Symposium Organizers
Oliver A. Williams Cardiff University
Richard B. Jackman University College London
Philippe Bergonzo CEA-LIST
Greg N. Swain Michigan State University
Kian Ping Loh National University Singapore
N1: Plenary
Session Chairs
Monday PM, November 28, 2011
Room 306 (Hynes)
9:30 AM - **N1.1
Recent Progress in Diamond Raman Lasers.
Richard Mildren 1
1 , MQ Photonics Research Centre, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia
Show AbstractDiamond’s relatively low mass elemental mass, strong bonding and highly symmetric lattice provide a host of attractive and outstanding properties including large Raman scattering cross-section, high thermal conductivity, wide transparency range and lattice stability to name a few. Interest in exploiting these properties for optical devices has increased recently in parallel with improvements in the quality of synthetic material grown by chemical vapor deposition. Diamond lasers, which use the phenomenon of stimulated Raman scattering to provide optical gain, is one area in the emergent fields of diamond photonics and optical engineering that has excellent prospects for addressing important challenges in laser source development. In this paper, the recent progress in diamond Raman lasers others will be reviewed. The talk will highlight areas in which diamond holds promise for enhancing laser performance beyond that easily achieved by other means and for addressing important applications.
10:00 AM - **N1.2
Surface Engineering of Graphene.
Andrew Wee 1 , Wei Chen 2 1
1 Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 0, Singapore, 2 Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore Singapore
Show AbstractA major challenge in graphene-based devices is opening the energy band gap and doping. Molecular functionalization of graphene is one approach to modifying its electronic properties. Surface transfer doping by surface modification with appropriate molecular donors or acceptors represents a simple and effective method to non-destructively dope graphene. Surface transfer doping relies on charge separation at interfaces, and represents a valuable tool for the controlled and non-destructive doping of 2D materials, since traditional dopant implantation methods are not suitable. Molecular self-assembly of bimolecular systems on graphene is demonstrated, and represents a controlled method of surface engineering the properties of graphene. The doping of epitaxial graphene using oxide thin films is also presented. The hole doping effect of graphene modified by MoO3 thin film is confirmed by electrical transport measurements on prototype graphene devices.
10:30 AM - **N1.3
Charge State Manipulation of Single Qubits in Diamond.
Moritz Hauf 1 , Bernhard Grotz 2 , Boris Naydenov 2 , Markus Dankerl 1 , Sebastien Pezzagna 3 , Jan Meijer 3 , Fedor Jelezko 4 , Jörg Wrachtrup 2 , Martin Stutzmann 1 , Friedemann Reinhard 2 , Jose Garrido 1
1 Walter Schottky Institut, Technische Universität München, Garching Germany, 2 Third Institute of Physics, Stuttgart University, Stuttgart Germany, 3 RUBION, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum Germany, 4 Institute of Quantum Optics, Ulm University, Ulm Germany
Show AbstractNitrogen-vacancy defects (NV) in the diamond lattice have been extensively studied in the past for several reasons. NV centers can act as single photon emitters in the visible range with absolute photo-stability. They have found applications in novel fields like quantum computation [1] and single spin magnetometry. In this context, it is of great interest to understand the effect of diamond surface termination and gain control over the charge state of NV centers in diamond.In ensemble experiments with shallow implanted defects we have shown that by changing the diamond surface termination from oxygen to hydrogen, the fluorescence of the negatively charged NV (NV-) can be suppressed. This effect depends on the implantation energy and dose used for the creation of NV-centers in diamond by low-energy nitrogen implantation [2]. We attribute this behavior to the band bending which occurs at hydrogen-terminated diamond surfaces according to the transfer-doping model. A two-dimensional hole gas is formed at the diamond surface, converting the NV- to either neutral (NV0) or even positively charged NV-centers (NV+). Recently, we have shown that electrostatic control of the charge state of single NV centers can be achieved by using H-terminated surface-conductive diamond devices and an electrolyte gate electrode. Similar to diamond solution-gated field effect transistors [3], the electrolytic gate electrode provides a precise control over the Fermi level position at the diamond surface. In areas of high nitrogen implantation density, this allows a reversible switching of NV centers from NV- to NV0, whereas in areas of low implantation density single centers could be switched from NV0 into a state which shows now fluorescence, most likely NV+. We have performed self-consistent numerical simulations which can reproduce the surface band bending and the concurrent disappearance of the NV--fluorescence for hydrogen-terminated diamond surfaces in contact with an electrolyte. Furthermore, we can simulate the control of the charge state with an external electrolytic gate for the charge transfer levels NV0/- as well as NV+/0.[1]P. Neumann et al., Nat. Phys. 6, 249 (2010)[2]M.V. Hauf et al., Phys. Rev. B 83, 081304 (2011)[3]M. Dankerl et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 196103 (2011)
N2: Nitrogen Vacancy Centres in Diamond
Session Chairs
Monday PM, November 28, 2011
Room 306 (Hynes)
11:30 AM - **N2.1
Diamond Nanophotonics and Quantum Optics.
Marko Loncar 1 , Tom Babinec 1 , Birgit Hausmann 1 , Jennifer Choy 1 , Irfan Bulu 1 , Yinan Zhang 1 , Qimin Quan 1
1 School of Engineering and Applied Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
Show AbstractIndividual color centers in diamond have recently emerged as a promising solid-state platform for quantum communication and quantum information processing systems, as well as sensitive nanoscale magnetometry with optical read-out. Performance of these systems can be significantly improved by engineering optical properties of color centers using nanophotonic approaches. In this work we describe a high-flux, room temperature, source of single photons based on an individual Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) center embedded in a top-down nanofabricated, single crystal diamond nanowires1, 2, plasmonic nano-apertures3, and diamond-based optical cavities4 and waveguides. Using the nanowire geometry, for example, an order of magnitude brighter single photon source is realized, with an order of magnitude lower pump power, compared to an NV center in a bulk diamond1. By embedding diamond nanowires in metals3, it is possible to further increase photon flux by increasing photon production rate via Purcell effect. To that end, we demonstrated Purcell factors of ~6 in geometry that consists of diamond nanoposts embedded in silver. Finally, recently we demonstrated optical nanocavities and waveguides fabricated directly in thin diamond films5. Single-photon emission of NV centers embedded in diamond ring resonators, featuring quality factors on the order of 10,000, has been demonstrated. These devices could enable strong coupling between photons and NV centers. 1.T.M. Babinec, B.M. Hausmann, M. Khan, Y. Zhang, J. Maze, P.R. Hemmer, M. Lončar, Nature Nanotechnology, 5, 195 (2010) 2.B.J.M. Hausmann*, T.M. Babinec*, J.T. Choy*, J.S. Hodges, S. Hong, I. Bulu, A. Yacoby, M.D. Lukin, M. Lončar, New Journal of Physics, 13, 045004 (2011)3.I. Bulu, T.M. Babinec, B.M. Hausmann, J.T. Choy, M. Lončar, Optics Express, 19, 5268-5276 (2011)4.B. J. Hausmann, J. Choy, T. Babinec, Q. Quan, M. McCutcheon, P. Maletinsky, A. Yacoby, M. Loncar, CLEO/QuELS 2011, Baltimore, MD May 5, 2011
12:00 PM - N2.2
Electrical Tuning of Single Nitrogen Vacancy Center States Enhanced by Photoinduced Fields.
F. Joseph Heremans 1 , Lee Bassett 1 , Christopher Yale 1 , Bob Buckley 1 , David Awschalom 1
1 Center for Spintronics and Quantum Computation, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States
Show AbstractThe nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond is an excellent qubit candidate due to its long spin coherence, optical addressability, and fast manipulation rates, along with the engineering flexibility of solid-state devices. Furthermore, the coherent coupling of the electronic spin of a single NV center to light [1] provides a pathway towards integrating NV centers into photonic networks as well as for on-demand generation of spin-photon entanglement. Such applications require the ability to tune the NV-center optical transitions to compensate for the natural variations in local strain caused by sample inhomogeneities that perturbs the electronic orbital states. Here we demonstrate a method to electrically tune individual NV-center orbital Hamiltonians into specific regimes via the DC Stark effect by applying voltages to lithographic gates [2]. The DC Stark shifts reveal a significantly enhanced electric field due to the photoionization of deep charge traps within the diamond. These reproducible fields are predominantly directed perpendicular to the diamond surface allowing for three-dimensional control of the local electric field vector with surface gates only. By harnessing this effect, we are able to tune the excited-state orbitals of individual NV centers to degeneracy, a requirement for several spin-photon entanglement schemes. We also demonstrate the ability to tune multiple NV centers to the same degenerate transition energy. This method should enable the coherent coupling of multiple NV-center spins to indistinguishable photons within a photonic network.[1] B. B. Buckley, G. D. Fuchs, L. C. Bassett, and D. D. Awschalom, Science 330, 1212 (2010).[2] L. C. Bassett, F. J. Heremans, C. G. Yale, B. B. Buckley, and D. D. Awschalom, submitted (2011), arXiv:1104.3878v1 [cond-mat.mes-hall].
12:15 PM - N2.3
In Situ Optimization of NV-Center Creation.
Julian Schwartz 1 , Christoph Weis 1 , Thomas Schenkel 1
1 , LBNL, Berkeley, California, United States
Show AbstractThe NV-defect in diamond has been discussed as an excellent candidate for quantum-information processing at room-temperature. While creating these defect-centers by ion implantation with sufficient spatial resolution to enable entanglement is within reach, the challenge of deterministic creation (conversion efficiency >50%) remains. Increasing the conversion efficiency through co-implantation was studied using different co-implant species and fluences at room temperature and 780 C[1]. Despite the significantly different damage profiles of H, He and C, which were used for the co-implantation, the conversion efficiency did not show a species dependence and displayed similar trends across all combinations of parameters. This strongly indicates the additional effects of charging and possibly defect clustering, by which NV centers are prevented from forming or are trapped into an optically inactive state. We present first experimental results and discuss a strategic approach for investigating this phenomenon.This work was supported by the Laboratory Directed Research and Development Programof the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory under US Department of Energy contract no.DE-AC02-05CH11231 and through the DARPA Quest program.References[1] J Schwartz, P Michaelides, C D Weis and T Schenkel, New J. Phys.13, 035022 (2011)
12:30 PM - N2.4
The NV Color Center Qubit in Diamond as Readout for Molecular Qubits.
Wolfgang Harneit 1 2 , Rolf-Simon Schoenfeld 2 , Markus Nimmrich 1 , Angelika Kuehnle 1
1 Institut fuer Physikalische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Univeritaet Mainz, Mainz Germany, 2 Institut fuer Experimentalphysik, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin Germany
Show AbstractThe nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color center is a promising candidate for quantum information processing. Individual NV spins are very robust objects that can be coherently manipulated at room temperature, and used for fast and precise magnetometry. The only drawback of this solid-state qubit is that it cannot be created deliberately with atomic precision due to the inherent limitations of ion implantation. Molecular spin qubits, like the fullerene-encapsulated nitrogen atom N@C60, can be purified chemically and then placed on a Si surface with atomic resolution. The challenge of this project is to use the difficult diamond surface instead and engineer a coherent coupling between N@C60 and a shallow NV center. This would enable truly scalable quantum information processing.We have already achieved the first atomic resolution-imaging of single-crystalline diamond using non-contact AFM [1]. Using nanodiamonds (<50 nm diameter) as a model source for shallow NV centers, we demonstrated that even these slightly less advantageous qubits can be used at room-temperature in a quantum algorithm [2] and for magnetometry [3]. First steps to engineering the desired coupling will also be reported.References:[1] M. Nimmrich et al., Phys. Rev.B 106 (2010) 040504. [2] F. Shi, W. Harneit et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 (2010) 040504.[3] R.S. Schoenfeld and W. Harneit, Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 (2011) 030802.
