Thin-film Ag-CIGS (or ACIGS) solar cells and modules produced by MiaSolé Hi-Tech yield high efficiencies rivaling polycrystalline silicon-based modules but are based on a high-throughput, PVD-based deposition process on flexible stainless steel substrates. The process is unique among thin-film solar manufacturers in that a complete device stack is produced without a vacuum break in less than one hour. Using this manufacturing system, a high level of process control and stability is possible via real-time