the flow rate of NO gas. One of the mechanisms of gas adsorption for our vdWH is that MoS2 acts as an adsorption layer and promotes the increase of hole concentration in graphene. Now we are making a lot of efforts to improve our vdWH and increase the Schottky barrier height, so that the resistance changes significantly by means of adsorbing gas molecules at the interface.
[1] A. K. Geim and I. V. Grigorieva, Nature, 499 419-425 (2013).
[2] H. Tabata et al., ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 10 38387-38393 (2018).
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4:15 PM - FF01.25.04
Work Function Engineering of Indium Alloys as Ultra-Clean Contacts for Two-Dimensional Semiconductors
Yan Wang1,Jong Chan Kim2,Jieun Yang1,Prasana Sahoo1,Hu Young Jeong2,Manish Chhowalla1
University of Cambridge1,UNIST Central Research Facilities and School of Materials Science and Engineering2
Show AbstractTwo dimensional (2D) transitional metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) such as molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) have been demonstrated to be excellent semi-conductors for ultra-thin field effect transistors (FETs). However, the main challenge for improving the performance of FETs using 2D semiconductors is lowering contact resistance. Studies have shown that the creation of van der Waals contacts by dry transfer (graphene1, hBN2, metal3) method can avoid damage to atomically thin TMD semiconductors caused by metal deposition. We recently reported the realization of ultra-clean van der Waals contact between Indium alloys and 2D materials4. Here, we take advantage of the soft nature of indium to alloy it metals such as Au, Pd, Pt and Co to vary the work function so that both hole and electron injection is facilitated. We have measured the work function of the alloys using Kelvin force microscopy and correlated them with band offsets in WSe2, MoSe2, and mixture of WSe2/MoSe2 devices. Furthermore, we have systematically studied how annealing at different temperatures affects the alloy/semiconductor interface and FET performance.
References:
1. Cui, X. et al. Multi-terminal transport measurements of MoS2 using a van der Waals heterostructure device platform. Nat. Nanotechnol. 10, 534–540 (2015).
2. Cui, X. et al. Low-Temperature Ohmic Contact to Monolayer MoS2 by van der Waals Bonded Co/h-BN Electrodes. Nano Lett. 17, 4781–4786 (2017).
3. Liu, Y. et al. Approaching the Schottky–Mott limit in van der Waals metal–semiconductor junctions. Nature 1 (2018). doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0129-8
4. Wang, Y. et al. Van der Waals contacts between three-dimensional metals and two-dimensional semiconductors. Nature 568, 70 (2019).