12:45 PM - N2.5
A Diamond Quantum Router of Single Photons at Room Temperature.
Birgit Hausmann 1 , Brendan Shields 2 , Qimin Quan 1 , Jennifer Choy 1 , Murray McCutcheon 1 , Patrick Maletinsky 2 , Tom Babinec 1 , Yiwen Chu 2 , Alexander Kubanek 2 , Amir Yacoby 2 , Mikhail Lukin 2 , Marko Loncar 1
1 SEAS, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, 2 Physics Department, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
Show AbstractWe present an all-diamond photonic platform on chip for single photon routing as well as broadband optical characterization. An all-diamond photonic network on chip requires coupling of a quantum emitter to a low-loss optical cavity that is efficiently coupled to a routing element such as a waveguide while offering scalability to obtain multi-coupling between resonators and routing elements preferably at room temperature for practical applications. Here, we combine room temperature operation with efficient routing of single photons from a Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) defect center [1] that are emitted into the tightly confined mode of a high-finesse ring resonator and evanescently coupled to a waveguide [2]. The single photon flux is extracted efficiently via gratings. Our approach offers versatile scalability of elements. Room temperature routing of single photon flux opens up scenarios for photon entanglement created on chip and extracted in free space which opens up a new route towards quantum key distribution and perfectly secure quantum cryptography.We also present measurements demonstrating broadband operation of single diamond ring resonators on quartz substrate in a transmission tapered fiber set-up in the telecom regime as well as in a scanning confocal microscope in the VIS. Quality factors as high as 12000 were measured [3].
N3: Doping and Devices
Session Chairs
Monday PM, November 28, 2011
Room 306 (Hynes)
3:00 PM - **N3.1
Delta-Doped Diamond Transistor Design.
Etienne Gheeraert 1
1 Institut Néel, CNRS and University Joseph Fourier, Grenoble France
Show AbstractDiamond is a very attractive material for high power and high frequency electronic applications because of its exceptional physical properties. But diamond devices face one specific difficulty: at room temperature, because of the high ionisation energy of dopants, 0.38 eV for boron and 0.6 eV for phosphorus, free carrier density is very low at room temperature, and resistivity is consequently very high. Ionization energy can be reduced with an increase in the doping concentration, down to zero at the metal-insulator transition, but it also induces a detrimental decrease in the carrier mobility. The solution, proposed initially for silicon in the 80’s and then for diamond, is to fabricate a very thin heavily delta-doped layer in sandwich between two high purity diamond epilayers. The quantum confinement in this thin layer induces a delocalization of the free carriers out of the doped region, allowing holes to move into a high mobility diamond. If the doping level is high enough to reach the metal-insulator transition, ie 4e20 cm-3, then a high hole concentration is expected, even at room temperature. The first critical point is to get a quantum confinement strong enough to delocalize a significant part of the free carriers out of the delta layer. The second point is the ability to modulate the hole concentration with a top gate to build a field effect transistor.In order to get quantitative values regarding these two critical points, we simulated the delta structure solving the Schrödinger and Poisson equations consistently. From the quantum confinement of the hole wavefunctions and their occupancy ratio, the part of holes moving out of the delta layer was deduced, depending on the doping level and delta layer thickness. Then, the field effect control of the hole concentration was addressed. In particular, results show that the diamond breakdown field, even very high, limits the sheet carrier density in the structure, otherwise the field is not strong enough to deplete the channel and close the transistor. Detailed behaviour of the delta structure will be presented, and the transistor properties depending on device structure will be discussed.
3:30 PM - N3.2
Dopant Uniformity in Boron Doped Single Crystal Diamond Films.
Shannon Demlow 1 , Dzung Tran 1 , Nutthamon Suwanmonkha 1 , Isil Berkun 1 , Michael Becker 2 , Timothy Hogan 1 , Timothy Grotjohn 1 2
1 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States, 2 , Fraunhofer USA Center for Coatings and Laser Applications, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
Show AbstractDue to its superlative properties, such as a wide bandgap, high breakdown voltage, and high electron and hole mobilities, diamond is a potentially exceptional semiconductor for electronic applications, especially high-temperature and high-power devices. Doping issues continue to be a limitation in this field, and the realization of useful electronic devices requires high quality films with controlled and uniform dopant levels. Precision doping is of increasing concern, as delta, or nm scale, doping, has become an increasingly active area of research for enabling active diamond devices. In our previous work on characterization of boron-doped single crystal diamond (SCD), we have used temperature-dependent conductivity measurements to fit the activation energy, and investigated feedgas chemistries containing carbon dioxide for the control of doping for boron incorporation levels less than 1017 cm-3 [1,2]. We have also compared infrared absorption techniques and SIMS measurements for the determination of incorporated boron, and have shown that infrared absorption spectroscopy is sensitive to surface defects on grown samples [1].This work expands upon our previous effort to grow and characterize high-quality diamond for electrical applications. Films are deposited on high pressure high temperature SCD substrates in a microwave plasma-assisted CVD reactor with feedgas mixtures including hydrogen, methane, diborane, and carbon dioxide. The effect of carbon dioxide in the feedgas mixture on the incorporated boron is further investigated, and results showing the resulting decrease in electrically active boron are presented. We investigated the dopant spatial variation and the role of defect formation on boron incorporation, using infrared and Raman spectroscopy, conductivity and Hall effect measurements, secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We present the results of our investigation of the spatial uniformity of the dopant profile in boron doped diamond both across the growth surface and versus depth into the film, as well the properties of the boron doped layers as a function of temperature. Results for boron concentration levels ranging from below 1017 cm-3 to approximately 1020 cm-3 are reported. References[1] S.N. Demlow, M. Becker, and T. Grotjohn, Electrical Conduction Properties of Single Crystal, Boron-Doped Diamond Films, New Diamond and Nano Carbon Confernce (2011). [2] S.N. Demlow, T.A. Grotjohn, T. Hogan, M. Becker and J. Asmussen, Determination of Boron Concentration in Doped Diamond Films, MRS Proceedings (2011) 1282, mrsf10-1282-a05-15 doi:10.1557/opl.2011.444
3:45 PM - N3.3
Sharp Doped Delta Interfaces by Tuning the Species Residence Time.
Pierre-Nicolas Volpe 1 , Nicolas Tranchant 1 , Jean - Charles Arnault 1 , Christine Mer 1 , Samuel Saada 1 , François Jomard 2 , Philippe Bergonzo 1
1 , CEA - LIST, Gif sur Yvette France, 2 , GeMaC - CNRS, Meudon France
Show AbstractDelta doping of diamond is seen as a very promising route to fabricate novel generation power and electronic devices [1,2]. Nevertheless, the achievement of abrupt interfaces requires low residence time for involved species.We report on the growth optimisation of diamond boron doped single crystals in a MPCVD reactor where the gas injection has been especially designed to reduce the residence time of species in the substrate vicinity. This technique was applied to rising and descending boron profiles. Reflectometry and SIMS results will be shown with very promising profiles from 2*10^21 to 2*10^16 at/cm3 displaying doping gradients close to 3 nm/decade. [1] PN.Volpe, P.Muret, J.Pernot, F.Omnès, T.Teraji, F.Jomard, D. Planson, P.Brosselard, N.Dheilly, B.Vergne, S.Scharnholtz. Applied Physic Letters, 97, 22, 223501 (2010).[2] P. Muret, P.N. Volpe, T.-N. Tran-Thi, J. Pernot, C. Hoarau, F. Omnès, T. TerajiDiamond and Related Materials, 20, Issue 3, 285-289 (2011).
N4: Diamond Nanoparticles: Properties and Applications
Session Chairs
Monday PM, November 28, 2011
Room 306 (Hynes)
4:30 PM - **N4.1
Odour Monitoring Using Nanodiamond Based Gravimetric Sensor Arrays and Multiparametric Learning for Security Applications.
Emmanuel Scorsone 1 , Benoit Tard 1 , Philippe Bergonzo 1
1 , CEA-LIST, Gif-sur-Yvette France
Show AbstractGenerally speaking gravimetric gas sensors are made of a mass sensitive transducer, such as a micro-cantilever, quartz crystal microbalance or surface acoustic wave (SAW) device coated with a sensitive layer designed to have a high affinity with target molecules. The transducers are resonant devices which exhibit a shift in the resonant frequency upon mass loading when the gas molecules interact with the coating. High sensitivity is achieved both by the transducer and the coating whereas selectivity is mostly achieved by the coating. The design of highly specific sensors is only possible using coatings made of highly specific receptors. Unfortunately 100 % specific receptors or close only exist in biology and include antibodies, enzymes, DNA, etc. These receptors are generally not optimum for operation in the gas phase and their fairly short lifetime limits their use for field applications. Hence non biological receptors would be preferred, but unfortunately no such material has been shown to be 100 % specific to any volatile compound to date. Also the use of highly specific single sensors is not adequate for odor measurement which generally requires the detection of complex gas mixtures. An alternative approach consists of using a multisensor array. In this array, each sensor is coated with a different selective layer having each a broad selectivity to chemical compounds or families of compounds. The relative response signal of the sensors recorded simultaneously gives a fingerprint of a single gas or gas mixture. Combining this approach with data training and pattern recognition tools enables the discrimination of odors even though each individual sensor is not selective. The sensors used in this approach often take advantage of the availability of a wide range of polymers coatings but those feature a number of critical issues such as premature aging, poisoning, lack of reproducibility, etc. In the recent year we have developed alternative coatings made of functionalized nanodiamond. These are coated in particular onto highly sensitive 433 MHz SAW enabling the detection of hazardous volatile compounds in the low ppb range. The small size of the diamond nanoparticles enables high control of coating thickness hence a high level of reproducibility and high sensitivity due to high surface area. Moreover the sp3 nature of the grains offer a robust platform onto which can be immobilized a wide variety of receptors using the carbon chemistry via chemical or plasma routes that will be exposed. The diamond sensor arrays have allowed the selective detection of DMMP, a stimulant for sarin gas, as well as explosive vapors (EGDN, dynamite, etc.) for instance when hidden in a luggage. An insight toward the next generation diamond sensor arrays functionalized with highly stable odorant binding proteins will also be discussed.
5:00 PM - N4.2
Electrostatic Self-Assembly of Diamond Nanoparticles.
