Weiliang Yao1,Chouchane Mehdi2,Weikang Li1,Shuang Bai1,Zhao Liu3,Letian Li3,Alexander Chen1,Baharak Sayahpour1,Ryosuke Shimizu1,Ganesh Raghavendran1,Schroeder Marshall4,Yu-Ting Chen1,Darren Tan1,Bhagath Sreenarayanan1,Crystal K Waters5,Allison Sichler5,Benjamin Gould5,Dennis J Kountz5,Darren Lipomi1,Minghao Zhang1,Y. Shirley Meng2
University of California San Diego1,The University of Chicago2,Thermo Fisher Scientific3,Army Research Directorate4,The Chemours Company5
Weiliang Yao1,Chouchane Mehdi2,Weikang Li1,Shuang Bai1,Zhao Liu3,Letian Li3,Alexander Chen1,Baharak Sayahpour1,Ryosuke Shimizu1,Ganesh Raghavendran1,Schroeder Marshall4,Yu-Ting Chen1,Darren Tan1,Bhagath Sreenarayanan1,Crystal K Waters5,Allison Sichler5,Benjamin Gould5,Dennis J Kountz5,Darren Lipomi1,Minghao Zhang1,Y. Shirley Meng2
University of California San Diego1,The University of Chicago2,Thermo Fisher Scientific3,Army Research Directorate4,The Chemours Company5
Transitioning toward more sustainable materials and manufacturing methods will be critical to continue supporting the rapidly expanding market for lithium-ion batteries. Meanwhile, energy storage applications are demanding higher power and energy densities than ever before, with aggressive performance targets like fast charging and greatly extended operating ranges and durations. Due to its high operating voltage and cobalt-free chemistry, the spinel-type LiNi<sub>0.5</sub>Mn<sub>1.5</sub>O<sub>4</sub> (LNMO) cathode material has attracted great interest as one of the few next-generation candidates capable of addressing this combination of challenges. However, severe capacity degradation and poor interphase stability have thus far impeded the practical application of LNMO. In this study, by leveraging a dry electrode coating process, we demonstrate LNMO electrodes with stable full cell operation (up to 68% after 1000 cycles) and ultra-high loading (up to 9.5 mA h cm<sup>−2</sup> in half cells). This excellent cycling stability is ascribed to a stable cathode–electrolyte interphase, a highly distributed and interconnected electronic percolation network, and robust mechanical properties. High-quality images collected using plasma focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (PFIB-SEM) provide additional insight into this behavior, with a complementary 2-D model illustrating how the electronic percolation network in the dry-coated electrodes more efficiently supports homogeneous electrochemical reaction pathways. These results strongly motivate that LNMO with a high voltage cobalt-free cathode chemistry combined with an energy-efficient dry electrode coating process opens up the possibility for sustainable electrode manufacturing using cost-effective and high-energy-density cathode materials.