Oliver Williams 1 2 , Jakob Hees 2 , Armin Kriele 2
1 School of Physics & Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff United Kingdom, 2 Micro and Nano Sensors, Fraunhofer IAF, Freiburg, BW, Germany
Show AbstractDiamond nanoparticles are exciting candidates for a diverse array of applications from single photon sources, through drug delivery and bio-labelling to the nucleation sites for growth of nanocrystalline diamond films. The apparent lack of toxicity, facile functionalisation strategies and stability makes them ideal bio-markers and drug delivery agents. The high quantum yield, photostability and fluorescence in the visible range are highly desirable optical properties for both bio-labelling and solid-state single photon sources.For both biological solution based colloids and solid-state substrate supported nanoparticle systems, the diamond nanoparticles must be individually accessible and treatable en masse. In both cases the nanoparticles are initially manipulated in colloidal dispersions and thus the nature of diamond nanoparticles in solution is critical. Unfortunately, diamond nanoparticles produced by the detonation process are tightly bound in aggregates that are difficult to separate into mono-disperse particle colloids. The aggregate size can be up to 100 nm in solution, far in excess of the 5 nm core particle sizes, rendering the dispersions inadequate for the majority of the aforementioned applications.Recently it has been shown that prior treatment of the particles by high temperature annealing in hydrogen gas or air can yield mono-disperse colloids of diamond nanoparticles. Although these approaches solve the colloidal dispersion issue, there is little information on the assembly of these nanoparticles at solid–liquid interfaces. This is a critical step for the production of high nucleation densities of diamond nanoparticles for the nucleation of nanocrystalline diamond films and reducing the nucleation density for discrete single photon emitters supported on quartz or other substrates. In this work we explain the mechanism behind the self-assembly of diamond nanoparticles onto silicon dioxide surfaces. Silicon dioxide is chosen due to it being the natural oxide of all silicon wafers and thus omnipresent in silicon supported diamond nanoparticle systems. It is also the most used transparent substrate for supported diamond nanoparticle single photon emitters. Characterisation of the zeta potential of both the diamond and silicon dioxide shows a clear pH window of electrostatic attraction, outside of which the system is unstable. By controlling the surface groups of the diamond nanoparticles and the pH of the solution, it is possible to yield either very high nucleation densities ideal for diamond growth (~1012cm-2) or low nucleation densities (<109cm-2) ideal for discrete single photon sources.
5:15 PM - N4.3
Detonation Nanodiamons: Properties and Selected Applications.
Robert Edgington 1 , Richard Jackman 1
1 London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London United Kingdom
Show AbstractNanodiamonds (NDs), synthesized by a detonation process [1] are typically formed of 5nm core crystals tightly aggregated to sub-micron particles. Recent advances in the methods for treating these particles have enabled solutions of disaggregated NDs to be prepared [2], from which is it possible to coat 3D objects with NDs using simple room temperature sonication methods. In contrast, the deposition of thin film diamond using plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition (CVD) requires elevated temperatures (~8500C) ruling out many substrate materials, and complex plasma engineering for 3D coating. Hence, there is considerable interest in exploring the properties of NDs, and contrasting them to thin film diamond, and in applications for ND coatings on a wide range of substrates. In this paper, methods for producing and processing NDs will be reviewed, and the electrical properties of both aggregated [3] and monodispersed [4] forms of NDs considered. Interestingly, both forms of ND show properties remarkable similar to thin film diamond, in terms of their dielectric properties. Different forms of surface functionilisation of NDs, and the methods for producing them will be discussed. Diamond-based ISFETs have previously been demonstrated to be effective sensors, when the p-type conductive channel if formed by so-called ‘surface-transfer doping’ involved hydrogenation of the diamond surface. However, this form of device suffers from instability due to the need for an adsorbate layer to activate the doping process. We have recently shown that an ND coating on the gate region of such an ISFET obviates the need for such an adsorbate layer, leading to more stable ISFET operation [5]. We have recently reported upon the suitability of nanodiamond monolayers to act as a platform for neuronal cell growth [6]. Neurons cultured on various ND-coated substrates perform remarkably well, without the need for the standard protein-coated materials normally required for their initial cell attachment. Moreover, sustained neurite outgrowth, cell-autonomous neuronal excitability and excellent functionality of the resulting electrical networks result. Hence, it would appear ND layering provides an excellent growth substrate on various materials for functional neuronal networks and bypasses the necessity of protein coating, which promises great potential for chronic medical implants.[1] Shenderova et al Crit. Rev. Solid State Mater. Sci., 27, 227 (2002)[2] Williams et al Chem. Phys. Letts., 445, 255 (2007) [3] Bevilacqua et al Appl. Phys. Letts., 93, 132115 (2008) [4] Chaudhary et al., Appl. Phys. Letts., 96, 242903 (2010) [5] Ahmad et al Appl. Phys. Letts., 97, 203503 (2010) [6] Thalhammer et al, Biomaterials 31, 2097 (2010)
5:30 PM - N4.4
Surface Reconstruction and Selective Reoxidation on Annealed Detonation Nanodiamond.
Tristan Petit 1 , Jean-Charles Arnault 1 , Hugues Girard 1 , Mohamed Sennour 2 , Tsai-Yang Kang 3 , Chia-Liang Cheng 3 , Philippe Bergonzo 1
1 Diamond Sensors Laboratory, CEA-LIST, Gif-sur-Yvette France, 2 Paristech CNRS UMR 7633, Mines Paris, Evry Taiwan, 3 Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, Hua-Lien Taiwan
Show AbstractThe use of nanodiamond is very attractive for biomedical applications due to their unique surface chemistry and their fluorescent emitting centers like NV centers. The chemical reactivity of the sp3 carbon on the nanodiamond surface terminated with different groups such as carboxyls[1], hydroxyls[2] or hydrogen[3] is now well controlled and enables various functionalization routes. However it was shown recently that sp2 hybridized carbon on the nanodiamond surface could also lead to outstanding chemical[4] or catalytic[5] reactivities. If it is well-known that nanodiamonds are progressively transformed into Onion-Like Carbon (OLC) by annealing under vacuum at temperature above 1100°C[6], surface modifications of nanodiamonds occurring at temperatures below 1000°C remain unclear. This temperature range is though particularly interesting because it corresponds to the early stages of surface graphitization without alteration of the diamond core.In this study we investigate the surface modifications on detonation nanodiamonds induced by annealing under vacuum at temperature lower than 1000°C. We demonstrate by XPS, AES and HRTEM analysis that the nanodiamond surface reconstructs into graphitic nanostructures that can be controlled down to a single fullerene-like shell. Furthermore, we observed that after air exposure, the surface was spontaneously and selectively reoxidized. Consequently, the annealed nanodiamond could easily be suspended in water and have a highly positive zeta potential. The role of surface chemistry on the zeta potential change will also be discussed based on XPS, FTIR and DLS characterizations.1. Huang, L.-C.L. and H.-C. Chang. Langmuir, 2004. 20(14): p. 5879--5884.2. Krueger, A., et al. Langmuir, 2008. 24(8): p. 4200--4204.3. Girard, H.A., et al. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2011. 13(24): p. 11517-11523.4. Meinhardt, T., et al., 2011. 21(3): p. 494-500.5. Zhang, J., et al., Angewandte Chemie, 2010. 49(46): p. 8640-8644.6. Kuznetsov, V.L., et al., Journal of Applied Physics, 1999. 86(2): p. 863-870.
5:45 PM - N4.5
Fluorescent Nanodiamonds as Vector for siRNA Delivery to Ewing Sarcoma Cells.
Anna AlHaddad 2 , Marie-Pierre Adam 1 , Catherine Durieu 3 , Jacques Botsoa 1 , Géraldine Dantelle 4 , Sandrine Perruchas 4 , Thierry Gacoin 4 , Christelle Mansuy 5 , Solange Lavielle 5 , Claude Malvy 2 , Eric Le Cam 3 , Francois Treussart 1 , Jean-Rémi Bertrand 2
2 Laboratoire de Vectorologie et Théapeutiques Anticancéreuses, CNRS UMR8203, Université Paris Sud 11, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif France, 1 Laboratoire de Photonique Quantique et Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 8537, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, Cachan France, 3 Laboratoire de Signalisation, Noyaux et Innovations en cancérologie, CNRS UMR8126, Université Paris Sud 11, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif France, 4 Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée, CNRS UMR7643, , Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau France, 5 Laboratoire des Biomolécules, CNRS UMR7203, Université Pierre et Marie Curie,, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris France
Show AbstractNanotechnologies are opening new routes to the anti-cancer drug-delivery domain, providing a good tissue distribution and a low toxicity. Drug delivery vehicles relying on nanoparticles have been proposed, among which the one made of diamond (size<20 nm) is a promising candidate [1].We have investigated the delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) by nanodiamonds (ND) into cells in culture, in the context of the treatment of a rare child bone cancer (Ewing sarcoma) by such a gene therapy. siRNA is adsorbed onto the NDs after their coating with cationic polymers, so that the interaction is strong enough for the complex to pass the cell membrane without losing the drug, while not preventing its subsequent release.The cellular studies showed a specific inhibition of the gene expression by the ND-vectorized siRNA, at the mRNA and protein levels. The fluorescence of color center created in the nanodiamonds was used to monitor the release in the intracellular medium of fluorescently-labeled siRNA. This technique brings a quantitative insight in the efficiency of siRNA to stop cell proliferation [2].We also investigated in details the internalization process and the intracellular release of siRNA by the cationic NDs, using a combination of Transmission Electron Microscopy analysis, fluorescence microscopy and chromatography techniques. Different behaviors were observed depending on the type of cationic polymer, offering a tool for a better control of the delivery process.References[1] E.K. Chow et al., Sci Transl Med 3, 73ra21 (2011)[2] A. AlHaddad et al., submitted, arXiv:1106.2252v1 [q-bio.BM]
Symposium Organizers
Oliver A. Williams Cardiff University
Richard B. Jackman University College London
Philippe Bergonzo CEA-LIST
Greg N. Swain Michigan State University
Kian Ping Loh National University Singapore
N5: Electron Emission
Session Chairs
Tuesday AM, November 29, 2011
Room 306 (Hynes)
9:30 AM - N5.1
Secondary Electron Emission from Hydrogenated Nanocrystalline Surfaces: A Temporal Study.
Joseph Welch 1 , Aysha Chaudhary 1 , Richard Jackman 1
1 London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London United Kingdom
Show AbstractSecondary electron emission from diamond surfaces which display negative electron affinity (NEA) can be used for the purposes of electron amplification. There are two approaches currently under investigation for the formation of stable NEA diamond surfaces. The first involves the addition of a monolayer of an alkali metal, such as Cs or Li, to the diamond surface. A simpler method involves hydrogenating the diamond surface. When sample surface is hydrogenated, the electron affinity drops so the diamond surface becomes NEA, which assists in the emission of the secondary electrons. Before any NEA is revealed any wetting layer, must be removed, since water adds on an extra layer of OH2 molecules, which constitutes a second capacitor. This capacitor is in series with the first capacitor of C-H, thereby increasing the surface electron affinity to positive (PEA). However, When primary electrons impinge onto the hydrogenated sample surface, the hydrogen desorbs over time, which in turn reduces NEA as the vacuum-barrier height becomes too high for the secondary electrons to escape.In this paper the temporal evolution of the secondary emission yield (SEY), or electron gain, is explored at different temperatues. Gains greater than 10 can be readily recorded, and it can be shown that the surface can be made sufficiently stable for some types of electron amplification applications, where low currents are used.
9:45 AM - N5.2
Diamond: Photocathode and Electron Amplifier.
John Smedley 1 , Ilan Ben-Zvi 1 , Xiangyun Chang 1 , Jonahan Rameau 1 , Triveni Rao 1 , Erdong Wang 1 , Qiong Wu 1 , Erik Muller 2 , Tianmu Xin 2
1 , Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, United States, 2 Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Upton, New York, United States
Show AbstractDue to its ability to form a stable negative electron affinity (NEA) surface, diamond can operate as both an electron amplifier and as a photocathode. It has the potential to dramatically increase the average current available from photoinjectors, perhaps to the ampere-class performance necessary for flux-competitive fourth-generation light sources. We report on electron emission from hydrogen-terminated diamond, with both photon and electron generated carriers. An emission gain of over 200 has been achieved using a thermionic cathode; electron emission has also been observed with photon-generated carriers. The emission mechanism from H-terminated diamond has been investigated using Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy, with both laser (6 eV) and synchrotron (12-20 eV) illumination. A novel emission mechanism relying on optical phonons to connect the conduction band minimum to the gamma point, allowing normal emission of electrons, has been identified. The implications of this mechanism on the function of the amplifier as an electron source will be discussed.
10:00 AM - N5.3
Ultraviolet Photodetector Driven by Diamond Cold Cathode.
Tomoaki Masuzawa 1 , Richika Kato 1 , Masanori Onishi 1 , Yuki Kudo 2 , Ichitaro Saito 3 , Takatoshi Yamada 4 , Ken Okano 1
1 Dept. of Physics, ICU, Tokyo Japan, 2 Graduate School of Pure and Applied Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba Japan, 3 Dept. of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge United Kingdom, 4 Nanotube research center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Japan
Show AbstractRecent advances in optical engineering opened up various applications using ultraviolet (UV) light. These applications include a new generation optical storage device, UV photolithography, and medical diagnosis such as positron emission tomography (PET). For integrated devices, a common choice for a low-cost UV detector is a silicon (Si) avalanche photodiode (APD), though the relatively narrow band gap of Si tends to result in a high dark current. For such applications, solid-state APDs are intensively studied using wide-gap semiconductors, such as silicon carbide and various nitride materials [1][2]. In medical diagnosis, however, detection of weak UV light is becoming more important, and a demand in high sensitive photodetectors is much greater than that in fabrication cost or device size. In such field, photo multiplier tubes are still commonly used for their high gain (~1,000,000) and low dark current, even though they require high operation voltage of ~1kV and have slow response due to signal multiplication process. In order to develop a high-gain UV detector with low operation voltage and short response time, we propose a photodetector that consists of a diamond cold cathode and selenium-based photoconductive film.In our previous studies, we were focusing on fabrication of a photodetector, which is one of the practical applications of cold cathode, by combining a diamond cold cathode and an amorphous selenium (a-Se) photoconductor. The prototype photodetector showed a low operation voltage, and could detect visible lights of ~0.5 lx [3].In this study, an attempt was made to detect UV light using the prototype photodetector. Field emission characteristics of the detector are compared between under UV illumination versus no illumination. The result suggested an increase in the emission current with a fixed operating voltage, by the UV light illumination. This indicated that the fabricated prototype photodetector could detect UV light. Although the detection efficiency is not high compared to solid-state avalanche photodiodes in previous studies, drastic improvement in the detection gain is expected when the device is operated in the avalanche multiplication mode.[1] X. Xin et al., IEEE Electronics Letters 41 (2005) 212.[2] J. B. Limb et al., Appl. Phys. Lett 89 (2006) 011112.[3] N. Kato et al., J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 24 (2006) 1035.
10:15 AM - **N5.4
Nanostructure TEM Analysis of Diamond Cold Cathode Field Emitters.
Travis Wade 3 , Nikkon Ghosh 1 , James Wittig 1 3 , Weng Kang 1 , Larry Allard 4 , Kinga Unocic 4 , Jim Davidson 1 3 , Norman Tolk 2 3
3 Material Science & Eng, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States, 1 Electrical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States, 4 , Oak Ridge National Labs, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States, 2 Physics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
Show AbstractChemical vapor deposited (CVD) diamond is an attractive material for electron field emitters, in part because of its low or negative electron affinity, mechanical strength, and chemical inertness. CVD nanodiamond possesses unique properties including controlled sp2-carbon content and p-type electrical conductivity when doped with boron. Arrays of ultra-sharp diamond tips with a radius of curvature less than 5 nm have been fabricated and show significant improvement in emission brightness and turn-on field compared to other field emitters. Variation in field-dependent emission thresholds is considered to arise from variation in the geometric field enhancement factor of individual tips, followed by the additional emission of more tips as the field increases. However, above 5V/µm, all participating tips are observed to be active and electron emission behavior is consistent with the Fowler-Nordheim electron tunneling description. Irregularities in emission behavior between tips were historically attributed to anomalies in the fabrication process: “sharp” vs. “less sharp” tips. However, differences have been observed in electron emission thresholds between tips that appear to be equally well formed. This study examines the emitter to provide insight into how surface and subsurface structure may affect emission.Sub-surface parameters including dopant concentrations, oriented graphite present at grain boundaries on the diamond surfaces, and structural features such as voids, influence the transport of electrons to the emitter surface. As a principal mode of electron conduction in nanodiamond, the presence and orientation of graphite at the grain boundaries may substantially influence a tip’s electron emission behavior. Transmission electron microscopy performed in this study provides new insight into tip structure and composition with implications for field emission and diamond growth.
N6: Biosensors and Bioelectronics
Session Chairs
Tuesday PM, November 29, 2011
Room 306 (Hynes)
11:15 AM - **N6.1
Diamond and Graphene: Advanced Carbon Materials for Bioelectronics.
Jose Garrido 1
1 Walter Schottky Institut, TU München, Garching Germany
Show AbstractBiosensing and bioelectronic applications have enormously profited from employing field effect transistors as transducing devices, mainly due to their intrinsic amplification capability and the high integration offered by semiconductor technology. Due to the maturity of Si technology, most of the work with the so-called solution-gated field effect transistors (SGFETs) has been done based on Si-MOSFETs. However, several disadvantages of the Si technology, such as high electronic noise and poor stability, have motivated the search for more suitable materials. The sensitivity of SGFETs devices largely depends on the distance between the conductive channel and the surface. Therefore, the use of FETs structures with surface channels offer clear advantages. In this respect, the surface conductive channel of hydrogenated diamond appears as an ideal candidate for the development of highly sensitive SGFETs. Similarly, the surface conduction offered by graphene offers similar, if not better, potential. Furthermore, the facile integration of graphene electronics with flexible substrates might open the way for a true breakthrough in the field of electrically functional neural prosthesesIn this contribution, I will report on our work towards the development of graphene- and diamond-based platforms for applications in biosensing and bioelectronics. The electronic properties of graphene and diamond in contact with aqueous electrolytes will be discussed. It will be shown that the graphene/electrolyte and the diamond/electrolyte interfaces can be exploited for capacitive charging using a gate electrode to control the electrolyte potential, thus enabling the preparation of SGFETs. Graphene and diamond SGFETs will be compared to Si-SGFETs based on the gate sensitivity and low-frequency noise performance of these devices. Both diamond and graphene SGFETs will be shown to exhibit a high transconductance and correspondingly high sensitivity, together with an effective gate noise as low as tens of µV. Different cell types have been cultured onto graphene and diamond surfaces in order to assess the biocompatibility of these materials for those particular cell cultures. It was found that cells show a healthy growth comparable to standard glass substrates. Furthermore, we have investigated the ability of diamond and graphene SGFETs to transduce the electrical activity of electrogenic cells. To this end, cardiomyocyte-like HL-1 cells have been cultured on SGFET arrays. Employing the transistors beneath, we were able to detect and resolve the action potentials generated by the HL-1 cells. The propagation of the cell signals across the transistor array can be successfully tracked. These results demonstrate the potential of diamond and graphene to outperform state-of-the-art Si-based devices for biosensor and bioelectronic applications.
11:45 AM - N6.2
A Fully Ion Beam Micromachined Diamond Biosensor Designed for the Detection of Quantal Catecholamine Secretion from Chromaffin Cellschromaffin Cells.
Ettore Vittone 1 , Valentina Carabelli 2 , Emilio Carbone 2 , Sara Gosso 2 , Leonardo La Torre 3 , Paolo Olivero 1 , Federico Picollo 1 , Valentino Rigato 3
1 Expeirmental Physics Dept. and NIS excellence center, University of Torino, Torino Italy, 2 Department of Neuroscience, NIS Centre of Excellence , University of Torino, Torino Italy, 3 INFN- National Laboratories of Legnaro, University of Torino, Legnaro (Pd) Italy
Show AbstractIt is shown that ion beam direct writing of graphitic channels in monocrystalline diamond is an effective tool to fabricate sensors for biochemical analysis.A Ib monocrystalline diamond sample (3x3x0,5 mm3) was irradiated with a focused 1.6 MeV He ion beam scanned over a segmented path in order to define highly damaged regions with a resolution of the order of micrometer. A suitable variable thickness mask was used onto the diamond surface to modulate the penetration depth of ions and to shrink the damage profile toward the surface. After the irradiation, the sample was annealed at high temperature (> 800°C) to promote the conversion to the graphitic phase of the end-of range (about 3 micrometer in depth) regions which experienced an ion induced damage exceeding a damage threshold of the order of 1E23 vacancies/cm3 and to recover the sub-threshold damaged regions to the highly resistive diamond phase. This process provided buried highly conductive graphitic channels embedded in a highly electrically insulating and chemically inert diamond matrix, with end points (with dimension below 10 micrometer) emerging to the surface and available to be used as electrodes.The channels show a graphitic-like conductivity (around mOhmxcm); from amperometric characterization, the dark current recorded when one of the terminals was immersed in distilled water or in tyrode saline solution, was below 10 pA for a bias voltage of 800 mV with respect to a reference Ag/ClAg electrode.The microelectrodes show a high electrochemical responsiveness to oxidizable molecules as evaluated by recording the drift redox currents following the addition of consecutive micro-drops of adrenaline in proximity to the emerging channels.Finally, the functionality of these channels for the detection of bio-signals will be also tested by positioning adrenal chromaffin cells in the proximity of the emerging channels and recording the amperometric signals corresponding to the quantal release of catecholamines contained in a single secretory vesicle.
12:00 PM - N6.3
Electron Transfer between Diamond Electrodes and Biomolecules Immobilized via Conductive Polymer Brushes.
Andreas Reitinger 1 , Naima Hutter 2 , Franz Fuchs 1 , Andreas Donner 1 , Roberta Caterino 1 , Oliver Williams 3 , Martin Stutzmann 1 , Rainer Jordan 4 , Jose Garrido 1
1 Walter Schottky Institut, Technische Universität München, Garching Germany, 2 Wacker Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Technische Universität München, München Germany, 3 , Fraunhofer-Institut für Angewandte Festkörperphysik IAF Freibur, Freiburg Germany, 4 Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden Germany
Show AbstractThe development of diamond-based amperometric biosensors requires a precise control over the biofunctionalization of diamond surfaces [1]. In this work, we report on two routes to immobilize redox-active bio-molecules on or close to the surface of nanocrystalline diamond electrodes.
The first, more conventional, approach is based on a variety of relatively simple and small linker molecules, which in principle allows for a direct electron transfer between the coupled bio-molecules (including cytochrome c, horseradish peroxidise, and glucose oxidase) and the diamond electrode.
In the second approach we use polymer brushes to immobilize bio-molecules. In contrast to the immobilization based on small linker molecules, polymer brushes enable a much higher loading of biomolecules. Using self-initiated photografting and photopolymerization (SIPGP), brushes of polymers with lengths ranging from several nanometers to a few micrometers can be created on the diamond surface [2]. The SIPGP results in a strong covalent bond between polymer and diamond. We further demonstrate that biomolecules can be effectively incorporated into the polymer brushes [3]. However, when bio-molecules are immobilized along these polymers, an efficient electron transfer path between molecules further away from the surface and the diamond electrode has to be established. Here, we use ferrocene groups to mediate electrons along the polymers and compare different ways to integrate the ferrocene molecules into the polymer brushes. Having demonstrated the feasibility of this approach in principle, we will discuss the details of the electron transfer mechanism in these systems.
[1] A.Härtl et al., Nature Materials 3, 736 (2004)
[2] N.A. Hutter et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 12, 4360 (2010)
[3] N.A. Hutter et al., Soft Matter 7, 4861 (2011)
12:15 PM - **N6.4
Covalently Functionalizing Graphene FETs for Real-Time Biosensing.
Paul Sheehan 1
1 U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia, United States
Show AbstractThe sensitive and specific detection of biomolecules without using a label is a long-standing goal of the biosensors community. Several promising advances of the past several years formed biological field effect transistors (bioFETs) that have as the gate nanoscale materials such as nanowires and carbon nanotubes. The nanoscale dimensions of these materials allow the small charges associated with biomolecules to significantly change conduction through the gate. These conduction changes can be correlated with solution concentration to give precise readouts. While bioFETs are a promising way forward, there are many processing difficulties associated with these 1-D materials that inhibit large scale, reproducible fabrication of devices. Here, we will discuss our efforts to develop biosensors based on 2-D chemically modified graphene. These devices impart the sensitivity gains seen from other nanoscale materials, but offer a configuration that is amenable to processing techniques that are common in the semiconductor industry. We will focus primarily on chemically modifying graphene for attachment of biomolecular probes. Devices utilizing both graphene and graphene oxide will be covered, and surface spectroscopic studies of the material modification will be discussed. Successful results for the detection of specific DNA hybridization will also be presented, with detection limits that compare favorably with the best results reported from nanowire bioFETs.
N7: Diamond Growth
Session Chairs
Tuesday PM, November 29, 2011
Room 306 (Hynes)
2:45 PM - **N7.1
Novel Graphene and Nanodiamond Growth Strategies Using Large Area Linear-Antenna Microwave Plasma Enhanced CVD System.
Milos Nesladek 3 , Andy Taylor 1 , Frantisek Fendrych 1 , Otakar Frank 2 , Martin Kalbac 2 , Ladislav Kavan 2
3 IMO, Hasselt University, IMOMEC division IMEC, Diepenbeek Belgium, 1 Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague Czechia, 2 Department of Electrochemical Materials, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague Czechia
Show AbstractGraphene growth for large-area electronic and optical applications has recently attracted much interest. Several growth strategies including chemical exfoliation, thermal CVD, plasma CVD and others have been used. Recently it has been suggested that graphene layers can be prepared by low pressure MW systems, such as slit-antenna delivery [1], at lower temperatures. However, the first results suggested also the presence of amorphous carbon in the atomic monolayers. In this work we study the use of a low pressure linear antenna MW plasma delivery system working in pulsed mode with CH4:H2 and CH4:Ar:H2 gas mixtures for the growth of graphene on Cu foils at Ts 400 - 700°C, subsequently transferring them to glass substrates. We have recently used this system for nanodiamond (ND) thin films growth. Firstly, we discuss the conditions leading to transition from ND to graphene growth. Secondly, we used Raman spectroscopy [3] to study transition from amorphous layers to graphene by optimising the growth conditions such as plasma parameters, gas composition and substrate temperature. For comparison we use thermal CVD to prepared graphene monolayers. Raman spectroscopy using various laser excitations shows very sharp graphene signatures at 1600 cm-1 and 2660 cm-1, pointing to high quality graphene layers. Additionally we use Photothermal Deflection Spectroscopy (PDS) to monitor optical absorption to follow the transition from amorphous graphene layers, showing the band-gap opening for low temperature layers (400 - 600 °C), to highly crystalline monolayers by changing the substrate temperature and plasma parameters in MW – LA PE CVD system.[1] Kim J, Ishihara M, Koga Y, et al. App. Phys. Lett. 98, 091502, 2011 [2] Taylor A, Fendrych F, Fekete L, et al., Diam. Related Materials 20, p 613-615, 2011. [3] Kalbac M, Farhat H, Kong J, et al., NanoLetters, 11 , p 1957-1963, 2011
3:15 PM - N7.2
Heteroepitaxial Growth of High Quality Diamond Films on Silicon Carbide.
Gary Harris 1 2 , Robert Westervelt 3 , Halvar Trodahl 3 , James Griffin 1 , Crawford Taylor 1
1 HNF, Howard University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States, 2 Electrical & Computer Engineering, Howard University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States, 3 Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
Show AbstractDiamond films have a number of understanding mechanical, electrical and photonic properties. If these properties are to be realized a stable and controlled method of providing epitaxial films of diamond is required. In this paper, we report on the growth of diamond films grown on various polytypes of silicon carbide. The growth is carrier out in a microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition system. The effects of growth parameters on the grown film morphologies have been investigated. The substrate types include 6H, 4H and 3C, with doping ranging from semi-insulating to p and n type. The films have been fully characterized. Hall measurements, optical and electrical devices have been performed. The Raman spectrum and near band edge CL measurements have also been performed. The growth was carried out with methane and hydrogen as the carrier gas under pressures varying from 30-80 torr.
3:30 PM - N7.3
Characterization of Heteroepitaxial Diamond by Etch Pit Method.
Kimiyoshi Ichikawa 1 , Hideyuki Kodama 1 , Kazuhiro Suzuki 2 , Atsuhito Sawabe 1
1 Electrical Engineering and Electronics, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara Japan, 2 , Toplas Engineering Co. Ltd., Chofu Japan
Show AbstractLattice defect such as dislocation in heteropitaxial diamond plays a critical role in the degradation of electrical properties. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is the most effective on characterization of dislocation but requires skillful sample preparation. In general, etch pit method by defect-selective etching has been used to evaluate defect density and type in semiconductor materials. However, there have been a few reports on defect-selective etching of CVD diamond [1] [2]. We have already reported that etch pit can be formed on heteroepitaxial diamond surface by hydrogen plasma and etch pit density depended on the etching temperature [3]. In this study, we characterized lattice defects of nucleation side by hydrogen plasma and compared with of growth side. Heteroepitaxial diamond was grown on Ir(100)/MgO(100) substrate by d.c. plasma-assisted CVD at optimized condition with the thickness of 50µm. After the removal of substrate materials, free-standing diamond film has been divided in two samples and hydrogen d.c. plasma etching was carried out on the growth and nucleation side. Etching conditions are as follows; discharge current: 2100mA, gas pressure: 16kPa, substrate temperature: 1170K and etching duration: 2hrs. Observation of surface morphology and measurement of etch pit density on both side were done by AFM at arbitrary six different areas with 1µm in square. Inverted pyramidal shaped etch pits with the edge parallel to <110> were formed on the growth and nucleation side. Etch pit density on growth side was 8×108 cm-2 and on nucleation side was 8×1010 cm-2. The shape of etch pit were different on growth and nucleation side. Etch pits on nucleation side were rectangle while most of etch pits on growth side were square. We found out that etch pit density of growth side was smaller than that of nucleation side in two orders of magnitude. It might be originated from the facility of dislocation reduction in heteroepitaxial diamond because threading dislocations do not propagate mainly to growth direction. As the additional results, characterization of the etch pit by TEM will be presented on the day. References: [1] X. Jiang and C. Rickers, Appl. Phys. Lett. 75(1999)3935. [2] A. Tallaire, M. Kasu et al., Diam. Relat. Mater. 17(2008)60. [3] K. Ichikawa, A. Sawabe et al., Extended Abstract of 2010 Dia. Symp., 226 ( in Japanese)
3:45 PM - N7.4
Microplasma Arrays from CVD Diamond.
Paul May 1 , Mark Bowden 2 , Neil Fox 1 , Monika Zeleznik 1 , Robert Stevens 3 , Sebastien Mitea 2 , Judy Hart 1 , Chantal Fowler 3
1 School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol United Kingdom, 2 Department of Physics, The Open University, Milton keynes United Kingdom, 3 Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Rutherford-Appleton Laboratory, Harwell United Kingdom
Show AbstractMicroplasmas are electrical discharges where the critical dimensions are less than 1 mm. Microplasmas based around a hollow-cathode design are extremely efficient, and as their size decreases, their operational pressure increases. For discharge cavities with dimensions of order 100 µm, operation has been demonstrated at atmospheric pressure. Fabricating thousands of these microplasmas on a large area substrate produces microplasma arrays. Such arrays may have a variety of potential applications, including removing contaminants from air supplies in enclosed environments (submarines, spacecraft), as flat panel light sources especially of near monochromatic light, as large area UV sources, and as small scale flow reactors for chemical processing. Until now microplasma arrays have been fabricated using Si or metals. We shall now present the results from the world’s first diamond microplasma discharge. Making the entire device electrodes and dielectric – out of doped and undoped diamond, respectively, allows easy fabrication and removes interface problems. The negative electron affinity of the H-terminated diamond surface also allows the device to strike at lower voltages than with other materials, whilst the robustness of diamond should increase device lifetime. This presentation shall discuss the issues surrounding this potentially new and exciting technology.
N8: Theory Meets Experiment
Session Chairs
Tuesday PM, November 29, 2011
Room 306 (Hynes)
4:30 PM - **N8.1
Diamonds Are Not Forever: An Atomistic View on Wear of Diamond.
Lars Pastewka 1 2 , Stefan Moser 2 , Peter Gumbsch 2 , Michael Moseler 2
1 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States, 2 , Fraunhofer IWM, Freiburg Germany
Show AbstractDiamond is the hardest material on Earth. Nevertheless, polishing diamond is possible with a process that has remained unaltered for centuries and is still used for jewellery and coatings: the diamond is pressed against a rotating disc with embedded diamond grit. Wear-rates, however, depend on the crystallographic orientation of the polished surface. This anisotropy is not fully understood and impedes diamond’s widespread use in applications that require planar polycrystalline films, ranging from cutting tools to confinement fusion. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that polished diamond undergoes an sp3–sp2 order–disorder transition resulting in an amorphous adlayer with a growth rate that strongly depends on surface orientation and sliding direction, in excellent correlation with experimental wear rates. This anisotropy originates in mechanically steered dissociation of individual crystal bonds. Similarly to other planarization processes, the diamond surface is chemically activated by mechanical means. Final removal of the amorphous interlayer is proposed to proceed either mechanically or through etching by ambient oxygen.
5:00 PM - N8.2
Formation Conditions for Epitaxial Graphene on Diamond Substrates.
Karin Larsson 1 , Elizabeth Key 2 , Christoph Nebel 2 , Yang Song 1
1 , Materials Chemistry, Uppsala Sweden, 2 , Fraunhofer-Institute for Applied Solid State Physics , Freiburg Germany
Show AbstractGraphene has rather recently emerged as a new discovery and has attracted an avalanche attention because of the unique structural, physical and mechanical properties. The availability of samples of graphene has led to extensive exploration of electronic properties and novel transport phenomena in this material. Although several ways of producing graphene have been reported, none of them can be qualified as a high yield method. In this paper we present the possibilities for growth of epitaxial graphene on a non-terminated diamond (111) surface under the assumption of a high-temperature sublimation process. We apply annealing experiments at temperatures between 1200 and 1800 oC of diamond substrates in vaccum and in H2 atmosphere to investigate the formation of grapheme on diamond. The formation of grapheme is characterized using local etching in combination with AFM and white light interferrometry to measuere the layer thickness. The electronic properties are characterized by contact mode Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and the structural properties by confocal Micro-Raman scattering. These data are compared with results from theoretical modeling, where we have applied ab initio molecular dynamic simulations, including corrections for van der Waals interactions. They show that a temperature dependent graphitization will take place with start from the first C layer on the diamond surface. Graphene-like “bubbles” were initiated at ~500oC, which were fully developed at ~2000oC. Interstitial H within the diamond surface, positioned in the proximity to the surface-“grapheme” bonds did not result in major bond breakage. A higher H concentration led to H-termination of the bare parts of the diamond surface, and the saturation of the sp2 carbons in the graphene-like net. On the other hand, a high concentration of substitutional N resulted in a fast conversion to graphene.
5:15 PM - N8.3
Single Substitutional Nitrogen Defects Revealed as Electron Acceptor States in Diamond Using Ultrafast Spectroscopy.
Ronald Ulbricht 1 , Sietse van der Post 1 , Jon Goss 2 , P. Briddon 2 , Robert Jones 3 , Rizwan Khan 4 , Mischa Bonn 1
1 , FOM Institute AMOLF, Amsterdam Netherlands, 2 , Newcastle University, Newcastle United Kingdom, 3 , University of Exeter, Exeter United Kingdom, 4 , DTC Research Center, Berkshire United Kingdom
Show AbstractSingle substitutional nitrogen (Ns) constitutes the main impurity in diamond. It is known to form electron-donating states 1.7eV below the conduction band. We experimentally show that Ns can act as an electron acceptor, too.This feature can have implications for device applications. For example, negatively-charged nitrogen vacancy (NV-) centers in diamond are intensively studied for spintronics. NV- centers often show luminescence blinking which limits their use as stable emitters. This effect is believed to be due to the instability of their charge state. Since Ns defects are always present in diamond with NV- centers, their electron-accepting nature could potentially provide a pathway for the NV- centers to convert back to their neutral state.The electron dynamics in type Ib HPHT synthetic diamond (containing high Ns concentrations) were studied using ultrafast spectroscopy. We use techniques that excite electrons from Ns defects into the conduction band using femtosecond pulses of 3.1eV energy and probe the material response with picosecond time-resolution in the infrared and far-infrared part of the spectrum. The latter method is termed time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy which relies on measuring the conductivity of optically excited carriers using far-infrared probe pulses. We use it to record the picosecond dynamics of the electron back-relaxation from the conduction band.The results are combined with pump-probe studies that monitor the occupation of vibrational states of differently charged nitrogen states on comparable timescales. That allows us to track the electron relaxation pathways.Excited electrons are observed to recombine within tens of picoseconds. The recombination time is inversely proportional to the neutral nitrogen (Ns0) defect concentration and only weakly dependent on the density of excited electrons (which per definition equals the concentration of photogenerated positively charged nitrogen (Ns+) defect states). This suggests that most carriers recombine into Ns0 states rather than Ns+ states, thereby creating negatively charged nitrogen (Ns-) defects.After all electrons have relaxed, uncompensated Ns+ and newly created Ns- defects are present. The existence of these charged defects was confirmed by transient IR measurements employing infrared probe pulses. In this spectral region the localized vibrational modes (LVM) of charged nitrogen states show distinct signatures. It is known that Ns0 exhibits a peak at 1344 cm-1 and Ns+ at 1332 cm-1. When all electrons have recombined, the transient IR measurements showed an absorption peak at 1332 cm-1 originating from the LVM of Ns+ and a hitherto unknown absorption peak at 1349 cm-1 that is assigned to the LVM of Ns-. DFT calculations on the peak position of the LVM of Ns- are in good agreement with the found value. The Ns- defects are neutralized within 10 ns. This short lifetime may explain why Ns- defects have not been observed before in steady-state measurements.
5:30 PM - N8.4
Ab Initio Study on Silicon-Vacancy Defect in Bulk and Nano Diamonds.
Adam Gali 1 2 , Marton Voros 2
1 , Hungarian Academy of Science, Budapest Hungary, 2 , Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest Hungary
Show AbstractSilicon-vacancy (Si-V) defect is an effective luminescence center indiamond known from decades, however, relatively little is known about theirground and excited state properties. Unlike the case of nitrogen-vacancy(N-V) center in diamond, there is still a debate in the literature whichcharge state of the Si-V defect contributes to the detected zero-phonon lineat 1.68 eV, for instance, and other important physical properties, like thehyperfine tensors of the proximate 13C isotopes around the defect are notknown in detail. Si-V defect may be an important alternative of N-V centerin quantum bit or, particularly, in biomarker applications. Recently,luminescent Si-V centers in ultrasmall nanodiamonds of diameter of 1.8nmhave been found that can be potentially a photostable substitution of recentunstable dye molecules applied for in vivo biological studies. However, itis not yet clear how the quantum confinement or the position of the Si-Vdefect within the nanodiamond affect the luminescence of this defect. Wecarried out accurate density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFTstudies in order to determine the ground state properties and excitation ofSi-V defect in diamond. Our calculation provides the spin density distribution andhyperfine tensors for different charge states in bulk diamond. In addition, we calculated the formation energies and electronicstructure of Si-V defect in hydrogenated nanodiamonds of different sizes. Wefound that the quantum confinement effect is small and the nature of defectstates is atomic-like, thus the position of the defect within thenanodiamond may not change the spectrum significantly.
Symposium Organizers
Oliver A. Williams Cardiff University
Richard B. Jackman University College London
Philippe Bergonzo CEA-LIST
Greg N. Swain Michigan State University
Kian Ping Loh National University Singapore
N12: Poster Session - Diamond
Session Chairs
Wednesday PM, November 30, 2011
Exhibition Hall C (Hynes)
N9: Single Photon Centres in Diamond
Session Chairs
Wednesday PM, November 30, 2011
Room 306 (Hynes)
9:30 AM - N9.1
Formation of Single Crystal Diamond Micro-Disk Coupled to SiV Centers.
Jonathan Lee 1 , Andrew Magyar 1 , Igor Aharonovich 1 , Evelyn Hu 1
1 School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
Show AbstractAccommodating a variety of color centers, single crystal diamond offers excellent potential for nano-photonic devices that will enhance our understanding of light-matter interactions in the solid state at room temperature. Examples of such color centers are the negatively charged Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) complex with zero phonon line (ZPL) at 638 nm and the Silicon-Vacancy (SiV) complex with ZPL at 738 nm. Fabrication of diamond photonic devices offers exceptional challenges: it is desirable that the vertical dimension of the device be several hundred nanometers (on the order of a wavelength of the light modulated by the device), and these structures must be formed through processes that do not degrade the very sensitive color centers in the material. We describe a process that produces single crystal diamond micro-disks with quality factors (Q) ~ 2000, coupled to SiV centers. The starting material is a type II-a single-crystal diamond purchased from Element Six. Photoluminescence (PL) measurements of this material revealed the presence of NV centers, but no luminescence characteristics of SiV centers were observed. Single crystal diamond membranes, 1.7 microns thick, were generated by forming a sacrificial layer using ion implantation, followed by thermal annealing. The cap layer was lifted off through selective removal of the sacrificial layer using electrochemical etching. The membrane were then transferred onto a material with low index of refraction (SiO2) for optical isolation. These membranes served as templates for the epitaxial overgrowth of ~240 nm of diamond deposited by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. After the regrowth, the membranes were flipped, and thinned to a final thickness of 500 nm; thus the material comprised the regrown layer and about ~250 nm of the original diamond membrane material. PL measurement of the final membrane material displayed the characteristics of both NV and SiV centers. We believe that the SiV centers were introduced into the regrown diamond because of the presence of the underlying SiO2 layer during growth. Microdisk cavities with diameters ranging from 1.5 microns to 3.5 microns were subsequently formed from the thin, single crystal diamond membranes. Whispering gallery modes (WGMs) with Q ~ 2000 were experimentally measured from the diamond cavities using micro-PL spectroscopy. Spectral overlap of WGMs with the ZPL of SiV centers was observed. The demonstration of coupling between color centers in diamond and a single crystal diamond cavity is a crucial step towards scalable “all-diamond” integrated nano-photonic devices.
9:45 AM - N9.2
Ion-Implanted Xe Centers in Diamond: Dose Dependence and Conversion Efficiency.
Yury Deshko 1 2 , Alexander Zaitsev 1 2 , Mengbing Huang 3 , Anshel Gorokhovsky 1 2
1 , College of Staten Island, CUNY, Staten Island, New York, United States, 2 , The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, New York, United States, 3 , University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, New York, United States
Show AbstractThe ion implantation and thermal annealing techniques allows one to introduce into diamond different color centers having emission lines in a broad spectral range, including near-infrared region. Focused ion implantation enables nanoscale patterning and may be used to fabricate single center optical emitters [1] and optical carbon nanostructures for quantum information processing [2]. On the other hand, ion implantation creates a number of radiation defects, which may affect optical and electrical properties of diamond. In this presentation we will report on photo-luminescence studies of Xe-ion implanted diamond crystals. The luminescence spectra and intensity dependences on implantation dose within the wide dose range of 1010 – 5x1014 ion/cm2 were investigated. The Xe color center is one of a few (Ni, Si, Cr) in diamond having sharp emission lines in the infrared spectral region. Moreover, a diamond LED activated with Xe color centers was demonstrated [3].At low temperatures, the photoluminescence spectra featured the extremely sharp single zero phonon lines at 811.7 nm and a weak phonon sideband. The room temperature luminescence consists of a zero phonon line at 813 nm and a weaker line at 794 nm. Our studies concluded that vacancies are involved in the formation of this defect, it contains a single Xe ion [4], and is a <111> oriented defect [5]. Likely, the stable configuration is the semi-divacancy site V-Xe-V [6].Probability of the implanted ions to convert into emitting color centers is difficult to measure. This quantity is particularly important for fabrication of devices based on emitting single centers and nano-optical structures by ion implantation. We used the method of micro-luminescence confocal mapping and statistical analysis based on the compound Poisson distribution to determine the conversion efficiency of implanted Xe ions into emitting Xe color centers, it was found to be about 0.3 [7]. This relatively low number may reflect the dynamic equilibrium between the creation and the decay of the emitting Xe centers at the annealing temperature of 1400 C, or a bottleneck due to the lack of vacancies. Additional experiments with the controllable vacancies concentration and different annealing temperatures are needed to understand the actual mechanism. This approach can be applied to any kind of color centers.[1] C. Wang, C. Kurtsiefer, H. Weinfurter, B. Burchard, J.Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 39, 37 (2006)[2] A. D. Greentree, B.A. Fairchild, F.M. Hossain, S. Prawer, Materials Today 11, 22 (2008)[3] A.M. Zaitsev, A.A. Bergman, A.A. Gorokhovsky, Mengbing Huang, Phys. Stat. Sol. (a) 203, 638 (2006)[4]A.A. Bergman, A.M. Zaitsev, A.A. Gorokhovsky, J. Lumin. 125, 92 (2007)[5]A.A. Bergman, A.M. Zaitsev, Mengbing Huang, A.A. Gorokhovsky, J. Lumin. 129, 1524 (2009)[6] A.B. Anderson, E. J. Grantscharova, Phys.Rev. B 54, 14341 (1996)[7] Y. Deshko, Mengbing Huang, A.A. Gorokhovsky, J. Lumin. 131, 489 (2011)
10:00 AM - N9.3
Fabrication of Thin Diamond Membranes for Quantum Information Processing.
Andrew Magyar 1 , Jonathan Lee 1 , Igor Aharonovich 1 , Evelyn Hu 1
1 , Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
Show AbstractColor centers in diamond are leading candidates for the realization of quantum information processing. The formation of nanometer scale single crystal diamond membranes containing such centers is an important prerequisite for the fabrication of diamond based devices. However, sculpting diamond membranes from single crystal diamond is challenging, as diamond cannot be readily engineered to have sacrificial layers. Previous attempts to fabricate thin diamond membranes via ion implantation resulted in damaged diamond layers which typically did not show strong photoluminescence (PL). In this work we report a successful demonstration of engineering bright, nanometer scale diamond membranes. In our approach, firstly ion implantation is performed to critically damage a thin layer 1.7 μm below the diamond surface. The damage allows the selective etch and liftoff of the top diamond layer. The next crucial step involves positioning the membrane damaged side up and thinning via reactive ion etching to remove the most heavily damaged material. The Raman signal from the thinned membrane is close to that of a virgin crystal, indicative of high quality material. PL recorded from the membrane indicates the presence of the negatively charged nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers. The final thickness of the membranes approaches ~ 200 nm making them suitable for engineering optical cavities and waveguides. To further control the defect formation in the diamond membranes, the membranes are subjected to a short regrowth process in a conventional chemical vapor deposition reactor. The single crystal diamond membranes appear to serve as an excellent epitaxial template for the regrowth of single-crystal diamond films 150 nm to 1 μm in thickness. Examination of the regrown films alone indicates the presence of other optically active defects, such as Si-vacancy centers, as well as NV centers that demonstrate good electron spin resonance signatures. Further experiments will correlate regrowth conditions with the defects and optical properties of the membranes. This powerful method can be fully utilized to incorporate other defects into thin diamond membranes and proceed with fabrication of diamond photonics devices.
10:15 AM - N9.4
Towards a Better Understanding of the Vacancy Defects Formed in Diamond by 2.4 MeV Proton Irradiation, Using PAS and PL Investigation.
Jacques Botsoa 1 2 , Thierry Sauvage 1 , Mohamed-Ramzi Ammar 1 , Blandine Courtois 1 , Pierre Desgardin 1 , François Treussart 2 , Marie-France Barthe 1
1 Conditions Extrêmes et Matériaux : Haute Température et Irradiation, CNRS UPR 3079, Université d'Orléans, Orléans France, 2 Laboratoire de Photonique Quantique et Moléculaire, UMR 8537 CNRS/ENS Cachan, Cachan France
Show AbstractThe production of a high density of the negatively charged nitrogen vacancy color center (NV-) in diamond is very attractive for applications as diverse as the realization of hybrid quantum circuits [1], ultra-sensitive magnetometry at the micrometer scale [2] and bio-imaging [3]. In this context, a minimum understanding and control of the production of these centers in diamond is necessary.Doppler Broadening Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy (PAS) and confocal photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy have been used to study different type 1b diamond samples that have been irradiated with a 2.4 MeV proton beam at fluences ranging from 1×1012 cm-2 to 1×1017 cm-2, annealed under vacuum at temperatures ranging from 600°C to 1000°C during times varying from 1 to 20 hours.These studies allowed us to highlight the formation of divacancies for high proton fluences (≥ 5×1014 cm-2), which limits the concentration of NV- produced upon annealing to a maximum of 14 ppm. Along the way, we deduced the positron annihilation characteristics of the NV- center, in particular the positron trapping coefficient [4].Using these data, we were also able to infer a measurement of the concentration of the monovacancies formed upon irradiation at low proton fluences, which appears to be three times lower than the one predicted by the Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter (SRIM) Monte Carlo simulations. The depth profiles of the PL intensity of NV- centers, measured in samples prepared under different conditions, also show discrepancies with the SRIM predictions.Moreover we inferred the positron annihilations characteristics of the divacancy in diamond from which we estimated the divacancy concentration. Finally we studied the stability of the divacancies, upon annealing at temperatures higher than 1000°C.References[1] Y. Kubo et al., Phys. Rev. Lett.105, 140502 (2010)[2] V. M. Acosta et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 174104 (2010) [3] Y. –R. Chang et al., Nature Nanotech. 3, 284 (2008)[4] J. Botsoa et al, submitted, arXiv:1105.0092 [cond-mat.mtrl-sci]
10:30 AM - N9.5
Substitutional Nickel Impurities in Diamond: Decoherence-Free Subspaces for Quantum Information Processing.
Thomas Chanier 1 , Craig Pryor 1 , Michael Flatte' 1
1 Physics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
Show AbstractSpin centers based on single impurities or impurity complexes in diamond have been extensively explored as qubit candidates due to effective optical access and extremely long room-temperature spin coherence times. In other material systems the coherence times and fidelity for quantum operations of qubits has been improved dramatically through the use of decoherence-free subspaces of exchange-coupled spins to form a qubit; one example is the use of the spin singlet state and the Sz = 0 state of a spin triplet to form a decoherence-free subspace for two electrons confined to two neighboring quantum dots[1,2].These approaches rely on the ability to control the exchange interaction between two spins, such as by using an electrical gate to modulate the electronic hopping from one quantum dot to another. Such an approach is challenging for a spin center in diamond, for the typical size of the electronic wave functions is very small, and gating technology is not well advanced. Strain provides an alternate mechanism for controlling a spin center, as was recently shown via electrically-detected magnetic resonance induced by strain control of the hyperfine constant of a 31P+ donor in strained Si[3].Here we show, using density functional theory calculations, that the substitutional nickel impurity in diamond can be understood as an exchange-coupled system of two electron spins: one localized on the nickel ion and one delocalized on the four nearest-neighbor carbon atoms. The electronic configuration of Ni is unambiguously determined as a p−d hybridization between the Ni 3d and nearest-neighbor carbon 2p levels. Although the ground state at ambient pressure for the neutral nickel impu- rity has been predicted to be a spin-one center[4], the spin-zero state is nearly degenerate, and can be made degenerate through the application of reasonable compressive hydrostatic strain. To reduce to an effective two- state decoherence free subspace, similar to that implemented for quantum dots[2], the m = ±1 triplet states can be split off by a magnetic field. For the nickel ion, strain can be used to control the energy splitting between the singlet and the remaining m = 0 triplet, instead of the electrostatic gating used for double quantum dots[2]. The spin-one state consists of two electrons with parallel spins, one on the nickel ion in the 3d9 configuration and the other distributed among the nearest-neighbor carbons; the slightly different g factors we found for these two spins provides an orthogonal axisof control in the effective two-state decoherence-free sub- space of the nickel ion.[1] J. Levy, PRL 89, 147902 (2002). [2] J. R. Petta et al., Science 309, 2180 (2005). [3] L. Dreher et al., PRL 106, 037601 (2011). [4] R. Larico et al., PRB 79, 115202 (2009).
10:45 AM - N9.6
Electrical Tunability and Correlation Spectroscopy of Single-Photon Emission from Chromium-Based Colour Centres in Diamond.
Tina Muller 1 , Clemens Matthiesen 1 , Yury Alaverdyan 1 , Nick Vamivakas 1 , Mete Atature 1 , Igor Aharonovich 2 , Stefania Castelletto 2 , Steven Prawer 2
1 Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge United Kingdom, 2 School of Physics, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Victoria, Australia
Show AbstractChromium based single photon emitters have recently attracted attention as alternatives to the well-investigated NV centre with potentially superior photonic properties. We show that using the electrical Stark shift these centres can be tuned over a spectral range typically three orders of magnitude larger than the radiative linewidth and at least one order of magnitude larger than the observed linewidth. Interdigitated gold gates fabricated on the single crystal diamond are used to apply electrical fields up to 8.5 x 10E6 V/m, and the polarity can be reversed by applying a reverse bias. The linewidth of the centre remains unchanged under an electric field, and the asymmetric nature of the linear dipole response allows us to infer an atomic configuration lacking inversion symmetry. Based on this and the fabrication protocol we propose a Cr-X or X-Cr-Y type atomic structure for these Cr-based centres, where X and Y are likely to be oxygen, nitrogen or sulphur. We further characterise the emission properties of chromium centres using a Michelson interferometer for first order correlation (g(1)) measurements of single-photons from chromium centres in diamond microcrystals. The extracted visibility predominantly follows a Gaussian statistics with coherence times on the order of 100 ps. This translates to a spectral linewidth of about 16 GHz which is considerably broader than the 80 MHz expected for a lifetime-broadened line, indicating that the predominant line broadening mechanism in this case is likely to be slow wandering of the resonance caused by fluctuations of the charge environment.
N10: Boron Doped Diamond Electrodes for Biological Applications
Session Chairs
Wednesday PM, November 30, 2011
Room 306 (Hynes)
11:30 AM - **N10.1
New Diamond Surface Derivatization for Biosensor Fabrication.
Charles Agnes 1 2 4 , Sébastien Ruffinatto 1 2 , Alexandre Bongrain 3 , Jean-Charles Arnault 3 , Franck Omnes 1 , Pascal Mailley 2 , Serge Cosnier 4 , Philippe Bergonzo 3
1 , Neel Institute - CNRS, Grenoble France, 2 INAC, CEA, Grenoble France, 4 DCM, CNRS - UJF, Grenoble France, 3 LIST, CEA, Paris France
Show AbstractDiamond is a promising material exhibiting superior electrochemical properties such as low background current, wide potential window and low sensitivity to oxygen evolution. Associated to its carbon nature enabling covalent surface functionalization, boron doped diamond (BDD) is a material of choice for electroanalysis and for interfacing with (bio-) molecular entities.Usual approach for diamond functionalization are based on alkenes photochemistry [1] and diazonium salts [2,3]. However, these methodologies follow long and complex multistep strategies. We have recently developed a novel one-step derivatization strategy that is fast (less than 2 minutes), selective, leading to a monolayer covalently linked to the surface, and compatible with patterning approaches. Different (bio-) molecules were immobilized on diamond surfaces and characterized using fluorescence spectroscopy, electrochemistry, FTIR and XPS. Their stability and bioactivity was demonstrated using the avidin-biotin couple. This opens up the route for the fabrication of biosensors, where the transduction can be based on cantilever approaches. For example, single strained DNA and antibodies can be immobilized using our approach on sensors and applied to demonstrate the selectivity and the ability of this new method for DNA and cell recognition. In parallel, redox enzymes were also immobilized enabling the fabrication of second- and third-generation amperometric enzymatic biosensors.[1] Yang et al, Nature Mat., 1 (2002) 253 [2] Rezek et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 128 (2006) 3884 [3] Lud et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 128 (2006) 16884
12:00 PM - N10.2
Electrochemical Oxidation of Organic Compounds in Water Using Boron-Doped Diamond Electrodes.
Jorge Lara 1 , Manoj Ram 1 , Pedro Villalba 1 , Mikhail Ladanov 1 , Kumar Ashok 1 2
1 Engineering, USF, Tampa, Florida, United States, 2 Nanotechnology Research and Education Center, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
Show AbstractThe electrochemical process for wastewater-cleaning comprehends a wide diversity of pollutant organic compounds, where their destruction may vary in different ways i.e. chemical and physical conditions, transformation mechanics, and the uses of any specific type electrode material, e.g. active or non-active type electrodes. Boron-doped diamond (BDD) synthesized by CVD technique is of interest in this work due the significant features claimed for this material i.e., chemical inertness, the higher overvoltage withheld before the O2 production potential region and vital oxygen loss. The high resistance to deactivation via fouling comparatively with other carbon allotropes, metallic and metal-oxide electrodes, yet is subject of study and efforts are made in the way of the optimization for the application in the electrochemical field. In this particular case, the oxidation of organic matter or at least the conversion of toxic organics to biocompatible and less toxic compounds is possible with the use of BDD films electrode.We have used BDD films in order to electrochemically oxidize the common chemicals, i.e., xylene and acetic acid. A conventional set up of three-electrode electrochemical cell was used consisting of microcrystalline boron-doped diamond film as anode, platinum as cathode and Ag/AgCl as reference electrode in electrolytic acid medium. The as prepared test solutions and diamond thin films were subjected to repeated voltammetric cycles at predefined scan rate from 1 V to a maximum of 2.5 V vs. Ag/AgCl, aimed to identify the characteristic redox signals coming from the organic solutes tested and/or the intermediate species. The characteristic signals of organics in water seem to happen within the anodic potential region just below the electrolyte stability potential. Attempts are made to characterize the water using GC-MS to understand the presence of the chemicals. The diamond films used in electro-oxidation potential were characterized using Raman spectroscopy, glancing-angle x-ray diffraction (GIXRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to explore the electrode’s stability after water remediation process.
12:15 PM - N10.3
Simultaneous Determination of Uric Acid and Ascorbic Acid in Urine with In Situ Cleaning Using BDD Electrode.
Raphael Kiran 1 , Emmanuel Scorsone 1 , Jacques DeSanoit 1 , Pascal Mailley 2 , Philippe Bergonzo 1
1 , CEA, LIST, Diamond Sensors Laboratory, Gif-sur-Yvette France, 2 , CEA, INAC, SPrAM UMR 5819 (UJF,CNRS, CEA) , Grenoble France
Show AbstractUric acid (UA) and Ascorbic acid (AA) are the common antioxidants found in human urine. High levels of UA (hyperuricemia) can cause Gout, cardiovascular disease, stone formation etc. whereas hypouricemia can cause xanthinuria, kidney disorder etc. Similarly deficiency of AA causes scurvy. Hence it is important to monitor their level in bodily fluids such as urine. Electrochemical detection technique is more suitable due to their good sensitivity, fast measuring time, portability, low power consumption and cost effectiveness when compared to spectroscopic, colorimetric, enzyme based sensors. Boron doped diamond (BDD) with its electro-analytically superior properties such as low background current, low adsorption of species and long term stability, makes it the ideal electrode for this sensor. However there are some difficulties associated with electrochemical measurement technique such as interference of UA and AA oxidation peak and fouling of the electrode surface. Cyclic voltammograms of both UA and AA (in PBS solution pH = 7.4) indicated an oxidation peak (P1) at ~0.6 V versus Ag/AgCl. However at higher scan rate (>0.5 V/s) a reduction peak (P2) was observed at ~0.1 V versus Ag/AgCl only for UA. The amplitude of P1 was proportional to concentration of UA and AA whereas P2 was proportional to concentration of UA and inversely proportional to concentration of AA. Two calibration surface plots with x axis being concentration of UA, y axis being concentration of AA and z axis being P1 and P2 respectively were plotted. UA and AA concentration can be estimated from the equations governing the graph. BDD electrode is prone to fouling due to deposition of organic molecule which causes lose of electrode reactivity and produce inaccurate results. However with an electrochemical (EC) activation process the electrode can be reactivated. This technique does not need any particular solvent and hence it can be done within the analyte (urine). The time taken for measurement and cleaning is less than 0.5 seconds and this technique can be automated for real time quantification. The measurement and in-situ EC activation technique will be discussed in detail. This technique highlights the potential of BDD electrodes as a biosensor owing to its low double layer capacitance (3µF/sq.cm), robustness at high current density and corrosion resistance.
12:30 PM - N10.4
Fast Detection of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms by Electronic Monitoring of Denaturation.
Bart van Grinsven 1 , Natalie Vanden Bon 2 , Lars Grieten 1 , Mohamed Murib 1 , Stoffel Janssens 1 , Ken Haenen 1 3 , Eric Schneider 4 , Sven Ingebrandt 4 , Michael Schoning 5 , Veronique Vermeeren 2 , Marcel Ameloot 2 , Luc Michiels 2 , Ronald Thoelen 1 , Ward De Ceuninck 1 3 , Patrick Wagner 1 3
1 Institute for Materials Research, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek Belgium, 2 Biomed, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek Belgium, 3 IMOMEC, IMEC, Leuven Belgium, 4 Informatics and Microsystems Technology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Zweibrucken Germany, 5 Nano- and Biotechnologies, Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Julich Germany
Show AbstractWithin this presentation we would like to report on the electronic monitoring of DNA denaturation by NaOH using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in combination with fluorescence imaging as a reference technique [1]. The probe DNA consisting of a 36-mer fragment was covalently immobilized on nanocrystalline-diamond electrodes and hybridized with different types of 29-mer target DNA (complementary, single-nucleotide defects at two different positions, and a non-complementary random sequence). The mathematical separation of the impedimetric signals into the time constant for NaOH exposure and the intrinsic denaturation-time constants gives clear evidence that the denaturation times reflect the intrinsic stability of the DNA duplexes. The intrinsic time constants correlate with calculated DNA-melting temperatures. The impedimetric method requires minimal instrumentation, is label-free and fast with a typical time scale of minutes and is highly reproducible. The sensor electrodes can be used repetitively. These elements suggest that the monitoring of chemically induced denaturation at room temperature is an interesting approach to measure DNA duplex stability as an alternative to thermal denaturation at elevated temperatures, used in DNA-melting experiments and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis.[1] B. van Grinsven et al., Lab Chip, 2011, 11, 1656
12:45 PM - N10.5
Soft Diamond Microelectrode Arrays for Neural Stimulation: Application to Retinal Implants.
Philippe Bergonzo 1 , Raphael Kiran 1 , Alexandre Bongrain 1 2 , Emmanuel Scorsone 1 , Amel Bendali 3 4 , Lionel Rousseau 2 , Gaelle Lissorgues 2 , Blaise Yvert 5 6 , Serge Picaud 3 4 7
1 , CEA-LIST, Gif-sur-Yvette France, 2 , ESIEE-ESYCOM, Noisy le Grand France, 3 , INSERM U968, Paris France, 4 , UPMC, Paris France, 5 Institut des Neurosciences, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux France, 6 , CNRS - INCIA, Bordeaux France, 7 , Fondation Rothschild, Paris France
Show AbstractWe report on the fabrication of Micro-Electrode Arrays (MEA) that takes advantage of synthetic conducting diamond when used as bio-interfacing material. Diamond enables the fabrication of electrodes with high biocompatibility, high electrochemical interfacing performances and long-term stability. We developed diamond based MEAs for recording and stimulating of neuron networks for both in vitro applications (rigid substrate) as well as for in vivo retinal prostheses (flexible biocompatible substrate).
N11: Nanodiamond Applications
Session Chairs
Wednesday PM, November 30, 2011
Room 306 (Hynes)
3:00 PM - N11.1
Nanodiamond for Advanced Polymer-Matrix Composites.
Vadym Mochalin 1 , Ioannis Neitzel 1 , Qingwei Zhang 2 3 , Jack Zhou 2 , Peter Lelkes 3 , Yury Gogotsi 1
1 Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, 2 Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, 3 School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
Show AbstractDiamond particles smaller than 10 nm (ND) have remarkable optical and mechanical properties in combination with biocompatibility, high specific surface area, and tunable surface structure. They are the least toxic of all carbon nanoparticles and their properties make them a favorable platform for composites, drug delivery and cellular labeling/imaging. However, to harness the potential of ND in advanced composite and biomedical applications it needs to be purified, characterized, and functionalized.Purified and octadecylamine (ODA) functionalized ND (ND-ODA) was used to produce stable colloidal solutions and uniform dispersions in hydrophobic solvents and biodegradable hydrophobic polymer poly (L-lactic acid) to create a material for screws, pins, and other bioresorbable surgical devices. In this application ND-ODA functions as i) mechanical reinforcement, bringing the Young’s modulus and hardness of the composite close to that of human bone; ii) a means of monitoring performance of the device due to intrinsic fluorescence of ND-ODA. In addition to improvements in ND dispersion due to non-specific interactions with the polymer, a different strategy can be employed whereupon ND is functionalized to specifically interact with certain functional groups of the polymer, forming covalent bonds between the ND and polymer molecules. For the latter purpose aminated ND was produced and incorporated into a 3-D network of epoxy, acting as a nanoparticulate curing and reinforcing agent. Due to the presence of reactive amino groups on its surface, aminated ND interferes with epoxy curing chemistry, making it necessary to adjust epoxy resin : curing agent ratio to achieve optimal properties of the composite. With the adjustment been made, the resulting composite shows clear improvements in Young’s modulus, hardness, and creep rate, revealing the advantages of covalent ND-polymer interface.
3:15 PM - N11.2
A Novel Method for Selective Seeding of Nano-Diamond Particles.
Thijs Vandenryt 1 2 , Lars Grieten 1 , Stoffel Janssens 1 , Ken Haenen 1 3 , Patrick Wagner 1 3 , Ward De Ceuninck 1 3 , Ronald Thoelen 2
1 IMO - Institute for Materials research, Hasselt University, Hasselt Belgium, 2 EMAP, XIOS Hogeschool Limburg, Diepenbeek Belgium, 3 IMOMEC, IMEC, Diepenbeek Belgium
Show Abstract In this contribution a novel method for selective seeding of nano-diamond particles is presented. Williams et al. [1] improved the nucleation density of the NCD films by seeding with a colloidal suspension of diamond nanoparticles. In order to produce patterned diamond structures, a lithographical procedure is indispensable. Bongrain et al. [2] have shown two alternatives to conventional etching techniques: selective seeding. Unfortunately both techniques require extensive sample preparation and complex pre/post-nucleation treatment steps.The method proposed in this abstract takes a novel route to create patterned nano-diamond surfaces with possibilities for a broad range of applications. The combination of microfluidics with the seeding of diamond nanoparticles yields a cheap, high resolution and high throughput application without any complicated pre- or post-treatment of the seeded surface. After chemical vapor deposition with a 3 % methane/hydrogen concentration the diamond film structures have a thickness of about 100 nm. These structures have a remarkable high resolution with well-defined edges and form a completely closed structure without pinholes. Additionally, there is little or no reseeding or spontaneous nucleation of the diamond substrate. To conclude, in the proposed technique there is no need for optical lithography, ablation/etching techniques or surface modification before or after growth. The elimination of these steps speeds up the production of functional diamond devices considerably. This te